Yini i-turbocharger yenjini

Kuze kube semashumini ambalwa edlule, izinjini ze-turbo zazibonwa njengezinto zezimoto ezinhle ezivela esikhathini esizayo noma imidlalo emihle yekhompyutha. Futhi ngisho nangemva kokuqaliswa komqondo wokuhlakanipha wendlela elula yokwandisa amandla enjini, leli thuba lihlale isikhathi eside liyilungelo lamadivayisi kaphethiloli. Manje cishe yonke imoto ephuma kulayini womhlangano inesistimu ye-turbo, kungakhathaleki ukuthi igijima kuphethiloli onjani.

Ngejubane eliphezulu noma umqansa, injini ejwayelekile yemoto ilayishwa ngokweqile. Ukwenza lula umsebenzi wayo, kwasungulwa uhlelo olungakhuphula amandla emoto ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukwakheka kwangaphakathi.

Ngokuhambisana nokuthonya amandla enjini, umgomo we- "turbo" ufaka isandla ekuhlanzweni okukhulu kwamagesi okukhipha, ngokusebenzisa kwawo kabusha nokusebenzisa kabusha. Futhi lokhu kubalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono imvelo, ehlangabezana nezidingo zezinhlangano eziningi zomhlaba wonke ezilwela ukugcina imvelo.

I-Turbocharging inezinkinga ezithile ezihambisana nokushiswa ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwenhlanganisela evuthayo. Kepha lo mphumela oseceleni - isizathu sokugqokwa ngokushesha kwama-piston kumasilinda - iphathwa ngempumelelo ngamafutha akhethwe kahle, okudingeka ukuthi uthambisa izingxenye ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini ye-turbo.  

Yini i-turbine noma i-turbocharger emotweni?

Ukusebenza kahle kwemoto ene- "turbo" kukhuphuka ngo-30 - 50%, noma ngisho u-100%, wamakhono ayo ajwayelekile. Futhi lokhu ngaphandle kokuthi idivaysi uqobo lwayo ayibizi kakhulu, inesisindo esingabalulekile nevolumu, futhi isebenza ngokuthembekile ngokuya ngomgomo olula ohlakaniphe kakhulu.

Idivayisi idala ingcindezi eyandayo enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngenxa yomjovo wokufakelwa womthamo womoya owengeziwe, owenza ivolumu eyengeziwe yenhlanganisela yegesi kaphethiloli, futhi uma isha, amandla enjini akhula ngo-40-60%.

Umshini ohlonywe nge-turbo usebenza kahle kakhulu ngaphandle kokushintsha ukwakheka kwawo. Ngemuva kokufaka idivaysi engathobeki, injini yamandla aphansi ka-4-cylinder inganikeza amandla omsebenzi wamasilinda ayi-8.

Ukubeka kalula, i-turbine yingxenye engabonakali kodwa esebenza kahle kunjini yemoto esiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwe "inhliziyo" yemoto ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uphethiloli ngokungadingekile ngokuvuselela amandla amagesi okukhipha.

Yiziphi izinjini ezifakwe kuma-turbocharger

Isisetshenziswa samanje semishini enezinqubo ze-turbine sishesha kakhulu ukwedlula ukwethulwa kwaso kokuqala ezinjini zikaphethiloli. Ukunquma indlela efanelekile yokusebenza, amadivayisi ekuqaleni abesetshenziswa ezimotweni zomjaho, ngenxa yokuthi aqala ukufaka isicelo kuwo:

Ukulawulwa kwe-elekthronikhi;

Ukupholisa oketshezi kwezindonga zedivayisi;

Izinhlobo ezithuthukile ngokwengeziwe zikawoyela;

Izinto zokwakha umzimba ezingamelana nokushisa.

Intuthuko eyinkimbinkimbi yenze ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe "turbo" cishe kunoma iyiphi injini, kungaba igesi, uphethiloli noma udizili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umjikelezo osebenzayo we-crankshaft (ngemivimbo emibili noma emine) nendlela yokupholisa: ukusebenzisa umoya noma uketshezi, akubambi iqhaza.

