Izinjini zikadizili: izici zomsebenzi

Ngaphansi kwe-hood, imoto yesimanje izoba nolunye lwezinhlobo ezintathu zamayunithi wamandla. Kuyinto injini kaphethiloli, ugesi noma udizili. Sesivele sixoxile ngomgomo wokusebenza nangedivayisi yemoto esebenzisa uphethiloli. kwesinye isihloko.

Manje sizogxila kuzici zenjini kadizili: yiziphi izingxenye eziqukethe, ezihluke kanjani kwi-analogue kaphethiloli, futhi sicabangele nezici zokuqala nokusebenza kwale njini yomlilo yangaphakathi ezimweni ezihlukile.

Yini injini yemoto kadizili

Okokuqala, umbono omncane. Injini kadizili wuhlobo lweyunithi yamandla episton ebukeka ifana nenjini kaphethiloli. I-budova yakhe nayo ngeke yehluke.

Izokwakhiwa ikakhulukazi:

• Isilinda block. Lona umzimba weyunithi. Izimbobo nezimbotshana ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwayo zenziwa kuyo. Udonga olungaphandle lunejazi lokupholisa (umgodi ogcwele uketshezi emotweni ehlanganisiwe ukupholisa izindlu). Engxenyeni emaphakathi kwenziwa izimbobo ezinkulu, ezibizwa ngokuthi amasilinda. Zishisa uphethiloli. Futhi ekwakhiweni kwebhulokhi kunezimbobo zokuxhuma usebenzisa izikhonkwane zebhlokhi uqobo nekhanda lalo, lapho kukhona khona indlela yokusabalalisa igesi.
• Amapistoni anezinduku zokuxhuma. Lezi zinto zifana ngokuklanywa nalezo zikaphethiloli. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi i-piston nenduku yokuxhuma yenziwa iqine ngokwengeziwe ukumelana nemithwalo ephezulu yemishini.
• I-Crankshaft. Idizili ifakwe i-crankshaft enomklamo ofanayo nowenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo esebenzisa uphethiloli. Umehluko kuphela kulokho kuklanywa kwale ngxenye umkhiqizi ayisebenzisela ukuguqulwa okuthile kwemoto.
• Ukulinganisa shaft. Ama-generator kagesi amancane avame ukusebenzisa udizili oyisilinda owodwa. Isebenza kumgomo wokudonsa. Njengoba ine-piston eyodwa, idala ukudlidlizela okuqinile lapho i-HTS ishiswa. Ukuze imoto isebenze kahle, kufakwa umshini wokulinganisa olinganiselwe kudivayisi ye-single-cylinder unit, ekhokhela ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kwamandla we-mechanical.

Namuhla, izimoto zikadizili zithola ukuthandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha obuvumela izimoto ukuthi zihlangabezane namazinga ezemvelo kanye nezidingo zomshayeli osezingeni eliphezulu. Uma phambilini uphiko lukadizili belutholwa ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthwa kwempahla, namuhla imoto yomgibeli ivame ukufakwa injini enjalo.

Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe eyodwa kwezingu-XNUMX ezimotweni ezithengiswa e-United States zizosebenzisa uwoyela osindayo. Ngokuqondene neYurophu, izinjini zikadizili zithandwa kakhulu kule makethe. Cishe uhhafu wezimoto ezithengiswa ngaphansi kwe-hood zinalolu hlobo lwemoto.

Ungafaki uphethiloli enjinini kadizili. Ithembele kuphethiloli wayo. Udizili uphethiloli luwuketshezi olunokutsha olunamafutha, ukwakheka kwalo kufana nophalafini namafutha okushisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nophethiloli, lo mafutha unenombolo ephansi ye-octane (iyini le parameter, ichazwa ngokuningiliziwe kokunye ukubuyekeza), ngakho-ke, ukuthungela kwayo kwenzeka ngokuya ngomgomo ohlukile, ohlukile emlilweni wephethiloli.

Amayunithi anamuhla ayathuthukiswa ukuze adle uphethiloli omncane, enze umsindo omncane ngesikhathi sokusebenza, amagesi e-exhaust aqukethe izinto ezingeyona ingozi kangako, futhi nokusebenza kulula ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngalokhu, amasistimu amaningi alawulwa yi-elekthronikhi, hhayi izindlela ezahlukahlukene.

Ukuze izimoto ezilula ezinenjini kadizili zihlangabezane nezinga eliphezulu lezemvelo, ifakwe amasistimu angeziwe aqinisekisa ukushisa okungcono kwenhlanganisela yamafutha omoya nokusetshenziswa kwawo wonke amandla akhishwe ngale nqubo.

Isizukulwane sakamuva sezinye izinhlobo zezimoto sithola lokho okubizwa nge-diesel ehlanzekile. Lo mqondo uchaza izimoto lapho amagesi okukhipha acishe afane nemikhiqizo yomlilo kaphethiloli.

