I-resistor ingxenye kagesi enezinqamuli ezimbili ehlinzeka ukumelana nogesi njengengxenye yesekethe ukuze kukhawulwe ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi. Isetshenziswa kumasekethe e-elekthronikhi ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kagesi, ukunciphisa kwamanje, ukucindezelwa komsindo nokuhlunga. Kodwa i-resistor inkulu kakhulu kunalokho. Ngakho-ke uma umusha kuma-electronics noma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi iyini i-resistor, khona-ke lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kungokwakho! Yenzani i-resistor kusekethe ye-elekthronikhi? I-resistor iyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi elawula ukugeleza kwamandla kusekethe futhi inikeza ukumelana namandla kagesi. Ama-resistors avimbela ukukhuphuka, ukukhuphuka kanye nokuphazamiseka ekufinyeleleni izinto zikagesi ezibucayi ezifana nemishini kagesi eyidijithali. Uphawu lokumelana neyunithi yesilinganiso Iyunithi yokumelana yi...

I-diode iyisici se-elekthronikhi esinamatheminali amabili akhawulela ukugeleza kwamanje endaweni eyodwa futhi eyivumela ukuthi igeleze ngokukhululekile kwelinye icala. Inokusetshenziswa okuningi kumasekethe e-elekthronikhi futhi ingasetshenziselwa ukwakha izinto zokulungisa kabusha, iziguquli, namajeneretha. Kulesi sihloko, sizobheka kabanzi ukuthi iyini i-diode nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Sizophinde sibheke okunye ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuvamile kumasekhethi kagesi. Ngakho ake siqale! Isebenza kanjani i-diode? I-diode iyisisetshenziswa se-elekthronikhi esivumela ukugeleza kwamanje ohlangothini olulodwa. Ngokuvamile zitholakala kumasekhethi kagesi. Asebenza ngesisekelo sezinto ze-semiconductor ezenziwe ngazo, okungaba uhlobo lwe-N noma uhlobo lwe-P. Uma i-diode iwuhlobo lwe-N, izodlula okwamanje...

I-relay ingxenye kagesi engakwazi ukulawula ukuhamba kukagesi kusekethe. I-relay ingavulwa ngesikhathi esisodwa futhi ikhishwe amandla kwesinye. Lokhu kuvumela i-relay ukuthi ivuleke futhi ivale, kanye nokuphazamisa nokubuyisela amasekhethi kagesi. Lokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi kukubonisa izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu okudingeka uzazi mayelana nama-relay. Ngakho-ke uma ufisa ukwazi ngama-relay, qhubeka ufunda! Isetshenziselwa ini i-relay? I-relay ingasetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni eziningi zemikhiqizo. Isibonelo, isiqalisi semoto sinama-relay amaningana alawula izinto ezifana nephampu kaphethiloli namakhoyili okubasa. Zibuye zivame kakhulu ezintweni zasendlini ezifana ne-toaster noma ifriji. Eqinisweni, izinto zikagesi zasendlini eziningi zesimanje zinokudluliswa okuningi.…

I-Multimeter ibonisa amamilimitha angu-50 njengo-0.05 amps esikrinini. Uma ubuza ukuthi kanjani? Hlala nathi ngoba, kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizobheka eduze ukuthi ama-milliamp angu-50 abukeka kanjani ku-multimeter! Iyini i-multimeter futhi yenzani? I-multimeter iyithuluzi elikala izici ezihlukahlukene zikagesi, okuhlanganisa i-voltage, yamanje kanye nokumelana. Ingasetshenziselwa ukuhlola amabhethri, izintambo nezinye izakhi zikagesi. Ama-multimeters ngokuvamile anezinhlobonhlobo zezilinganiso ze-voltage nezamanje, kanye nezilinganiso eziningana ezihlukene zokumelana. Zingasetshenziswa futhi ukuhlola ama-capacitor nama-diode. I-multimeter iyithuluzi elibalulekile le-electronics. I...

Uyazi ukuthi iyini i-transformer? Sikutholile! I-transformer iyisisetshenziswa sikagesi esidlulisa ugesi phakathi kwamasekhethi amabili noma ngaphezulu. Ama-transformer asetshenziselwa ukukhulisa noma ukunciphisa i-voltage yesiginali ye-AC (alternating current). Kodwa akugcini lapho. Ake sibhekisise le mishini emangalisayo! Umlando we-Transformer I-transformer yasungulwa unjiniyela waseMelika odabuka eHungary ogama lakhe lingu-Otto Blaty ngo-1884. Kukholakala ukuthi wagqugquzelwa ukuthi enze le divayisi ngemva kokubona ukulinga okungaphumelelanga okuhlanganisa ukudlula amandla kagesi eshidini lensimbi. Isimiso Sokusebenza Se-Transformer Umgomo wokusebenza we-transformer usekelwe kumqondo wokungeniswa. Uma amandla esetshenziswa kukhoyili eyodwa, adala amandla e-electromotive kwenye ikhoyili, okubangela ukuthi ibe ne-polarized magnetically. Okokugcina...