Ngaphezu kwamaloli nezimoto ezinenjini edlula u-80 kW, lolu hlelo seluthole ukusetshenziswa kukaloliwe odizili, imishini yokwakha imigwaqo kanye nezinjini zasolwandle ezinomthamo osebenzayo ongu-150 kW.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwe-turbine yezimoto

Ingqikithi ye-turbocharger ukukhulisa ukusebenza kwenjini enamandla amancane enesibalo esincane samasilinda kanye nenani elincane likaphethiloli ngokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamagesi okukhipha. Imiphumela ingamangalisa: ngokwesibonelo, injini yelitha eyisilinda ezintathu iyakwazi ukuletha amandla amahhashi angama-90 ngaphandle kukaphethiloli owengeziwe, futhi inesibonakaliso sobungani obuphezulu bezemvelo.

Uhlelo lusebenza ngokulula kakhulu: uphethiloli osetshenzisiwe - amagesi - awaphunyuki ngokushesha angene emkhathini, kepha ungena ku-Rotor yeturbine enamathiselwe kwipayipi le-exhaust, nalo elise-axis efanayo ne-blower air. Igesi eshisayo iphotha izindwani zohlelo lwe-turbo, bese ibeka ishaft ukuthi inyakaze, okunikela ekungeneni komoya ku-volute ebandayo. Umoya ocindezelwe yisondo, ongena kule yunithi, usebenza ku-torque yenjini nangaphansi kwengcindezi, okwandisa ivolumu ketshezi lukaphethiloli, kunomthelela ekukhuleni kwamandla eyunithi.

Kuvela ukuthi ekusebenzeni kahle kwenjini, awudingi uphethiloli owengeziwe, kepha inani elanele lomoya ohlangene (okhululekile ngokuphelele), okuthi, uma uxutshwe nophethiloli, wandise ukusebenza kwawo kahle (ukusebenza kahle).

Idizayini yeTurbocharger

Isiguquli samandla siyindlela enezinto ezimbili: i-turbine ne-compressor, edlala indima ebaluleke ngokulinganayo ekwandiseni amandla enjini yanoma yimuphi umshini. Womabili la madivayisi atholakala ku-eksisi eyodwa eqinile (shaft), okuthi ndawonye namabhande (amasondo) akhe ama-rotor amabili afanayo: i-turbine ne-compressor, efakwe ezindlini ezifana neminenke.

Isakhiwo seSchematic:

· I-turbine volute eshisayo (umzimba). Kuthatha amagesi e-exhaust aqhuba i-rotor. Ekhiqizeni, kusetshenziswa i-spheroidal cast iron, emelana nokushisa okuqinile.

· Impeller (wheel) yeturbine, eqiniswe ngokuqinile ku-eksisi ejwayelekile. Imvamisa ilinganiswa ukuvimbela ukugqwala.

· Isikhungo se-cartridge esinezikhala phakathi kwamasondo e-rotor.

· I-Cold compressor volute (umzimba). Ngemuva kokuqaqa shaft, uphethiloli osetshenzisiwe (amagesi) udonsa ivolumu eyengeziwe yomoya. Kuvame ukwenziwa nge-aluminium.

· I-impeller (isondo) le-compressor, elicindezela umoya futhi liyinikeze uhlelo lokudla ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.

· Ukuhlinzekwa kuka-oyela nokudonsa iziteshi zokupholisa ngokwengxenye izingxenye ezithile, ukuvimbela i-LSPI (ukuthungela isivinini esisezingeni eliphansi), ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwephethiloli.

Idizayini isiza ukusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic avela kumagesi e-exhaust ukwandisa amandla enjini ngaphandle kokusebenzisa uphethiloli owengeziwe.

