Izici zedivayisi nezinzuzo zohlelo lukaphethiloli we-Common Rail

Ezimotweni zesimanje kusetshenziswa izinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli. Uma ngaphambili ukuguqulwa okunjalo bekungamayunithi kagesi kadizili kuphela, namuhla izinjini eziningi zikaphethiloli zithola olunye lwezinhlobo zomjovo. Zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku- okunye ukubuyekeza.

Manje sizogxila entuthukweni, ebizwa nge-Common Rail. Ake sibone ukuthi yavela kanjani, siyini izici zayo, nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zayo.

Luyini uhlelo lwe-Common Rail Fuel System

Isichazamazwi sihumusha umqondo we-Common Rail ngokuthi "i-accumulator fuel system". Okuhlukile ukuthi ingxenye kaphethiloli kadizili ithathwa ethangini lapho uphethiloli ungaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu. I-ramp itholakala phakathi kwepompo yokujova kanye nama-injectors. Umjovo wenziwa yi-injector evula i-valve bese kuthi uphethiloli ocindezelwe ukhishwe kwisilinda.

Lolu hlobo lohlelo lukaphethiloli luyisinyathelo sakamuva ekuveleni kwamandla we-diesel. Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo kaphethiloli, udizili wonga kakhulu, ngoba uphethiloli ujojelwa ngqo kusilinda, hhayi ezinhlwini zokudla okuningi. Futhi ngalokhu kuguqulwa, ukusebenza kahle kweyunithi yamandla kukhuphuka kakhulu.

Ukujova okuvamile kukaphethiloli kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwemoto ngo-15%, kuya ngezindlela zendlela yokusebenza yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Kulokhu, imvamisa imiphumela emibi yomnotho wemoto ukwehla kokusebenza kwayo, kepha kulokhu, amandla weyunithi, kunalokho, ayanda.

Isizathu salokhu silele kwikhwalithi yokusatshalaliswa kukaphethiloli ngaphakathi kwesilinda. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwenjini ngqo akuxhomekile kakhulu enanini likaphethiloli ongenayo kepha ngekhwalithi yokuxubana kwawo nomoya. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini, inqubo yokujova yenzeka ngendaba yezingxenyana zomzuzwana, kubalulekile ukuthi uphethiloli uxubene nomoya ngokushesha okukhulu.

I-Fuel atomization isetshenziselwa ukusheshisa le nqubo. Njengoba ulayini ngemuva kwepompo likaphethiloli unengcindezi ephezulu, uphethiloli ufuthwa ngokusebenzisa ama-injector kahle. Ukushisa kwenhlanganisela kaphethiloli womoya kwenzeka ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu, lapho injini ikhombisa khona ukwanda kokusebenza kahle izikhathi eziningana.

История

Ukwethulwa kwale ntuthuko bekungukuqiniswa kwamazinga ezemvelo kubakhiqizi bezimoto. Kodwa-ke, umqondo oyisisekelo uvele ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s yekhulu elidlule. Isibonelo sayo sakhiwa ngunjiniyela waseSwitzerland uRobert Huber.

Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lo mbono waphothulwa ngumsebenzi weSwitzerland Federal Institute of Technology, uMarco Ganser. Le ntuthuko yasetshenziswa ngabasebenzi bakaDenzo futhi yakha uhlelo lwesitimela sikaphethiloli. Intsha ithole igama elingasetshenziswanga i-Common Rail. Eminyakeni yokugcina yama-1990s, ukuthuthukiswa kwavela ezimotweni zentengiso kuma-EDC-U2 motors. Amaloli akwaHino (imodeli Rising Ranger) athola uhlelo olunje lukaphethiloli.

Ngonyaka wama-95, le ntuthuko yabuye yatholakala nakwabanye abakhiqizi. Onjiniyela bohlobo ngalunye bashintshe uhlelo futhi balivumelanisa nezimpawu zemikhiqizo yabo. Kodwa-ke, uDenzo uzibheka njengephayona ekusetshenzisweni kwalo mjovo ezimotweni.

Lo mbono uphikiswa ngomunye umkhiqizo, i-FIAT, okwathi ngo-1987 waba nelungelo lobunikazi benjini edonsa ngodizili enomjovo oqondile (imodeli yeChroma TDid). Ngawo lowo nyaka, abasebenzi bokukhathazeka kwase-Italy baqala ukusebenza ekwakheni umjovo we-elekthronikhi, onesimiso esifanayo sokusebenza ngesitimela esivamile. Kuliqiniso, uhlelo lwabizwa nge-UNIJET 1900cc.

Uhlobo lwesimanje lomjovo lusebenza kumgomo ofanayo nentuthuko yoqobo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ngubani obhekwa njengomqambi wayo.

