Kusho ukuthini ubukhulu benjini

Usayizi wenjini yemoto

Lapho ukhetha imoto entsha, umthengi ugxile kumingcele ehlukene. Enye yazo ubukhulu benjini. Abaningi bakholelwa ngephutha ukuthi lokhu ukuphela kwesici esinquma ukuthi imoto izoba namandla kangakanani. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuguqulwa kwenjini, nokuthi yiziphi ezinye imingcele ezithinta yona.

Yini usayizi wenjini

Umthamo osebenzayo wenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi yisamba sevolumu yawo wonke amasilinda wenjini. Abashayeli bezimoto baqala kule nkomba lapho behlela ukuthenga imoto. Ngenxa yalesi sibalo, unganquma ukuthi mangaki amakhilomitha lapho i-refueling elandelayo izohlala khona. Emazweni amaningi, le pharamitha iqondiswa lapho kunqunywa ukuthi yiliphi intela umnikazi wemoto okufanele akhokhe. Uyini umthamo osebenzayo futhi ubalwa kanjani?

Ivolumu yenjini iyinani eliphelele lawo wonke amasilinda, noma ivolumu yesilinda eyodwa iphindwe ngenombolo yawo.

Ngakho, injini ene-cylinder ene-cylinder displacement ye-500 cm³ inomthamo olinganiselwa ku-2,0 amalitha. Kodwa-ke, injini engu-12-cylinder ene-displacement engu-500cc izoba nokugudluka okuphelele kuka-6,0 amalitha, okuyenza ibe namandla kakhulu.

Kusho ukuthini usayizi wenjini

Ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi, amandla ashisayo aguqulwa abe amandla ajikelezayo. Le nqubo imi kanje.

Inhlanganisela yomoya nophethiloli ingena egumbini lomlilo nge-valve yokungena. Spark kusuka inhlansi plug kubasa uphethiloli. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka ukuqhuma okuncane, okusunduzela i-piston phansi, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele ukujikeleza. i-crankshaft.

Ukuthi lokhu kuqhuma kuzoba namandla kangakanani kuncike ekufudukisweni kwenjini. Ezimotweni ezihlosiwe ngokwemvelo, umthamo wamasilinda uyinto ebalulekile ekunqumeni amandla we-powertrain. Izimoto zesimanje zifakwe ama-supercharger angeziwe nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwezinjini. Ngenxa yalokhu, amandla awakhuphuki kusuka enanini lenhlanganisela kaphethiloli engenayo, kepha ngenxa yokwanda kokusebenza kahle kwenqubo yomlilo, nokusetshenziswa kwawo wonke amandla akhululiwe.

Usayizi wenjini namandla

Kungakho ukufuduka okuncane kwenjini ene-turbocharged akusho ukuthi kunikwe amandla. Isibonelo salokhu ukuthuthukiswa konjiniyela bakwaFord - uhlelo lwe-EcoBoost. Nayi itafula lokuqhathanisa lamandla ezinye izinhlobo zezinjini:

Uhlobo lwenjini:	Umthamo, amalitha	Amandla, amandla wehhashi
I-Carburetor	1,6	75
Umjovo	1,5	140
I-Duratec, umjovo we-multipoint	1,6	125
I-EcoBoost	1,0	125

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, ukwanda kokufuduka akusho amandla amaningi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Vele, lapho uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli luyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, injini iyabiza kakhulu ukuyigcina, kepha izinjini ezinjalo zizokonga kakhulu futhi zizohlangabezana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Ukususwa Kwenjini - Kuchazwe

Ivolumu yenjini - ukususwa kwenjini

Izici zokubala

Ibalwa kanjani ivolumu yokusebenza yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi? Kulokhu kukhona ifomula elula: h (i-piston stroke) iphindaphindwa ngendawo enqamulelayo yesilinda (indawo yombuthano - 3,14 * r²). I-piston stroke ukuphakama kusuka esikhungweni sayo esifile phansi kuya phezulu.

Ifomula yokubala usayizi wenjini

Izinjini eziningi zangaphakathi zomlilo ezifakwe ezimotweni zinamasilinda amaningana, futhi onke alingana ngokulingana, ngakho-ke leli nani kumele liphindaphindwe ngenani lamasilinda. Umphumela uba ukuhamba kwezimoto.

Umthamo ophelele wesilinda yisamba somthamo waso osebenzayo nevolumu yegumbi lomlilo. Yingakho ekuchazweni kwezimpawu zemoto kungaba khona inkomba: ivolumu yenjini - amalitha ayi-1,6, nevolumu yokusebenza - 1594 cm³.