Uhlu lwezinhlelo ezinjalo lubandakanya:

1. Uhlelo lokungenisa. Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kweyunithi, ingaqukatha izingqimba eziningi zokudla. Inhloso yabo ukuqinisekisa ukunikezwa komoya nokwakhiwa kwe-vortex efanele yokugeleza, okwenza kube lula ukuxuba uphethiloli nomoya ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Lapho injini iqala futhi isebenza nge-rpm ephansi, lawa ma-dampers azovalwa. Lapho nje ama-revs enyuka, lezi zinto ziyavuleka. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi unciphise okuqukethwe yi-carbon monoxide nama-hydrocarbon angenaso isikhathi sokusha, okuvame ukwenzeka ngejubane eliphansi.
2. Uhlelo lokuqinisa amandla. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokwengeza amandla wenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ukufaka i-turbocharger epheshaneni lokungenisa. Kwezinye izinhlobo zezokuthutha zanamuhla, kufakwa i-turbine engashintsha i-geometry yendlela yangaphakathi. Kukhona nohlelo lwe-turbo compound, oluchazwe lapha.
3. Qalisa uhlelo lokusebenzisa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo kaphethiloli, lawa ma-motors awabizi kakhulu ngokuya ngezimo zokusebenza. Isibonelo, injini ebandayo yangaphakathi yomlilo iqala kabi ebusika, futhi ukuguqulwa okudala emakhazeni amakhulu akuqali ngaphandle kokushisa kokuqala. Ukwenza ukuqala ezimeni ezinjalo kwenzeke noma ngokushesha okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, imoto ithola ukushisa kokuqala. Ngale njongo, kufakwa ipulaki ekhanyayo kwisilinda ngayinye (noma kokuphindaphindwayo kokungenisa), okushisa ivolumu yangaphakathi yomoya, ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa kwayo ngesikhathi sokuminyanisa lifinyelela ngokuphelele enkombeni lapho uphethiloli ongazibashela wona uqobo. Ezinye izimoto zingaba nohlelo olufudumeza uphethiloli ngaphambi kokungena kumasilinda.
4. Uhlelo lokukhipha. Idizayinelwe ukunciphisa inani lezinto ezingcolisa umoya. Isibonelo, ukugeleza kokukhipha kudlula isihlungi se-particulateokuqeda ama-hydrocarbon angashisi nama-nitrogen oxides. Ukwehliswa kokukhishwa kwamagesi kwenzeka ku-resonator naku-silencer eyinhloko, kepha ezinjinini zanamuhla ukugeleza kwamagesi e-exhaust sekuvele kufana kusukela ekuqaleni, ngakho-ke abanye abashayeli bathenga ukuqeda imoto okusebenzayo (umbiko wedivayisi uyachazwa lapha)
5. Uhlelo lokusatshalaliswa kwegesi. Kuyadingeka ngenhloso efanayo nakuhlobo lukaphethiloli. Lapho i-piston yenza unhlangothi ofanele, i-inlet noma i-valve esidayisa kufanele ivule / ivale ngesikhathi esifanele. Idivayisi yesikhathi ifaka i-camshaft nezinye izingxenye ezibalulekile ezinikezayo ukwenziwa ngesikhathi kwezigaba emotweni (ukuphuza noma ukukhipha). Amaphayiphu enjini kadizili ayaqiniswa, ngoba anokwanda komshini nogesi oshisayo.
6. Exhaust igesi recirculation. Lolu hlelo luhlinzeka ngokususwa okuphelele kwe-nitrogen oxide ngokupholisa amanye amagesi okukhipha bese uwabuyisela kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla. Ukusebenza kwale divayisi kungahluka ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kweyunithi.
7. Uhlelo lwe-Fuel. Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, lolu hlelo lungahluka kancane. Into esemqoka iphampu kaphethiloli enomfutho ophakeme, ohlinzeka ngokwanda kwengcindezi kaphethiloli ukuze, ekucindezelweni okuphezulu, umjovo ukwazi ukufaka uphethiloli kudizili. Okunye kwentuthuko yakamuva ezinhlelweni zika-dizili yiCommonRail. Kamuva, sizobhekisisa isakhiwo sayo. Okukhethekile ukuthi ikuvumela ukuthi unqwabele umthamo othile kaphethiloli ethangini elikhethekile ngokusatshalaliswa kwalo okuzinzile nokushelelayo phezu kwemibhobho. Uhlobo lwe-elekthronikhi lokulawula luvumela ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zomjovo ukufeza ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ngejubane lezinjini ezihlukile.
8. I-Turbocharger. Emotweni ejwayelekile, kufakwa indlela ekhethekile ezininginingi ze-exhaust ezinamabhande ajikelezayo atholakala emigodini emibili ehlukene. I-impeller eyinhloko iqhutshwa ngumfudlana wegesi wokukhipha. I-shaft ejikelezayo ngasikhathi sinye yenza kusebenze impeller yesibili, engengxenye yokungena. Njengoba into yesibili ijikeleza, umfutho womoya omusha uyanda ohlelweni lokudla. Ngenxa yalokho, ivolumu eyengeziwe ingena kwisilinda, okwandisa amandla wenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Esikhundleni se-turbine yakudala, kufakwa i-turbocharger kwezinye izimoto, esevele inikwe amandla yi-elekthronikhi futhi ivumela ukwanda kokugeleza komoya, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ijubane leyunithi liyini.