Ukwakhiwa

Cabanga ngedivayisi yalokhu kuguqulwa kohlelo lwamafutha. Isifunda somfutho ophakeme siqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• Umugqa okwazi ukumelana nengcindezi ephezulu, izikhathi eziningi isilinganiso sokucindezela enjinini. Yenziwe ngesimo samashubhu wocezu olulodwa lapho zonke izinto zesekethe zixhunywe khona.
• Injection pump yipompo edala ingcindezi edingekayo ohlelweni (kuya ngemodi yokusebenza yenjini, le nkomba ingaba ngaphezu kwe-200 MPa). Lo mshini unesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Ekuklanyeni kwayo kwanamuhla, umsebenzi wayo usekelwe kubhangqa le-plunger. Kuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe ku- okunye ukubuyekeza... Idivayisi nenqubo yokusebenza kwepompo kaphethiloli nayo ichaziwe ngokwehlukana.
• Isitimela sikaphethiloli (ujantshi noma ibhethri) yichibi elincane elibiyelwe ngodonga lapho uphethiloli uhlangana khona. Ama-injectors anama-athomu nezinye izinsimbi axhunywe kuwo ngosizo lwentambo kaphethiloli. Umsebenzi owengeziwe werempu ukudambisa ukuguquguquka kukaphethiloli okwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwepompo.
• Inzwa yengcindezi kagesi kanye nomlawuli. Lezi zinto zikuvumela ukulawula nokugcina ingcindezi oyifunayo ohlelweni. Njengoba ipompo isebenza njalo ngenkathi injini isebenza, ihlala iphampa uphethiloli kulayini. Ukuyivimba ekuqhumeni, umlawuli ukhipha intela yokusebenza okusalele kulayini wokubuyela, oxhumeke ethangini. Ngemininingwane yokuthi isilawuli sengcindezi sisebenza kanjani, bheka lapha.
• Ama-injector anikezela ingxenye edingekayo kaphethiloli kumasilinda eyunithi. Abathuthukisi benjini yedizili banqume ukubeka lezi zinto ngqo ekhanda lesilinda. Le ndlela eyakhayo yenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuxazulula izingqinamba eziningana ezinzima ngasikhathi sinye. Okokuqala, kunciphisa ukulahleka kukaphethiloli: ohlelweni lokujova olunezinhlobo eziningi, ingxenye encane kaphethiloli ihlala ezindongeni ezininginingi. Okwesibili, injini kadizili ayishisi ipulagi ekhanyayo hhayi ku-spark, njengakwinjini kaphethiloli - inombolo yayo ye-octane ayikuvumeli ukusetshenziswa kokushisa okunjalo (iyini inombolo ye-octane, funda lapha). I-piston icindezela umoya ngamandla lapho kwenziwa i-compression stroke (womabili ama-valve avaliwe), okwenza izinga lokushisa lesilinganiso likhuphuke liye kuma-degree angamakhulu amaningana. Ngokushesha nje lapho umbhobho uphefumula uphethiloli, uvutha ngokuzenzekelayo kusuka ekushiseni okuphezulu. Njengoba le nqubo idinga ukucacisa okuphelele, amadivayisi afakwe ama-valve we-solenoid. Zibangelwa yisiginali evela ku-ECU.
• Izinzwa ziqapha ukusebenza kohlelo futhi zithumele amasiginali afanele kwiyunithi yokulawula.
• Into esemaphakathi ku-Common Rail yi-ECU, evumelaniswa nobuchopho bohlelo lonke lokugibela. Kwezinye izinhlobo zemoto, ihlanganiswe neyunithi yokulawula enkulu. I-Electronics ingarekhoda hhayi kuphela izinkomba zenjini, kodwa nezinye izingxenye zemoto, ngenxa yokuthi inani lomoya nophethiloli, kanye nesikhathi sokufafaza, kubalwa ngokunembe kakhudlwana. Ama-elekthronikhi ahlelwe ngokwefektri. Ngokushesha nje lapho i-ECU ithola imininingwane edingekayo kusuka kuma-sensors, i-algorithm ecacisiwe iyasebenza, futhi wonke ama-actuator athola umyalo ofanele.
• Noma yiluphi uhlelo lukaphethiloli lunesihlungi kulayini waso. Ifakwe phambi kwepompo kaphethiloli.

Injini kadizili efakwe lolu hlobo lohlelo lukaphethiloli isebenza ngokomthetho okhethekile. Kuhlobo lwakudala, kufakwa ingxenye yonke kaphethiloli. Ukuba khona kwe-accumulator ye-fuel kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa ingxenye eyodwa ezingxenyeni eziningana ngenkathi injini yenza umjikelezo owodwa. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi umjovo omningi.

Ingqikithi yayo ibila eqinisweni lokuthi ngaphambi kokuba kutholakale inani eliphambili likaphethiloli, kwenziwa umjovo wokuqala, oshisa igumbi lokusebenza ngokwengeziwe, futhi wengeze nengcindezi ekuwo. Lapho kusala kufuthwa uphethiloli, uvutha kahle, unikeze i-torque ejwayelekile ye-ICE high torque noma ngabe i-RPM iphansi.