Akukho lutho olubi kakhulu kunensimbi ye-solder engapheli. Namuhla sizoxoxa ngokuthi ungayihlanza kanjani i-soldering iron yakho kanye namathiphu okuyigcina isesimweni esihle. Uzobona izindlela ezintathu ezilula zokuhlanza ithiphu lakho lensimbi yokuhlanganisa ukuze kubukeke sengathi usanda kulithenga. Izimpawu Zokuhlanzwa Okungasebenzi Kahle Uma i-ayina yokunamathisela ingasebenzi kahle, imvamisa kungenxa yokuthi ithiphu alihlanzekile. Uma ithiphu ingcolile, i-solder ngeke inamathele kuyo futhi uxhumano luzoba buthakathaka. Kuthatha isikhathi eside ukufudumala Uma ubona ukuthi i-soldering iron yakho ithatha isikhathi eside ukushisa, kusho ukuthi ingxenye yayo ene-oxidized ayikuvumeli ukukhipha ukushisa. Kulokhu, ingxenye egqwalile isebenza njenge-insulator. Kubonakala sengathi uyazama...

Uyazi ukuthi ungayikhipha kanjani i-capacitor? Uma kungenjalo, ungakhathazeki! Lona umhlahlandlela wokugcina wokukhulula ama-capacitor. Sizochaza izindlela ezahlukahlukene ongazisebenzisa ukukhipha i-capacitor. ephephile isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Iyini i-capacitor futhi iyini? I-capacitor iyisisetshenziswa esiklanyelwe ukugcina amandla kagesi. Lokhu ikwenza ngokwakha inkambu kagesi phakathi kwamapuleti amabili. Lapho i-voltage isetshenziswa, ishaja i-capacitor. I-capacitance ye-capacitor isilinganiso senani lenkokhelo engayigcina futhi ivame ukucashunwa kuma-farads. Ama-Capacitor asebenza njengamabhethri aphinde ashajwe kumasekhethi e-AC. Benza umsebenzi wabo wokugcina amandla kagesi bese bewadlulisela kwezinye izingxenye zesekethe. Kungani ama-capacitor kufanele akhishwe? Njengoba sishilo ngaphambilini, ama-capacitor agcina ugesi kanye…

Uma kuziwa ekufakweni kwe-soldering, enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-soldering iron yakho isezingeni lokushisa elifanele ngaphambi kokuba uqale. Uma ithiphu lingashisi ngokwanele, i-solder ngeke igeleze kahle futhi uzogcina une-solder embi kakhulu. Ngakho kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushisisa insimbi? Sihlole izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-ayina e-solder, ake sibheke imiphumela. I-soldering iron ithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushisa?Uma kuziwa ekutheni i-soldering iron ithatha isikhathi esingakanani ukushisa, ayikho impendulo eqondile. Kuya ngohlobo kanye nemodeli yensimbi, kanye nokuthi kushisa kangakanani. Nokho, ama-ayini amaningi athatha imizuzwana engu-30 ukuya kumzuzu owodwa ukuze afinyelele ukushisa okugcwele. Uma ujahile, nanka amathiphu ambalwa ukusiza ukusheshisa inqubo. Ake sibone imiphumela...

Ingabe unazo izibani ekhaya lakho ofuna ukuzicisha? Uma kunjalo, ungase udinge i-TRIAC dimmer. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizoxoxa ngokuthi iyini i-TRIAC dimmer nokuthi isebenza kanjani. Iyini i-triac dimmer I-TRIAC dimmer iwuhlobo lweswishi kagesi engasetshenziswa ukufiphalisa izibani. Isebenza ngokushintsha inani lamandla anikezwa isibani. Isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindlini ukulawula izibani ze-incandescent noma ze-halogen, kodwa futhi ingasetshenziswa ukulawula amandla emoto. I-TRIAC dimmers iya ngokuya iduma ngenxa yokuthi ihlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezimbalwa kunokushintsha kokukhanya kwendabuko. Okokuqala, ama-TRIAC dimmers awonga kakhulu amandla kunokushintsha kokukhanya okujwayelekile. Baphinde…

I-oscilloscope iwucezu lwesisetshenziswa esibalulekile sanoma ngubani ofuna ukusebenza ngomsindo. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ubone ama-waveforms, abalulekile ekuhlonzeni nasekuxazululeni izinkinga zomsindo. Kulokhu okuthunyelwe kwebhulogi, sizoxoxa ngendlela yokusebenzisa i-oscilloscope ngomsindo. Yenzani i-oscilloscope? I-oscilloscope iyithuluzi likagesi elisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ukubonisa isignali kagesi. I-oscilloscope ibonisa i-waveform yesiginali kagesi, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ukubuka amasignali omsindo. Insimbi iguqula amasignali kagesi abe amagagasi futhi iwabonise esikrinini sesithombe esiqukethe i-x-eksisi kanye ne-y-eksisi. I-oscilloscope ihlukanisa umsindo ube ukuqina/amplitude futhi ishintsha ukushuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngenkathi i-y-eksisi ikhombisa ukushuba komsindo, ukuguquka kokuqina ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuyaboniswa...