Ungafunda ukuthi le nkomba kanye nesilinganiso sokuminyaniswa siyithinta kanjani inkomba yamandla yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. lapha.

Ungalinquma kanjani ivolumu yesilinda senjini

Njengevolumu yanoma yisiphi isitsha, ivolumu yesilinda ibalwa ngokuya ngosayizi womgodi wayo. Nayi imingcele okudingeka uyazi ukubala leli nani:

• Ukuphakama kwesikhala;
• Ingaba elingaphakathi lesilinda;
• Ukujikeleza (ngaphandle kokuthi umsuka wesilinda uyindilinga ephelele).

Okokuqala, indawo yombuthano ibalwa. Ifomula kuleli cala ilula: S = P *R². П - inani elihlala njalo futhi lilingana no-3,14. R yisiyingi sombuthano ngaphansi kwesilinda. Uma idatha yokuqala ingakhombisi irediyasi, kepha ububanzi, indawo yombuthano izoba kanjena: S = P *D² futhi umphumela uhlukaniswe ngu-4.

Uma kunzima ukuthola idatha yokuqala yerediyasi noma ububanzi, khona-ke indawo yesisekelo ingabalwa ngokuzimela, njengoba ngaphambili yayilinganise umjikelezo. Kulokhu, indawo inqunywa ifomula: P²/ 4P.

Ngemuva kokuthi indawo eyisisekelo yesilinda ibaliwe, ivolumu yesilinda ibalwa. Kulokhu, ukuphakama kwesitsha kuyaphindaphindwa kusibali nge S.

Ungabunyusa kanjani usayizi wenjini

Indlela yokwandisa usayizi wenjini

Ngokuyinhloko, lo mbuzo uvela kubashayeli abafuna ukukhulisa amandla wenjini. Ukuthi le nqubo ikuthinta kanjani ukusebenza kahle kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ichazwe ku isihloko esihlukile... Ukufuduswa kwenjini ngqo kuncike kububanzi besilinda esiyisilinda. Futhi indlela yokuqala yokushintsha izici zophiko lwamandla ukufaka amasilinda kububanzi obukhulu.

Inketho yesibili, ezosiza ukufaka amandla amahhashi omncane emotweni, ukufaka i-crankshaft engajwayelekile kule yunithi. Ngokwandisa ubukhulu be-crank rotation, ungashintsha ukufuduka kwemoto.

Lapho ushuna, kufanelekile ukucabanga ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwevolumu akusho amandla athe xaxa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kodwa ngalokhu kuthuthukiswa, umnikazi wemoto uzodinga ukuthenga ezinye izingxenye. Esimweni sokuqala, lawa azoba ama-piston anobubanzi obukhulu, kuthi kowesibili, lonke iqembu lama-piston kanye ne-crankshaft.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwemoto ngokuya ngokufuduka kwenjini

Njengoba ingekho imoto engahlangabezana nezidingo zabo bonke abashayeli bezimoto, abakhiqizi benza ama-motors anezici ezahlukahlukene. Wonke umuntu, ngokuya ngokuncamelayo, ukhetha ukuguqulwa okuthile.

Ngokususwa kwezinjini, zonke izimoto zehlukaniswe izigaba ezine:

• I-Minicar - izimoto ezinenjini, umthamo wazo ongeqi ku-1,1 litre. Isibonelo, phakathi kwezimoto ezinjalo ICITROEN C1 и I-FIAT 500C.

Izimoto ezingaphansi - usayizi wenjini

• Subcompact - izimoto, ivolumu yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ehlukahluka kusuka ku-1,2 kuye ku-1,7 litres. Imishini enjalo ithandwa phakathi kwalabo abakwazisa isilinganiso sokusetshenziswa esincane ngokusebenza okulingene. Abamele lesi sigaba I-DAIHATSU COPEN 2002-2012 и ICITROEN BERLINGO VAN.

I-Subcompact - usayizi wenjini

• Ubukhulu obuphakathi nendawo - iyunithi yamandla ezimoto ezinjalo inomthamo wamalitha ayi-1,8 kuye ku-3,5. Leli klasi lifaka amamodeli afana ne- BUICK REGX TOURX и ILAND ROVER RANGE ROVER EVOQUE.