Imisebenzi ye-Turbine (turbocharger)

Uhlelo lwe-turbo lususelwa ekwandeni kwe-torque, okusiza ukukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwemoto yomshini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwedivayisi akukhawulelwe kuphela ezimotweni zabagibeli nasezimotweni ezisetshenziswayo. Njengamanje, ama-turbocharger anamasondo asuka ku-220 mm kuye ku-500 mm asetshenziswa emishinini eminingi yezimboni, emikhumbi nakuma-locomotives edizili. Lokhu kungenxa yezinzuzo ezithile ezitholwa yile ndlela:

· I-Turbo-device, ekhonjwe ekusebenzeni okulungile, izosiza ukukhulisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla we-injini ngemodi ezinzile;

Umsebenzi okhiqizayo wenjini uzokhokha kungakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha;

· Ukufakwa kwento ekhethekile kuzokonga imali ekuthengeni injini yobukhulu "edla" uphethiloli omningi;

· Fuel ukusetshenziswa kuba okunengqondo xaxa nge ivolumu njalo injini;

· Ukusebenza kahle kwenjini kucishe kuphindwe kabili.

 Futhi okubalulekile - ukukhishwa kwamagesi ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwesibili kuba kuhlanzeke kakhulu, okusho ukuthi akunamphumela omubi kangaka emvelweni.

Izinhlobo nezici ze-turbocharger

Iyunithi efakwe ezakhiweni zikaphethiloli - ezihlukile - ifakwe iminenke emibili, esiza ukugcina amandla e-kinetic emagesi aqeda amandla futhi ibavimbele ekungeneni kabusha enjinini. Idizayini kaphethiloli idinga ikamelo lokupholisa elehlisa izinga lokushisa lenhlanganisela efakiwe (kufika ku-1050 degrees) ukuze kugwenywe ukuthungela okungazelelwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi.

Ezinjini zikadizili, ukupholisa ngokuvamile akudingeki, izinga lokushisa nomoya womoya lihlinzekwa ngamadivayisi wombhobho ashintsha i-geometry ngenxa yamakhasi ahambayo angashintsha i-angle yokuthambekela. I-valve yokudlula ene-pneumatic noma idrayivu kagesi ezinjini zikadizili zamandla aphakathi (50-130 HP) ilungisa izilungiselelo ze-turbocharger. Futhi izindlela ezinamandla ngokwengeziwe (kusuka ku-130 kuya ku-350 hp) zinomshini olawula ukujovwa okushelelayo (ngezigaba ezimbili) kukaphethiloli ngokuhambisana nomthamo womoya ongena kumasilinda.

Onke ama-turbocharger ahlukaniswa ngokuya ngezici eziningi eziyisisekelo:

· Ngokubaluleka kokusebenza kahle okwandayo;

Ukushisa okuphezulu kokusebenza kwamagesi wokukhipha;

I-Torque ye-turbine Rotor;

· Umehluko kwingcindezi yomoya ophoqelelwe ethekwini nakuphume kohlelo;

· Ngokwesimiso sedivayisi yangaphakathi (shintsha ku-geometry yombhobho noma idizayini ephindwe kabili);

· Ngohlobo lomsebenzi: i-axial (okuphakelayo eceleni kwe-shaft kuya enkabeni kanye nokukhipha okuvela eceleni) noma i-radial (isenzo ngokulandelana);

· Ngamaqembu, ahlukaniswe ngodizili, igesi, izinjini zikaphethiloli, kanye namandla wehhashi amayunithi;

· Esigabeni esisodwa noma esiteji ezimbili sokushaja kakhulu.

Ngokuya ngezimpawu ezibalwe, ama-turbocharger angaba nomehluko omkhulu ngosayizi, imishini eyengeziwe futhi afakwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.

Yini i-turbo lag (i-turbo pit)?

Ukusebenza okusebenzayo kwe-turbocharger kuqala ngejubane lemoto elijwayelekile, njengoba ngejubane eliphansi iyunithi ayitholi igesi yokukhipha eyanele ukuhlinzeka nge-torque ephezulu.

Lapho imoto iqala ngokungazelele ime, kwenzeka into efanayo ncamashi: imoto ayikwazi ukuthatha ukushesha okusheshayo, ngoba injini ekuqaleni ayinayo ingcindezi yomoya edingekayo. Kufanele kuthathe isikhathi ukwenza ama-revs aphakathi nendawo, imvamisa imizuzwana embalwa. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho ukubambezeleka kokuqala kwenzeka khona, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-turbo pit noma i-turbo lag.