Ngamagama obuchwepheshe, injini kadizili yehlukile kweyunithi kaphethiloli ngendlela yomlilo wenhlanganisela kaphethiloli womoya. Endabeni yenjini ejwayelekile kaphethiloli, uphethiloli uvame ukuxubaniswa kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla (okunye ukuguqulwa kwanamuhla kunomjovo oqondile). Udizili usebenza kuphela ngokufafaza udizili ngqo kumasilinda. Ukuvimbela i-BTS ekushiseni ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngesikhathi sokucindezelwa, kufanele ixutshwe ngesikhathi lapho i-piston isilungele ukuqala ukwenza ukushaywa unhlangothi kokusebenza.

Idivayisi yesistimu ye-Fuel

Umsebenzi wohlelo lukaphethiloli ufinyelela ekuhlinzekeni ingxenye edingekayo kaphethiloli ngesikhathi esifanele. Kulokhu, ingcindezi esemgwaqeni kufanele yeqe kakhulu isilinganiso sokucindezelwa. Isilinganiso sokucindezelwa senjini kadizili siphezulu kakhulu kuneseyunithi kaphethiloli.

Umbala obomvu - isifunda sokucindezela okuphezulu; umbala ophuzi - isifunda sokucindezela okuphansi. 1) iphampu yomjovo; 2) i-valve yokufaka umoya ye-crankcase ephoqelelwe; 3) inzwa yokucindezela; 4) ujantshi wamafutha; 5) ama-nozzles; 6) i-accelerator pedal; 7) isivinini camshaft; 8) isivinini crankshaft; 9) ezinye izinzwa; 10) ezinye izindlela zokuphatha; 11) isihlungi esimahhadla; 12) ithangi; 13) isihlungi esihle.

Ngokwengeziwe, siphakamisa ukuthi ufunde mayelana yini isilinganiso sokucindezelwa nokucindezelwa... Lolu hlelo lokuphakelwa kukaphethiloli, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwalo kwesimanje, lungezinye zezinto ezibiza kakhulu emshinini, ngoba izingxenye zalo ziqinisekisa ukunemba okuphezulu kweyunithi. Ukulungiswa kwalolu hlelo kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza.

Lezi yizici eziyinhloko zohlelo lwamafutha.

I-TNVD

Noma yiluphi uhlelo lukaphethiloli kumele lube nepompo. Le ndlela imunca uphethiloli kadizili ovela ethangini bese iwufaka embuthanweni kaphethiloli. Ukwenza imoto ibe nokonga maqondana nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, ukunikezwa kwayo kulawulwa ngogesi. Iyunithi yokulawula iphendula ngokucindezela i-pedal yegesi kanye nemodi yokusebenza yenjini.

Lapho umshayeli ecindezela i-accelerator pedal, imodyuli yokulawula ngokuzimela inquma ukuthi kunesidingo esingakanani ukwandisa ivolumu kaphethiloli, ukushintsha isikhathi sokudla. Ukwenza lokhu, uhlu olukhulu lwama-algorithms luthungelwe ku-ECU efektri, esebenzisa izindlela ezidingekayo esimweni ngasinye.

Iphampu kaphethiloli idala ingcindezi engapheli ohlelweni. Le ndlela isuselwa kubhangqa le-plunger. Imininingwane yokuthi iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani ichaziwe ngokwehlukana... Ezinhlelweni zikaphethiloli zesimanje, uhlobo lokusabalalisa lwamaphampu lusetshenziswa. Zilingana ngosayizi, futhi kulokhu, uphethiloli uzogeleza ngokulinganayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi iyunithi lisebenza kanjani. Ungafunda kabanzi ngomsebenzi wale ndlela. lapha.

Nozzles

Le ngxenye iqinisekisa ukuthi uphethiloli ufuthwa ngqo kwisilinda lapho umoya usuvele ucindezelwe kuwo. Yize ukusebenza kwale nqubo ngqo kuncike ekucindezelweni kukaphethiloli, ukwakheka kwe-atomizer uqobo kubaluleke kakhulu.

Phakathi kwakho konke ukulungiswa kwemibhobho, kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko. Ziyahluka ngohlobo lwethoshi elenziwa ngesikhathi sokufafaza. Kukhona uhlobo noma i-atomizer yamaphoyinti amaningi.

Le ngxenye ifakwe ekhanda lesilinda, kanti i-atomizer yayo itholakala ngaphakathi ekamelweni, lapho uphethiloli uxubene nomoya oshisayo bese uvutha ngokuzenzekelayo. Uma ucabangela imithwalo ephezulu yokushisa, kanye nemvamisa yokunyakaza okuphindayo kwenaliti, kusetshenziselwa into engamelana nokushisa ekwakhiweni kwe-atomizer yombhobho.