Ukufuduka okuphakathi - usayizi wenjini

• Okukhulu - ezimotweni ezinjalo umthamo wenjini yomlilo wangaphakathi uzoba ngaphezu kwamalitha angu-3,5. Phakathi kwabamele lesi sigaba: I-ASTON MARTIN VANQUISH VOLANTE 2013, I-CHEVROLET CAMARO 2018 и I-BENTLEY CONTINENTAL GT EGUQULWAYO.

Ukufuduka okukhulu kwe-Aston Martin

Lesi sigaba sisebenza kumayunithi kaphethiloli. Imvamisa encazelweni yezici, ungathola ukumaka okuhluke kancane:

• B - izimoto ezihlangene ezinokuhamba okungu-1,0 - 1,6. Esikhathini esiningi lezi izinketho zesabelomali, njenge SKODA FABIA.

Skoda Fabia usayizi injini

• C - lesi sigaba sifaka amamodeli ahlanganisa intengo emaphakathi, ukusebenza okuhle, ukuba usizo nokubukeka okuhle. Ama-motor kuzo kuzosuka ku-1,4 kuye ku-2,0 litres. Omele lesi sigaba ngu ISKODA OCTAVIA 4.

isigaba C - Usayizi wenjini ye-Skoda

• D - ngokuvamile izimoto ezinjalo zisetshenziswa abantu bebhizinisi nemindeni. Ezimotweni, injini izoba ngu-1,6-2,5 amalitha. Uhlu lwamamodeli kuleli klasi alufushane kunesegimenti yangaphambilini. Enye yalezi zimoto yile IVOLKSWAGEN PASSAT.

Isigaba D - Usayizi wenjini iVolksWagen

• E - izimoto zeklasi lebhizinisi. Injini yokuhlanganisa yangaphakathi kumamodeli anjalo ivame ukuba nomthamo wamalitha ayi-2,0. futhi nokuningi. Isibonelo sezimoto ezinje I-AUDI А6 2019.

Isigaba E - Usayizi wenjini ye-Audi

Ngaphezu kokufuduswa, lokhu kuhlukaniswa kubheka imingcele efana nesethi okuhlosiwe (imodeli yesabelomali, izindleko eziphakathi noma i-premium), ubukhulu bomzimba, imishini yezinhlelo zokududuza. Kwesinye isikhathi abakhiqizi bahlomisa izimoto zamakilasi aphakathi naphezulu ngezinjini ezincane, ngakho-ke akunakusho ukuthi okumaki okuveziwe kunemingcele eqinile.

Lapho imodeli yemoto imi phakathi kwezigaba (ngokwesibonelo, ngokwezimpawu zayo zobuchwepheshe, iklasi C, futhi izinhlelo zokuthuthuzela zivumela imoto ukuba ihlukaniswe njengeklasi E), kufakwa u- "+" encwadini.

Ngaphezu kwesigaba esishiwo, kukhona okunye okumaka:

• J - Ama-SUV nama-crossovers;
• M - ama-minivans namabhinibasi;
• S - amamodeli wemoto yezemidlalo.

Ama-motors ezimoto ezinjengalezi angaba namavolumu ahlukile.

Yini ethinta usayizi wenjini?

Okokuqala, umthamo wamasilinda uthinta ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli (ukunciphisa le parameter, amasistimu ahlukahlukene asizayo asetshenziswa ezinjinini ze-volumetric, isibonelo, umjovo oqondile, i-turbocharging, njalonjalo). Uma kuvutha uphethiloli omningi, amandla amaningi azokhululwa ku-stroke ngayinye yokushaywa kwamandla. Umphumela walo mphumela uwukukhuphuka kwamandla eyunithi yamandla uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini efanayo evuthayo yangaphakathi yevolumu encane.

Kodwa ngisho noma injini isebenzisa isimiso esengeziwe esinciphisa “ukuminza” kwenjini, enjinini efanayo evuthayo yangaphakathi enevolumu eyengeziwe, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuyoba phezulu. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli enjini engu-1.5-litre kumodi yokushayela yedolobha kuzoba ngamalitha ayi-9 ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 (lokhu kuncike kubukhulu bemoto, umthwalo wayo nezinhlelo ezisebenzisayo). Uma ukhuphula ivolumu yenjini efanayo ngamalitha angu-0.5 kuphela, kumodi efanayo "i-voracity" yayo izoba ngamalitha angu-12 ngekhulu.

Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-motor enamandla ikuvumela ukuba uhambe ngokushesha, okunciphisa isikhathi somsebenzi kumodi engenamali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimiso esithi "amandla amaningi adinga umthamo owengeziwe" sisebenza kuphela ezimotweni zabagibeli. Endabeni yamaloli, hhayi njalo ukwanda kosayizi wenjini kuzoholela ekwandeni kwamandla amahhashi. isizathu siwukuthi ipharamitha eyinhloko yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi yokuthutha impahla iyi-torque ephezulu ngesivinini esihlukile se-crankshaft.

Usayizi wenjini namandla, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli,

Ngokwesibonelo, ugandaganda "KamAZ 54115 ifakwe 10.85-litre amandla iyunithi (ezinye izimoto ezincane ifakwe injini, ivolumu elihambisana ivolumu cylinder eyodwa KamAZ). Kodwa amandla aleli yunithi angamahhashi angu-240 kuphela. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ezintathu-litre BMW X5 injini ithuthukisa 218 amahhashi.

Ezimotweni zabagibeli, umthamo wezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi uthinta ngqo amandla okuthutha, ikakhulukazi ngesivinini esiphansi nesiphakathi se-crankshaft. Kodwa le pharamitha ayithinteki kuphela ngokususwa kwenjini, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo sayo (iyiphi i-crank mechanism noma i-camshaft ifanelekile).

Ukuphakama kwevolumu yenjini, ukudluliselwa kwemoto kunamandla, i-chassis yayo kanye nokumiswa kwayo kufanele kube, ngoba lezi zinhlelo zizobe sezithintekile ngomthwalo omkhulu. Izindleko zezingxenye ezinjalo ziphakeme kakhulu, ngakho-ke intengo yemoto enenjini enkulu nayo iphakeme.

Cabangela ubudlelwano phakathi kwevolumu nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, itorque nesisetshenziswa senjini.

Usayizi wenjini nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli

Ngokunengqondo, uma ingxube yomoya/iphethiloli ingaphezulu engena kusilinda ngesikhathi sokudonsa, amandla amaningi azokhishwa ngenkathi injini isebenza. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuthinta ngokuqondile "i-voracity" yenjini. Kodwa lokhu kuyingxenye nje. Kungashiwo okufanayo ngamamotho amadala. Isibonelo, ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ye-carburetor kuncike kuphela ku-physics (ubukhulu bomthamo wokungena, ubukhulu bamagumbi ku-carburetor, ubukhulu bezimbobo zamajethi, nokunye kubaluleke kakhulu).

Lapho umshayeli ecindezela kakhulu i-gas pedal, uzosebenzisa uphethiloli. Yiqiniso, uma injini ye-carburetor isebenza ngegesi yemvelo (i-HBO yesizukulwane sesibili), lokhu futhi akusebenzi, ngoba igesi ingena ku-carburetor ngaphansi kwengcindezi, elungiswayo lapho ubeka ibhokisi legiya. Kulokhu, ukugeleza kuhlala kuvolumu efanayo. Ngakho-ke, uma imoto ihamba ngokushesha, izoshisa igesi elincane.

Ngokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe besimanje, injini enamalitha amabili esizukulwane sakamuva ingaba nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenjini encane evuthayo yangaphakathi ekhiqizwe ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule. Yiqiniso, umthamo omkhulu usabaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni, kodwa manje "i-voracity" yeyunithi ayixhomekile kuphela kule nto.

Isibonelo salokhu uhlobo olufanayo lwe-motor enama-valve angu-8 no-16. Ngomthamo ofanayo wamasilinda, i-valve engu-16 izoba namandla futhi ingabi namandla. Isizathu siwukuthi inqubo yokuhlinzeka ngengxube entsha yamafutha omoya kanye nokukhipha amagesi okukhipha umoya kuyo ilunge kakhulu.

Kodwa uma siqhathanisa i-carburetor 16-valve ICE kanye ne-analogue yomjovo, khona-ke eyesibili izoba namandla nakakhulu futhi iyonga ngenxa yengxenye encane kaphethiloli ngayinye yokushaywa unhlangothi. Umsebenzi we-nozzles ulawulwa yi-electronics, hhayi kuphela nge-physics, njengoba kunjalo nge-carburetor.

Futhi lapho injini isebenzisa i-shifter yesigaba, isistimu kaphethiloli ecushwe kahle, ukuthungela nezinye izinhlelo, imoto ngeke nje ibe namandla kakhulu, kodwa futhi izodla uphethiloli omncane, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izohambisana nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Imininingwane engaphezulu ngobudlelwano phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanye nenani lezinjini zokukhanya zangaphakathi zichaziwe kuvidiyo:

Kusetshenziswa kanjani ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nokubalekelwa kwenjini?