Kulo mhlahlandlela omfushane futhi olula, sizokukhombisa ukuthi ungalungisa kanjani ucingo oluphukile ngaphandle kwe-soldering. Lesi yisixazululo esihle kulabo abangakwazi ukudambisa noma abangenaso isikhathi sokukwenza. Okudingayo amathuluzi ambalwa alula kanye ne-tape yokudonsa! Ungasusa kanjani i-insulation? Ukukhumula ukufakwa kwezintambo kuyinqubo esheshayo nelula engenziwa ngethuluzi lokukhumula. Ukuze ususe i-insulation ocingweni, qala unqamule ukufakwa ngokweqile ngamapulangwe abukhali. Bese ucindezela ithuluzi lokukhumula ocingweni bese ulisonta ukuze ukhumule okokufaka. Ngemva kokukhipha i-insulation kanye nethusi ocingweni, ungaqala ukulungisa ucingo oluphukile. Indlela yesixhumi se-Wago - amandla: izixhumi ze-Wago eziphezulu…

I-oscilloscope iyithuluzi le-elekthronikhi elibalulekile elisetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukene ngezinjongo ezahlukene. Ngenkathi injongo ye-oscilloscope ikhawulelwe ekulinganiseni amasiginali kagesi nokufunda ukuthi amasiginali ashintsha kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ithuluzi libuye libe usizo lapho kuxazululwa amasekhethi kagesi. Nokho, umphumela owuthola nge-oscilloscope uncike ekutheni ilinganiswe kahle kangakanani. I-oscilloscope elinganiswe kahle inikeza imiphumela enembayo ongathembela kuyo, kuyilapho ithuluzi elingalinganiswa kahle lizohlanekezela imiphumela yakho. Ngakho-ke, ufuna ukulinganisa i-oscilloscope. Nokho, inkinga eyinhloko indlela ukulinganisa oscilloscope. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umhlahlandlela wesinyathelo ngesinyathelo sokulinganisa i-oscilloscope. Kuyini ukulinganisa? Ukulinganisa kuvame ukuqhathanisa amadivaysi amabili okulinganisa.…

Uma ungumuntu osebenza ngogesi noma usanda kuqalisa ngogesi, udinga ukuqaphela amayunithi kagesi ahlukahlukene. Enye yalezi microfarad. Ngakho-ke yini ukuqokwa kwama-microfarad ku-multimeter? Ake siphendule lo mbuzo. Sisebenzisa kuphi ama-microfarad? Ama-Microfarad asetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zemishini kagesi, kufaka phakathi ama-capacitor, ama-transistors, namasekethe ahlanganisiwe. Kodwa imvamisa uzohlangana nabo lapho ukala i-capacitance ye-capacitor. Iyini i-capacitor? I-capacitor iyingxenye ye-elekthronikhi esetshenziselwa ukugcina ukushaja kagesi. Iqukethe amapuleti ensimbi amabili abekwe eduze kanye nento engekho conductive (ebizwa ngokuthi i-dielectric) phakathi. Lapho i-electric current idlula ku-capacitor, ishaja amapuleti. La mandla kagesi agciniwe angasetshenziswa ukufaka amandla kagesi...

I-ECU engalungile ngokuvamile iyimbangela yezinkinga ezihlukahlukene ngokusebenza kahle kwemoto. Yize i-ECU engalungile ingabangela ukuthi imoto ingashisi, iphinde yehlise ukonga kukaphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, ufuna ukwazi uma kunenkinga ngeyunithi yokulawula injini yemoto yakho futhi uyilungise. Umbuzo uwukuthi, kanjani ukuhlola ECU nge multimeter? Nakuba izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zingase zibonise i-ECU engasebenzi kahle, izinkinga ezinjalo zingase zibangelwa ezinye izimbangela. Ngakho-ke, ukubheja kwakho okuhle ukuxazulula inkinga ye-ECU yakho futhi unqume ukuthi inesibopho sezinkinga zemoto yakho. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-multimeter iyithuluzi elilula lokuhlola i-ECU. Nge-multimeter ungakwazi ukuxazulula inkinga ye-ECU yakho futhi...

Izimoto ezikhiqizwa eminyakeni yesimanje ziye zasiza ukwenza ukuphila kwethu kube lula kakhulu. Izingxenye ze-electronic ezikuzo zaziwusizo ngokukhethekile. Ungayilawula kanjani injini nokudluliswa, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zemoto, ngokucindezela nje inkinobho? Nokho, ihlobene ne-PCM (Powertrain Control Module). Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukukhanya ngokushesha kwezinye zalezi zinto okudingeka uzazi nokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani i-multimeter ukuxilonga. Ake siqale. Iyini i-PCM emotweni? Iyisilawuli esihlanganyelwe se-Engine Control Unit (ECU) kanye ne-Transmission Control Unit (TCU), amakhompyutha amabili enjini abalulekile. Yaziwa nangokuthi imojula yokulawula ukushisa (ICM) noma imojula yokulawula injini (ECM). Nokho, njengazo zonke ezinye...