Isihlungi se-Fuel

Njengoba ukwakheka kwepampu kaphethiloli ephezulu kanye nama-injectors kuqukethe izingxenye eziningi ezinemvume encane kakhulu, futhi zona ngokwazo kufanele zigcotshiswe kahle, izidingo eziphezulu zibekwa kwikhwalithi (ubumsulwa bayo) kaphethiloli kadizili. Ngalesi sizathu, uhlelo luqukethe izihlungi ezibizayo.

Uhlobo ngalunye lwenjini lunesihlungi salo sikaphethiloli, ngoba zonke izinhlobo zineziqu zazo kanye nezinga lokuhlunga. Ngaphezu kokususa izinhlayiya zangaphandle, le nto kufanele futhi ihlanze uphethiloli emanzini. Lokhu ukufingqa okwenzeka ethangini bese kuhlangana nezinto ezivuthayo.

Ukuvimbela amanzi ekuqoqeni esampeni, imvamisa kuba nomgodi wokukhipha kusihlungi. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukukhiya komoya kungakha kulayini kaphethiloli. Ukuze uyisuse, ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlunga zinempompo yesandla encane.

Kwezinye izinhlobo zemoto kufakwe idivaysi ekhethekile ekuvumela ukuthi ushise uphethiloli kadizili. Ebusika, lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli luvamise ukukhazimula, kwakheke izinhlayiya zikapharafini. Lokhu kuzonquma ukuthi isihlungi singakwazi yini ukudlulisa ngokwanele uphethiloli empompini, okunikeza ukuqala okulula kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi esimweni sezulu esibandayo.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ukusebenza kwenjini edonsa ngodizili yangaphakathi kusekelwe esimisweni esifanayo sokunwetshwa kwenhlanganisela kaphethiloli womoya oshisayo ekamelweni njengaseyunithi kaphethiloli. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi ingxube ayishiswa yi-spark ephuma ku-spark plug (injini kadizili ayinayo nhlobo i-spark plugs), kodwa ngokufafaza ingxenye kaphethiloli endaweni eshisayo ngenxa yokucindezela okunamandla. I-piston icindezela umoya ngamandla kangangokuthi umgodi ushisa kuze kufike ku-700 degrees. Ngokushesha nje lapho umlomo uqeda uphethiloli, uyokhipha futhi udedele amandla adingekayo.

Njengamayunithi kaphethiloli, udizili unezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokushaywa unhlangothi ezimbili nohlangothi ezine. Ake sicabangele ukwakheka kanye nenqubo yokusebenza kwazo.

Umjikelezo wokushaywa unhlangothi ezine

Iyunithi yezimoto enama-stroke amane yiyona evame kakhulu. Lokhu ukulandelana okuzosebenza kuyunithi enjalo:

1. Okungenayo. Lapho i-crankshaft iphenduka (lapho injini iqala, lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-starter, futhi lapho injini isebenza, i-piston yenza lokhu kushaywa unyawo ngenxa yomsebenzi wamasilinda aseduze), i-piston iqala ukuya phansi. Okwamanje, kuvuleka i-valve yokungena (kungaba eyodwa noma ezimbili). Ingxenye entsha yomoya ingena kwisilinda ngembobo evulekile. Kuze kube yilapho i-piston ifinyelela esikhungweni esifile phansi, i-valve yokudla ihlala ivulekile. Lokhu kuqeda isilinganiso sokuqala.
2. Ukucindezela. Ngokujikeleza okwengeziwe kwe-crankshaft ngama-degree angama-180, i-piston iqala ukukhuphukela phezulu. Kuleli qophelo, wonke ama-valve avaliwe. Wonke umoya okulesi silinda ucindezelwe. Ukuyivimbela ukuthi ingene esikhaleni se-sub-piston, i-piston ngayinye inama-O-rings amaningi (ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nedivayisi yabo kuchaziwe lapha). Njengoba siya esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile, ngenxa yengcindezi ekhula kakhulu, izinga lokushisa lomoya likhuphukela kuma-degree angamakhulu amaningana. Unhlangothi uphela lapho i-piston isendaweni ephakeme kakhulu.
3. Ukusebenza unhlangothi. Lapho ama-valve evaliwe, umjovo uletha ingxenye encane kaphethiloli, evutha ngokushesha ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu. Kukhona izinhlelo zikaphethiloli ezihlukanisa le ngxenye encane ibe izingxenyana eziningana ezincane. I-elekthronikhi ingenza le nqubo isebenze (uma ihlinzekwa ngumenzi) ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ezimeni ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza. Njengoba amagesi anda, i-piston idudulelwa phakathi nendawo efile. Lapho ufika ku-BDC, umjikelezo uyaphela.
4. Khulula. Ukuphenduka kokugcina kwe-crankshaft kuphakamisa i-piston futhi. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-valve yokukhipha isivele iyavula. Ngembobo, umfudlana wegesi uyasuswa uye ezinhlwini eziningi ze-exhaust, futhi ngawo ufuduselwe ohlelweni lokukhipha. Kwezinye izindlela ezisebenza ngenjini, i-valve yokudla ingavula futhi kancane ukuze kungene umoya omncane oyisilinda.