Ukushintshwa kwenjini kanye ne-torque yenjini

Enye ipharamitha ethintwa ivolumu eyengeziwe i-torque. Amandla aphezulu angatholwa ngokuphotha i-crankshaft emotweni encane ngenxa ye-turbine (isibonelo senjini ye-EcoBoost yakwaFord). Kodwa uma ivolumu yamasilinda incane, i-thrust encane izokhula ngesivinini esiphansi.

Isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-eco-boost ye-litre eyodwa, iyunithi ye-diesel engu-2.0 litre izoba namandla amancane kakhulu, kodwa ngo-XNUMX rpm izoba nokudonsa okuningi.

Ngalesi sizathu izinjini ezincane zisebenza kakhulu ezimotweni zegalofu njengoba zilula. Kodwa kuma-premium sedans, ama-minivans noma ama-pickups, amayunithi anjalo awafanelekile, ngoba ane-torque encane ngesivinini esiphansi nesiphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu ezimotweni ezinzima.

Usayizi wenjini kanye nensiza

Futhi enye ipharamitha encike ngokuqondile kusayizi wamasilinda yimpilo yokusebenza yeyunithi yamandla. Uma uqhathanisa izinjini ezinomthamo we-1.3 no-2.0 amalitha anamandla angu-130 amahhashi, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuze ufeze lokho okufunayo, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi engu-1.3 litre idinga ukuphothwa kakhulu (noma ifakwe i-turbine). Injini enkulu izobhekana nalo msebenzi kalula kakhulu.

Usayizi wenjini nempilo yenjini

Lapho umshayeli evame "ukukhama ijusi" emotweni, iyunithi izohlala kancane. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinjini zesimanje ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezisebenzisa uphethiloli omncane namandla aphakeme kakhulu wevolumu yazo zinezingqinamba ezibalulekile - impilo ephansi yokusebenza. Naphezu kwalokhu, abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi bayaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezincane, ezinamandla kakhulu. Ezimweni eziningi, lokhu kwenzelwa ukujabulisa izinkampani eziqapha ukuthotshelwa kwezindinganiso zemvelo.

Ubuhle nobubi be-ICE ngevolumu enkulu nencane

Abashayeli bezimoto abaningi, bekhetha imoto entsha, abaqondiswa nje kuphela ngokuklama kwemoto kanye nemishini yayo, kodwa futhi nobukhulu benjini. Umuntu akabeki umqondo omkhulu kule parameter - inombolo ibalulekile kubo, isibonelo, 3.0. Abanye baqonda kahle ukuthi umthamo wemoto kufanele ube ongakanani enjinini yemoto yabo, nokuthi kungani kunjalo.

Lapho unquma ngale parameter, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi kokubili izimoto ezincane nezimoto ezine-volumetric yangaphakathi injini evuthayo zinama-pluses kanye nama-minuses. Ngakho-ke, umthamo omkhulu wamasilinda, amandla amakhulu weyunithi. Lokhu kwandisa amandla emoto, okuhlanganisa okungenakuphikiswa, ekuqaleni nalapho idlula. Uma imoto enjalo ihamba edolobheni, uphiko lwamandla ayo aludingi ukuthi luhlale luphothwa ukuze luqale ukuhamba uma irobhothi liba luhlaza. Futhi emotweni enjalo, ungakwazi ukuvula ngokuphepha i-air conditioner ngaphandle komonakalo obonakalayo wejubane elingenalutho.

Amamotho e-Volumetric anempilo ende yokusebenza isikhathi eside uma eqhathaniswa nozakwabo abanamandla amancane. Isizathu siwukuthi umshayeli akavamile ukuletha iyunithi ngesivinini esiphezulu (zimbalwa izindawo lapho amandla aphelele enjini evuthayo angasetshenziswa khona). Imoto encane, ngokuphambene nalokho, ivame ukusebenza ngesivinini esiphezulu, isibonelo, ekuqaleni noma lapho ishintshela egiyeni elilandelayo. Ukuze izinjini ezincane ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zikwazi ukuhlinzeka imoto nge-dynamics ehloniphekile, abakhiqizi bawahlomisa ngama-turbocharger, okunciphisa kakhulu impilo yabo yokusebenza.