Ngokuya ngemodi yokusebenza, ingxenye kaphethiloli izonikezwa kanye noma kabili. Lapho injini idling, isilinda ifudunyezwa nge-pre-injection kabili. Lapho umthwalo uvuka, kwenziwa i-pre-injection eyodwa, eshiya uphethiloli omningi kumjikelezo omkhulu. Lapho injini isebenza ngokukhulu ukulayisha, akukho pre-injection okwenziwayo, kepha kusetshenziswa wonke umthwalo wephethiloli.

Amathemba okuthuthukiswa

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lolu hlelo lukaphethiloli luthuthukisiwe njengoba ukucindezela kwamayunithi kagesi kukhuphuka. Namuhla, isizukulwane sesi-4 se-Common Rail sesivele sinikelwa kubanikazi bezimoto. Kuwo, uphethiloli ungaphansi kwengcindezi yama-220 MPa. Lokhu kuguqulwa kufakwe ezimotweni kusukela ngo-2009.

Izizukulwane ezintathu ezedlule bezinemingcele elandelayo yengcindezi:

1. Kusukela ngo-1999, ingcindezi yesitimela ibe ngu-140MPa;
2. Ngo-2001, leli nani lenyuka ngo-20MPa;
3. Eminyakeni emi-4 kamuva (2005) izimoto zaqala ukufakelwa isizukulwane sesithathu sezinhlelo zikaphethiloli, ezazikwazi ukudala ingcindezi ye-180 MPa.

Ukwandisa ingcindezi kulayini kuvumela ukujovwa kwevolumu enkulu kadizili esikhathini esifanayo nesikhathi sentuthuko yangaphambilini. Ngokunjalo, lokhu kwandisa ukuminza kwemoto, kepha ukwanda kwamandla kuyanda ngokusobala. Ngalesi sizathu, amanye amamodeli asetshenziswe kabusha athola imoto efana neyedlule, kepha ngamapharamitha akhuphukile (kuchazwa kanjani ukuthi ukubuyisela kabusha kuhluke kanjani kumodeli yesizukulwane esilandelayo ngokwehlukana).

Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwalokhu kuguqulwa kwenziwa ngenxa ye-elektroniki enembile. Lesi simo sezindaba sisivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi isizukulwane sesine asikabi yisiqalo sokuphelela. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda kokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo zikaphethiloli akubangelwa nje kuphela yisifiso sabenzi bezimoto ukwanelisa izidingo zabashayeli bezomnotho, kepha ikakhulukazi ngokukhulisa amazinga ezemvelo. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunikeza amandla omlilo angcono enjini kadizili, lapho imoto ikwazi ukudlula ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi ngaphambi kokushiya ulayini womhlangano.

Izinzuzo ezivamile zesitimela kanye nobubi

Ukuguqulwa kwesimanje kwalolu hlelo kwenze ukuthi kwandiswe amandla weyunithi ngokufafaza uphethiloli omningi. Njengoba kubakhiqizi bezimoto banamuhla befaka inani elikhulu lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinzwa, i-elekthronikhi yaqala ukucacisa ngokunembile inani likaphethiloli kadizili oludingekayo ukusebenzisa injini yomlilo yangaphakathi kwimodi ethile.

Le yinzuzo enkulu yesitimela esivamile ngaphezulu kokulungiswa kwezimoto zakudala ngama-unit injectors. Okunye ukuhlanganisa okuthola isisombululo esisha ukuthi kulula ukuyilungisa, ngoba inedivayisi elula.

Okubi kufaka izindleko eziphezulu zokufakwa. Futhi kudinga uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephezulu. Okunye okubi ukuthi abajovo banomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke banokuphila okufushane. Uma noma ikuphi kuzo kwehluleka, i-valve ekuyo izovuleka njalo, okuzophuca ukuqina kwesekethe bese uhlelo luzovalwa.

Imininingwane engaphezulu ngedivayisi nezinguqulo ezahlukahlukene zesekethe ephezulu yengcindezi kuxoxwa ngayo kuvidiyo elandelayo:

Umgomo wokusebenza kwezingxenye zesekethe likaphethiloli lohlelo lwe-Common Rail. Ingxenye 2

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini ingcindezi ku-Common Rail? Kusitimela sikaphethiloli (i-accumulator tube), uphethiloli uhlinzekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephansi (kusuka ku-vacuum kuye ku-6 atm.) Futhi kusekethe yesibili ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu (1350-2500 bar.)

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-Common Rail ne-fuel injection pump? Ezinhlelweni zikaphethiloli ezinamaphampu kaphethiloli omfutho ophezulu, iphampu isakaza ngokushesha uphethiloli kuma-injection. Kuhlelo lwe-Common Rail, uphethiloli uphonswa ku-accumulator (ishubhu), bese usuka kuwo usakazwe kuma-injection.

Ubani Owasungula I-Common Rail? I-prototype common rail fuel system yavela ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960. Yasungulwa nguRobert Huber waseSwitzerland. Kamuva, ubuchwepheshe basungulwa nguMarco Ganser.