Kokunye ukuguqulwa kwe-crankshaft, imivimbo emibili yenziwa ngesilinda esisodwa. Noma iyiphi injini ye-piston isebenza ngokwalolu hlelo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi uphethiloli wohlobo luni.

Umjikelezo wezinhlangothi ezimbili

Ngaphezu imivimbo emine, kukhona futhi ukulungiswa ezimbili unhlangothi. Zihlukile kunguqulo yangaphambilini yokuthi imivimbo emibili yenziwa ngokushaywa okukodwa kwe-piston. Lokhu kuguqulwa kusebenza ngenxa yezakhiwo zokuklanywa kwe-block-stroke cylinder block.

Nawu umdwebo wesigaba semoto engu-2-stroke:

Njengoba kungabonakala kulesi sibalo, lapho i-piston, ngemuva kokushisa kwenhlanganisela kaphethiloli womoya, ihambela esikhungweni esiphansi esifile, iqala ivule isitolo, lapho kuhamba khona amagesi e-exhaust. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, kuvuleka itheku, ngenxa yokuthi igumbi ligcwele umoya ohlanzekile, futhi isilinda siyahlanzwa. Njengoba kufuthwa uphethiloli emoyeni ocindezelweyo, ngeke ungene ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya lapho kusahlanzwa umgodi.

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokuguqulwa kwangaphambilini, ukushaya okubili kunamandla aphindwe ka-1.5-1.7 ngaphezulu. Kodwa-ke, uzakwabo we-4-stroke unyuse i-torque. Naphezu kwamandla amakhulu, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yomlilo enezinhlangothi ezimbili inokubuyela emuva okukodwa okuphawulekayo. Ukushuna kwayo kunomphumela omncane uma kuqhathaniswa neyunithi yokushaywa unhlangothi okungu-4. Ngalesi sizathu, ajwayelekile kakhulu ezimotweni zesimanje. Ukuphoqa lolu hlobo lwenjini ngokwandisa ijubane le-crankshaft kuyinkqubo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engasebenzi.

Phakathi kwezinjini zikadizili, kunezindlela eziningi ezisebenzayo ezisetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezimoto. Enye yezinjini ezimise okwezibhakela ezimise okwezibhakela zesimanjemanje yizinjini zeHofbauer. Ungafunda ngaye ngokwehlukana.

Izinhlobo zenjini yedizili

Ngaphezu kwezici ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlelo zesibili, izinjini zikadizili zinokwehluka kwesakhiwo. Ngokuyinhloko, lo mehluko uyabonakala esakhiweni segumbi lokushisa. Nakhu ukuhlukaniswa kwabo okuyinhloko ngokusho kwejiyometri yalo mnyango:

1. Ikhamera engahlukanisiwe. Elinye igama lalesi sigaba umjovo oqondile. Kulokhu, kufuthwa uphethiloli esikhaleni esingenhla kwepiston. Lezi zinjini zidinga ama-piston akhethekile. Kwenziwe kuwo imigodi ekhethekile, eyakha igumbi lomlilo. Ngokuvamile, ukuguqulwa okunjalo kusetshenziswa kumayunithi anevolumu enkulu yokusebenza (ukuthi ibalwa kanjani, funda ngokwehlukana), futhi ezingathuthukisi ukuguqulwa okuphezulu. Ukuphakama kwe-rpm, umsindo uzoba mkhulu futhi unyakazise. Ukusebenza okuzinzile kwamayunithi anjalo kuqinisekiswa ngokusetshenziswa kwamaphampu emijovo alawulwa ngogesi. Izinhlelo ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukuhlinzeka ngomjovo ophethiloli ophindwe kabili, kanye nokwenza ngcono inqubo yokushisa kwe-VTS. Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwalobu buchwepheshe, lawa ma-motors anokusebenza okuzinzile kuze kube yizinguquko ezingama-4.5.
2. Igumbi elihlukile. Le geometry yegumbi lomlilo isetshenziswa kuma-powertrains amaningi anamuhla. Igumbi elihlukile lenziwa ekhanda lesilinda. Ine-geometry ekhethekile eyakha i-vortex ngesikhathi sokushaywa ukucindezelwa. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi uphethiloli uhlangane kahle kakhulu nomoya bese ushisa kangcono. Kulesi sakhiwo, injini isebenza ngokushelela futhi ayinamsindo kangako, ngoba ingcindezi esesilinda yakhela ngaphandle kwezihibe, ngaphandle kwamajolidi angazelelwe.