Kodwa-ke, ama-motor amakhulu awabizi kuphela ngaphezu kwamayunithi ajwayelekile. Okunye okungalungile kwalezi zinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kukawoyela ne-antifreeze, futhi ukugcinwa kwazo nokulungiswa kwazo kubiza kakhulu. Lapho uthenga imoto enenjini enkulu, umshayeli wemoto kuzodingeka akhokhe intela ephakeme yokuthutha, futhi lapho efaka isicelo somshuwalense, inani lomnikelo nalo lilingana ngokuqondile nevolumu yeyunithi.

Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngaphambi kokukhetha iyunithi enamandla kakhulu, kufanele ucabangele ukuthi kukho konke ukusebenza kwayo, umshayeli angasebenzisa imali eningi kakhulu kunomnikazi wenjini encane evuthayo yangaphakathi, osevele kudingeke ukuthi asebenzise imali ukulungiswa okukhulu kwenjini.

Izinzuzo zezinjini zokuhlanganisa ezingaphansi ezingaphansi:

• izindleko ezishibhile nokugcinwa kwezinye izingxenye, ngokwesibonelo, amabhokisi kanye ne-chassis;
• ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngokomnotho;
• inguqulo ye-turbocharged ihlanganisa ukusebenza okuphezulu nemithwalo emincane kanye nevolumu encane yokusebenza.

Ukususwa kwenjini enkulu - okuhle nokubi

Ubunzima bezinjini ezihamba kancane:

• amandla abuthakathaka, ngenxa yokuthi imoto inomthamo omncane wokuthwala;
• amandla anganele;
• insiza yenjini ephansi ngenxa yokushayela njalo ngesivinini esikhulu;
• inguqulo turbocharged kubiza kakhulu ukuyigcina.

Izinzuzo zama-motors afudukayo wokududulwa:

• amandla aphakeme kunalawo ezomnotho;
• isisetshenziswa esandisiwe (injini isebenza ngejubane eliphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke izohlala isikhathi eside);
• amandla amakhulu (ukwenza okungaphezu kokuvame kakhulu udinga ukushintshela isivinini esisezingeni eliphansi);
• afudumala ngokushesha ebusika;
• Ukushintshwa komoya kasemkhathini akulona ikhwalithi yekhwalithi yamafutha.

Okubi kwamayunithi wamandla we-volumetric:

• ukugcinwa kubiza kakhulu kunasesimweni se-analogue yezomnotho (udinga ukugcwalisa uwoyela omningi futhi opholile, ufake ibhokisi elingcono, ukumiswa namabhuleki);
• izintela eziphakeme zokubhaliswa kabusha (ukuthenga emakethe yesibili) kanye nokukhishwa kwempahla yamabhizinisi;
• ukukhuphuka kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, umthamo we-injini uhlobene kakhulu nemfucuza eyengeziwe, zombili ezimotweni ezincane nakubalingani abaningi "abadla izithebe". Ngenxa yalokhu, lapho ukhetha ukuguqulwa kwemoto ngokwemigomo yokufuduka, umshayeli ngamunye kufanele aqhubeke nemibandela lapho imoto izosebenza khona.

Yimiphi imingcele yokukhetha imoto - bona le vidiyo:

Ungayikhetha kanjani imoto, iyiphi injini engcono?

Izici zokusebenza kwezimoto ezinkulu

Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezinokufuduka okukhulu nokuncane kwunithi yamandla, izinjini ezinkulu ezihamba kahle zisebenza ngokushelela, futhi futhi azihlushwa uhlobo lokugqoka okungokwemvelo kwezinjini ezincane ezihambisa indawo encane. Isizathu ukuthi iyunithi enjalo yamandla ayidingi ukuya kusivinini esiphezulu ukuze ithole amandla adingekayo.

Iyunithi enjalo yamandla ihlangabezana nomthwalo ophakeme kuphela lapho imoto ibamba iqhaza emincintiswaneni yezemidlalo, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhukhuleka (ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngale ndlela ye-motorsport, funda kokunye ukubuyekeza). Ungafunda ngeminye imincintiswano yezemidlalo ngokubamba iqhaza kwezimoto ezinamandla lapha.

Lapho i-volumetric power unit isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, inamandla kagesi ahlala esetshenziswa angasetshenziswa uma kunesimo esiphuthumayo. Vele, "uhlangothi olumnyama" lwenjini enkulu yokufuduswa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuphezulu kukaphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, ukuze usebenzise ukonga uphethiloli, ungasebenzisa kahle u-gearbox oshintshwayo uma kukhona ukudluliswa okunjalo emotweni, noma ukhethe imodi elungile uma kwenzeka irobhothi noma isibhamu somshini. Ekubuyekezweni okuhlukile simboze izeluleko eziyisithupha zokusebenzisa imishini.

Ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa okuphezulu, injini, engasebenzisi amandla ayo aphelele, inakekela amakhilomitha ayisigidi noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle kokulungiswa okukhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinjini ezincane, lokhu kungukugcina izindleko okuhle - kwanele ukwenza ukugcinwa kwemoto ngesikhathi esifanele.

Kungani izindlela zesimanje zezimodeli zingaboshelwe ukufuduka kwenjini

Ngaphambilini, lapho ukhetha imodeli yemoto, umuntu angaqondiswa ngama-plates, okuyimodeli okufanele inakwe, ngoba leli puleti likhombise ukufuduka kwenjini. Isibonelo, uchungechunge lwesihlanu lwe-BMW olunamandla ka-3.5-litre ngaphambili lwaluphawulwe ngaphambili ku-plani enegama lokumaka u-535. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abenzi bezimoto abaningi ngokwengeziwe baqala ukuhlomisa onobuhle babo ngamayunithi turbocharged ukuze bandise amandla weyunithi , kodwa lobu buchwepheshe banciphise kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, futhi-ke, kunciphisa ivolumu yamasilinda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbhalo epuletini awushintshi.

Isibonelo salokhu iMercedes-Benz 63 AMG ethandwayo. Ekuqaleni, ngaphansi kwekhanda lale moto kwakuyunithi yamandla we-6.2-litre ngokwemvelo efisa amandla. Kepha umenzi wezimoto kudala wafaka le njini nge-5.5 litre, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yomabili (yokuthi lusebenza kanjani uhlelo olufanayo lweTwinTurbo, funda lapha). Kodwa-ke, i-automaker ayishintshi i-nameAM ye-63AMG ukuze ifaneleke ngokwengeziwe.

Ukufaka i-turbocharger kukuvumela ukuthi ukhulise ngokufanelekile amandla wenjini efiswa ngokwemvelo, noma ngabe unciphisa ivolumu yayo. Ubuchwepheshe be-Ecoboost buyisibonelo salokhu. Ngenkathi injini enesifiso esingu-1.6 litre izoba namandla wehhashi ali-115 (abalwa kanjani, nokuthi iyini, iyasho kwesinye isihloko), i-eco-boost eyodwa yelitha izothuthukisa amandla wehhashi angama-125, kepha isebenzise uphethiloli omncane kakhulu.

Injini yesibili yokuhlanganisa izinjini ze-turbo ukuthi i-torque namandla aphakathi nendawo kanye namandla atholakala kuma-revs aphansi kunalawo afunwayo, adinga i-spin eyengeziwe ye-dynamism edingekayo.

Kusho ukuthini usayizi wenjini emotweni - 1,2 amalitha, 1,4 amalitha, 1,6 amalitha, njll?

Ukumaka ngezinombolo ezifanayo kukhombisa isamba sevolumu yawo wonke amasilinda enjini. Leli akulona inani eliphelele likaphethiloli elidingwa yinjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngomjikelezo ngamunye. Lapho i-piston iphansi endaweni efile lapho kushaywa khona, iningi levolumu yesilinda ligcwala umoya kanye nophethiloli ku-athomu kuyo.

Izinga lengxube ye-air-fuel incike kuhlobo lwesistimu kaphethiloli (i-carburetor noma enye yezinguquko ze-injector). Ukuze kushiswe kahle uphethiloli, ikhilogremu eyodwa kaphethiloli idinga amakhilogremu angu-14 omoya. Ngakho-ke, ku-cylinder eyodwa, i-1/14 kuphela yevolumu izoba ne-vapor kaphethiloli.

Ukuze unqume umthamo we-cylinder eyodwa, udinga ivolumu ephelele, isibonelo, 1.3 amalitha (noma 1300 cubic centimeters), ihlukaniswe ngenani lamasilinda. Kukhona futhi into efana nomthamo wokusebenza we-motor. Lona umthamo ohambisana nokuphakama kokunyakaza kwepiston kusilinda.

Ukususwa kwenjini kuhlala kungaphansi kwevolumu ephelele, ngoba akubandakanyi ubukhulu begumbi lomlilo. Ngakho-ke, emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe eduze nevolumu yemoto kunezinombolo ezimbili ezihlukene.

Umehluko phakathi kwevolumu kaphethiloli kanye nenjini kadizili

Uphethiloli nodizili kutholakala ku-petroleum, kodwa indlela okwakhiwa ngayo nendlela okusetshenziswa ngayo ezinjinini zezimoto ihlukile, ngakho akufanele neze ugcwalise imoto yakho ngophethiloli ongafanele. Udizili unothe kakhulu kuphethroli ilitha, kanti umehluko endleleni izinjini zikadizili ezisebenza ngayo uzenza zisebenze kahle uma kuqhathaniswa nezikaphethroli.

Injini kadizili elingana nenjini kaphethiloli iyohlala iyonga kakhulu. Lokhu kungenza kube lula ukukhetha phakathi kwakho kokubili, kodwa ngeshwa akunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbalwa. Okokuqalaizimoto zikadizili zibiza kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile udinga ukuba umshayeli webanga elide ukuze ubone izinzuzo zokonga ngenani eliphakeme. Okunye isizathu esihlobene ukuthi izimoto zikadizili zidinga uhambo olujwayelekile lwemigwaqo ukuze zihlale zisesimweni esihle, ngakho-ke uma udinga kuphela imoto yokushayela edolobheni, udizili ungase ungabi yindlela yokuhamba. Isizathu sesithathu ukuthi udizili ukhiqiza ukungcola okwengeziwe kwendawo, njenge-nitrous oxide, ethinta izinga lomoya kakhulu. 

Idizili inguphethiloli omuhle ohambweni olude ngamarev aphansi, njengohambo lwezimoto. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphethiloli uvame ukuba ngcono ezimotweni ezincane futhi uvame ukuthandwa kakhulu kuma-hatchback nama-superminis. 

Ividiyo ngesihloko

Le vidiyo emfushane ikhuluma ngezici zezinjini ezinomthamo omkhulu:

Kungani udinga injini ENKULU?

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ngabe ivolumu yenjini isho ukuthini amalitha ama-2. Inani eliphelele lenjini lisho isamba sezinkomba zevolumu ephelele yawo wonke amasilinda. Le pharamitha iboniswa ngamalitha. Kodwa ivolumu yokusebenza kwawo wonke amasilinda incane, ngoba ibheka kuphela umgodi lapho i-piston ihamba khona. Le pharamitha ilinganiswa ngamasentimitha angama-cubic. Isibonelo, ngevolumu yokusebenza yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi yamasentimitha angama-cubic ka-1992, ihlukaniswa njengeyunithi lamalitha amabili.

Ukufuduka kwenjini okungcono. Kuyasiza kakhulu ukusebenzisa iyunithi yamandla ngevolumu enkulu. Yize iyunithi ene-turbo enevolumu encane ingaba namandla amaningi uma iqhathaniswa neyunithi enesifiso esifanayo, inensiza emfushane kakhulu ngenxa yemithwalo ephezulu. Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yomthamo ayivelwanga kangako kumthwalo, ngoba umshayeli akawusebenzisi ngejubane eliphezulu. Kulokhu, yiqiniso, kuzodingeka usebenzise imali eningi kukaphethiloli. Kepha uma umshayeli engashayeli kaningi, lokhu ngeke kube yimfucuza enkulu ngonyaka. Uma kukhona ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo emotweni, khona-ke udinga ukuthatha imoto enenjini ye-volumetric, ngoba i-othomathikhi ayiphothi injini yangaphakathi yomlilo iye kuma-revs aphezulu lapho ishintshela esivinini esiphezulu. Emotweni encane, ukudluliswa ngesandla kungcono.

Ungakukala kanjani ukufuduka kwenjini.  Lokhu kuzosiza imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe mayelana nemoto. Uma imoto ethile ingenayo incwadi yesevisi, ukusesha imininingwane nge-VIN-number kuzosiza. Kodwa lapho ushintsha imoto, lolu lwazi seluzohluka. Ukuhlola le datha, kufanele ubheke inombolo ye-ICE nanoma yikuphi ukumakwa kwayo. Isidingo sale mininingwane sivela lapho kulungiswa iyunithi. Ukuze unqume ivolumu, kufanele wazi ubukhulu be-cylinder circumference nokuphakama kwesifo se-piston (kusuka esikhungweni esiphezulu esifile kuya ku-BDC). Umthamo wesilinda ulingana nesikwele sendawo engaphezulu ephindwe ngokuphakama kwesiteleka esisebenzayo se-piston nange-pi pi number njalo. Ukuphakama nerediyasi kufanele kucaciswe ngamasentimitha. Kulokhu, ivolumu izoba ngu-cm³.