Injani ukwethulwa

Ukuqala okubandayo kwalolu hlobo lwezimoto kufanele ukunakwa okukhethekile. Njengoba umzimba nomoya ongena kusilinda kuyabanda, lapho ingxenye icindezelwe, ayikwazi ukushisa ngokwanele ukuze uphethiloli udale. Ngaphambilini, esimweni sezulu esibandayo, balwa nalokhu nge-blowtorch - bashisa injini uqobo kanye nethangi likaphethiloli ukuze uphethiloli nodizili bafudumale.

Futhi, emakhazeni, uphethiloli uyaqina. Abenzi balolu hlobo lukaphethiloli sebenze ibanga lasehlobo nasebusika. Esimweni sokuqala, uphethiloli uyayeka ukudonswa kusihlungi nangepayipi ezingeni lokushisa lama- -5 degrees. Idizili lasebusika alilahli uketshezi lwayo futhi alikhanyisi ngo -45 degrees. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa uphethiloli namafutha afanele isizini, ngeke zibe khona izinkinga ngokuqala kwemoto yesimanje.

Emotweni yesimanje kunezinhlelo zangaphambi kokushisa. Enye yezinto zesistimu enjalo ipulaki ekhanyayo, evame ukufakwa ekhanda lesilinda endaweni yokufutha uphethiloli. Imininingwane mayelana nale divayisi ichaziwe lapha... Ngamafuphi, kunikeza ukukhanya okusheshayo ukulungiselela i-ICE ukwethulwa.

Ngokuya ngemodeli yekhandlela, ingashisa ize ifike cishe kuma-degree angama-800. Le nqubo ivame ukuthatha imizuzwana embalwa. Lapho injini isifudumeze ngokwanele, inkomba yokuvunguza kudeshibhodi iqala ukukhanyisa. Ukugcina imoto isebenza kahle ize ifinyelele ekushiseni okusebenzayo, la makhandlela aqhubeka nokushisa umoya ongenayo cishe imizuzwana engama-20.

Uma imoto ifakwe inkinobho yokuqala yenjini, umshayeli akadingi ukuzulazula ezinkomba, elinde isikhathi sokuvula i-starter. Ngemuva kokucindezela inkinobho, i-elekthronikhi izolinda ngokuzimela isikhathi esidingekayo sokushisa umoya kumasilinda.

Mayelana nokushisa kwendawo yangaphakathi yemoto, abashayeli abaningi babona ukuthi ebusika kushisa kancane kunozakwabo kaphethiloli. Isizathu ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi akuvumeli ukuthi isheshe izishise. Kulabo abathanda ukungena emotweni esivele ifudumele, kunezinhlelo zokuqalisa okukude kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Enye indlela uhlelo lokushisa ngaphambi kokushisa, okokusebenza kwalo okusebenzisa uphethiloli kuphela ukushisa indlu. Ngokwengeziwe, kushisa isipholisi, esizosiza ngokuzayo lapho injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ifudumala.

Turbocharging kanye Common-Rail

Inkinga enkulu ngama-motor ajwayelekile okuthiwa umgodi we-turbo. Lokhu kungumphumela wokuphendula okuhamba kancane kweyunithi ngokucindezela iphedali - umshayeli ucindezela igesi, futhi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ibonakale icabanga isikhashana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukuhamba kwamagesi okukhipha kuphela esivinini esithile senjini kwenza kusebenze impeller yeturbine ejwayelekile.

Iyunithi ye-turbo diesel ithola i-turbocharger esikhundleni se-turbine ejwayelekile. Imininingwane ngale ndlela ichaziwe kokunyeуi-athikili yesibili, kodwa ngamafuphi nje, inikezela ivolumu eyengeziwe yomoya kumasilinda, ngenxa yalokho okungenzeka ukuthi kukhishwe amandla ahloniphekile ngisho nasezingeni eliphansi.

Kodwa-ke, i-turbodiesel nayo inenkinga enkulu. I-motor compressor inokuphila okuncane okusebenzayo. Ngokwesilinganiso, lesi sikhathi cishe ngamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-150 wemoto yemoto. Isizathu ukuthi le ndlela isebenza njalo ngaphansi kwezimo zokucindezela kokushisa okushisayo, kanye nangejubane eliphakeme njalo.

Ukugcinwa kwalolu cingo kungumnikazi womshini kuphela ukuhambisana njalo nezincomo zomkhiqizi maqondana nekhwalithi kawoyela. Uma i-turbocharger yehluleka, kufanele ithathelwe indawo esikhundleni sokulungiswa.

Izimoto eziningi zesimanje zifakwe uhlelo lwe-Common-Rail fuel system. Kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngaye ngokwehlukana... Uma kungenzeka ukhethe ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwemoto, uhlelo lukuvumela ukuthi ukwandise ukunikezwa kwephethiloli kumodi eshaywayo, enomthelela omuhle ekusebenzeni kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Le ndlela isebenza kanjani lolu hlobo lwebhethri kaphethiloli:

• Ama-degree angama-20 ngaphambi kokuthi i-piston ifike ku-TDC, umjovo ufafaza amaphesenti ama-5 kuye kwangama-30 engxenye enkulu kaphethiloli. Lokhu kungumjovo wangaphambi kokujova. Kwakha ilangabi lokuqala, ngenxa yokuthi ingcindezi nokushisa kusilinda kukhula kahle. Le nqubo inciphisa ukushaqeka kwemithwalo ezingxenyeni zeyunithi futhi iqinisekisa amandla omlilo angcono. Le pre-injection isetshenziswa ezinjinini ukusebenza kwazo kwezemvelo okuhambisana nezinga le-Euro-3. Kusukela ezingeni le-4, injini yangaphakathi yomlilo yenziwa ngezigaba eziningi zangaphambi kokujova.
• 2 degrees ngaphambi kwesikhundla se-TDC se-piston, ingxenye yokuqala kaphethiloli inikezwa. Le nqubo yenzeka ngendlela efanayo nanjengenjini ejwayelekile kadizili ngaphandle kwesitimela sikaphethiloli, kepha ngaphandle kokucindezelwa ngamandla, ngoba kulesi sigaba isivele iphezulu ngenxa yokusha kwengxenye yokuqala kaphethiloli kadizili. Lesi sifunda sizonciphisa umsindo wezimoto.
• Isikhathi esithile, uphethiloli uyamiswa ukuze le ngxenye ishe ngokuphelele.
• Okulandelayo, ingxenye yesibili yephethiloli ifuthwe. Ngenxa yalokhu kwehlukaniswa, yonke ingxenye ishile kuze kube sekupheleni. Futhi, isilinda isebenza isikhathi eside kunaseyunithi yakudala. Lokhu kubangela i-torque ephezulu ekusetshenzisweni okuncane nokukhishwa okuphansi. Futhi, akukho okuthusayo okwenzeka enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, ukuze ingabangi umsindo omkhulu.
• Ngaphambi kokuthi kuvuleke umphakeli, umjovo wenza i-post-injection. Lokhu okusalayo kukaphethiloli. Sekuvele kushe emgodini we-exhaust. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le ndlela yokusha isusa umule ngaphakathi kohlelo lokukhipha, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, yandisa amandla we-turbocharger, evumela ukuthi i-turbo lag ishelele ngaphandle. Kusetshenziswa isigaba esifanayo kumayunithi ahambisana ne-eco-standard ye-Euro-5.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukufakwa kwesistimu kaphethiloli wesitoreji kuvumela ukunikezwa kwamafutha amaningi. Ngenxa yalokhu, cishe zonke izici zenjini ye-diesel ziyathuthukiswa, okwenza sikwazi ukusondeza amandla ayo eduze kweyunithi kaphethiloli. Futhi uma imoto ifakwe i-turbocharger, khona-ke leli thuluzi lenze ukuthi kutholakale injini engaphezulu kukaphethiloli.

Le nzuzo ye-turbodiesel yesimanje yenza ukuthi kube lula ukwandisa ukuthandwa kwezimoto zabagibeli zikadizili. Ngendlela, uma sikhuluma ngezimoto ezisheshayo ezinophiko lukadizili, kwathi ngo-2006 ehlane lasawoti laseBonneville kwaphulwa irekhodi lejubane kuhlobo lwe-JCB Dieselmax. Le moto yashesha ngamakhilomitha angama-563 ngehora. Imishini yokutshala amandla yemoto yafakwa isitimela sikaphethiloli esijwayelekile.

Izinzuzo nezinkinga zokusebenzisa izinjini zedizili

Uma ukhetha uphethiloli ofanele namafutha, iyunithi lizoqala lizinze, kungakhathalekile ukuthi isimo sezulu sinjani. Ungahlola ukuthi iluphi uketshezi okufanele lusetshenziswe kuleli cala kusuka kuzincomo zomkhiqizi.

Iyunithi yamandla kagesi eqinile ihluke kakhulu kunozakwabo kaphethiloli ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Imodeli ngayinye entsha iba nomsindo omncane (futhi imisindo ngeke igcwale kakhulu uhlelo lokukhipha njengezici zenjini uqobo), inamandla amakhulu futhi isebenza kahle. Lezi izinzuzo zenjini kadizili:

1. Ezomnotho. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini ejwayelekile kaphethiloli, noma iyiphi injini yesimanje yedizili enevolumu efanayo izodla uphethiloli omncane. Ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi kuchazwa yingqayizivele yomlilo womxube wephethiloli womoya, ikakhulukazi uma uhlelo lukaphethiloli lolohlobo lwe-accumulator (Common Rail). Ngo-2008, kwaba nomncintiswano wezomnotho phakathi kweBMW5 neToyota Prius (ingxube eyaziwa ngomnotho wayo, kodwa esebenzisa uphethiloli). Ebangeni laseLondon-Geneva, iBMW, engamakhilogremu angu-200 enesisindo, ichithe cishe amakhilomitha ayi-17 ngelitha likaphethiloli, ne-hybrid elinganiselwa kumakhilomitha ayi-16. Kuvela ukuthi ngamakhilomitha angama-985 imoto kadizili yachitha cishe amalitha angama-58, ne-hybrid - cishe amalitha angama-62. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ucabanga ukuthi i-hybrid iyakwazi ukonga imali enesithunzi uma iqhathaniswa nemoto kaphethiloli. Sengeza kulokhu umehluko omncane ezindlekweni zalezi zinhlobo zikaphethiloli, futhi sithola enye imali yezingxenye ezintsha zokulondoloza noma ukugcinwa kwemoto.
2. I-torque ephezulu. Ngenxa yokwakheka komjovo nokushisa kwe-BTC, noma ngejubane elincishisiwe, injini ikhombisa amandla anele okuhambisa imoto. Yize izimoto eziningi zesimanje zifakwe uhlelo lokulawula ukuzinza nezinye izinhlelo ezizinzisa ukusebenza kwemoto, injini kadizili ivumela umshayeli ukuthi ashintshe amagiya ngaphandle kokuyiletha kuma-revs aphezulu. Lokhu kwenza ukushayela kube lula kakhulu.
3. Izinjini zesimanje zangaphakathi zikadizili zinikeza ukukhishwa okuncane kwe-carbon monoxide, okubeka imoto enjalo ezingeni elifanayo nozakwabo kaphethiloli (futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nesinyathelo esiphakeme).
4. Ngenxa yezindawo zokuthambisa zikaphethiloli kadizili, le yunithi ihlala isikhathi eside futhi inempilo ende. Futhi, amandla ayo abangelwa ukuthi ekwakhiweni komkhiqizi usebenzisa izinto eziqinile, eziqinisa ukwakheka kwemoto nezingxenye zayo.
5. On the track, imoto udizili cishe ahlukaniswa Dynamics kusukela analog uphethiloli.
6. Ngenxa yokuthi uphethiloli awushisi ngokuzithandela, imoto enjalo iphephile - inhlansi ngeke ivuse ukuqhuma, ngakho-ke, imishini yempi ivame ukufakwa amayunithi kadizili.

Naphezu kokusebenza kwazo kahle, izinjini zikadizili zinezinkinga ezimbalwa:

1. Izimoto ezindala zinama-motor lapho kukhona ikamelo elingahlukanisiwe, ngakho-ke zinomsindo impela, ngoba ukuvutha kwe-VTS kwenzeka ngama-jolts abukhali. Ukwenza i-unit ingabi nomsindo kangako, kufanele ibe negumbi elihlukile nohlelo lokugcina amafutha olunikeza umjovo wephethiloli onezigaba eziningi. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kuyabiza, futhi ukuze ulungise uhlelo olunjalo, udinga ukubheka uchwepheshe ofanelekayo. Futhi, kumafutha anamuhla, kusukela ngo-2007, kusetshenziswe isulfure encane, ukuze ugesi ungabi nephunga elibi, elinukayo lamaqanda abolile.
2. Ukuthengwa nokunakekelwa kwemoto kadizili yesimanje kuyatholakala kubashayeli abanemali engenayo emaphakathi engenhla. Ukufunwa kwezingxenye zezimoto ezinjalo kuyinkimbinkimbi kuphela ngezindleko zazo, kepha izingxenye ezishibhile zivame ukuba sezingeni eliphansi, okungaholela ekuwohlokeni okusheshayo kweyunithi.
3. Uphethiloli kadizili awageziwe kahle, ngakho-ke kudingeka uqaphele kakhulu egalaji likaphethiloli. Abashayeli abanokuhlangenwe nakho batusa ukusebenzisa amagilavu ​​alahlwayo, ngoba iphunga likaphethiloli ezandleni zabo alihlali isikhathi eside, ngisho nangemva kokugeza izandla ngokuphelele.
4. Ebusika, ingaphakathi lemoto lidinga ukufudunyezwa isikhathi eside, ngoba injini ayijahile ukukhipha ukushisa.
5. Iyunithi yedivayisi ifaka inani elikhulu lezingxenye ezengeziwe, okuyinkimbinkimbi nokulungiswa. Ngenxa yalokhu, imishini yesimanje eyinkimbinkimbi iyadingeka ukuze kulungiswe futhi kulungiswe.

Ukunquma ngeyunithi yamandla, okokuqala kudingeka unqume ukuthi iyiphi imoto ezosebenza ngayo. Uma imoto ivame ukumboza amabanga amade, khona-ke udizili uyindlela engcono kakhulu, ngoba izokunikeza ithuba lokonga okuncane kuphethiloli. Kepha ngohambo olufushane, alusebenzi, ngoba ngeke ukwazi ukonga okuningi, futhi kuzodingeka uchithe imali eningi kulondolozo kunaseyunithi kaphethiloli.

Ekupheleni kokubuyekeza, sinikeza umbiko wevidiyo ngomgomo wokusebenza kwenjini kadizili:

Udizili wezidumbu. Ingxenye 1 - izinhlinzeko ezijwayelekile.