Ukuxazulula le nkinga, amamodeli ezimoto zesimanje afakwe eyodwa, kepha ama-turbine amabili noma amathathu asebenza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Imigodi ye-turbo nayo isingathwa ngempumelelo ngokuhambisa izindwani eziguqula i-geometry yombhobho. Ukulungisa i-engeli yokuthambekela kwamasondo okwazi ukudala ingcindezi edingekayo enjinini.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-turbocharger ne-turbocharger (turbocharging)?

Umsebenzi we-turbine ukukhiqiza i-torque ye-Rotor, ene-ekseli evamile nesondo le-compressor. Futhi eyokugcina, yona idala umfutho womoya owandayo odingekayo ekushiseni okukhiqizayo kwenhlanganisela kaphethiloli. Yize ukufana kwemiklamo, zombili izindlela zinomehluko othile obalulekile:

· Ukufaka i-turbocharger kudinga izimo namakhono akhethekile, ngakho-ke kufakwa efektri noma kusevisi ekhethekile. Noma yimuphi umshayeli angakwazi ukufaka i-compressor eyedwa.

Izindleko zohlelo lwe-turbo ziphakeme kakhulu.

· Ukugcinwa kwe-compressor kulula futhi kushibhile.

Ama-Turbines avame ukusetshenziselwa izinjini ezinamandla amakhulu, kuyilapho i-compressor enokufuduswa okuncane yanele.

Uhlelo lwe-turbo luhlala ludinga uwoyela ukupholisa izingxenye ezishisa kakhulu. I-compressor ayidingi uwoyela.

I-turbocharger ifaka isandla ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli okonga, kuyilapho i-compressor, yengeza ukusetshenziswa kwayo.

· I-turbo isebenza ngemishini emsulwa, ngenkathi i-compressor idinga amandla.

· Lapho i-compressor isebenza, ayikho into ethi "turbo lag", ukubambezeleka kokusebenza kwedrayivu (iyunithi) kubonakala kuphela kwi-turbo.

· I-Turbocharging yenziwe yasebenza ngamagesi e-exhaust, futhi i-compressor yenziwa ukuthi ijikelezwe yi-crankshaft.

Akunakushiwo ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo olungcono noma olubi, kuya ngohlobo lokushayela umshayeli asetshenziselwa ukulenza: kokunolaka, ithuluzi elinamandla ngokwengeziwe lizokwenza; ukuthula - i-compressor ejwayelekile yanele, kepha manje cishe ayikhiqizwa ngendlela ehlukile.

Impilo yesevisi yeTurbocharger

Amadivayisi wokuqala okwengeza amandla ayephawuleka ukwehluleka okuvamile futhi ayengenalo idumela elithembeke kakhulu. Manje isimo sesithuthuke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthuthuka kokuklama kwanamuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingamelana nokushisa komzimba, ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zamafutha, ezidinga ukukhethwa ngokucophelela.

Njengamanje, impilo yokusebenza kweyunithi eyengeziwe ingaqhubeka kuze kube yilapho imoto isiphelile izinsiza zayo. Into esemqoka ukudlulisa ukuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngesikhathi, okuzosiza ukukhomba ukungasebenzi kahle okuncane esiteji sokuqala. Lokhu kuzokonga kakhulu isikhathi sokuxazulula izinkinga ezincane nemali yokulungiswa.

Ukushintsha okufika ngesikhathi nokuhlelekile kwesihlungi somoya kanye ne-oyili yenjini kuthinta kahle ukusebenza okubushelelezi kohlelo nokwandiswa kwempilo yalo.

Ukusebenza nokunakekelwa kwama-turbines wezimoto

Iyodwa, iyunithi yokuqinisa amandla ayidingi ukunakekelwa okuhlukile, kepha ukusebenza kwayo ngqo kuya ngesimo samanje senjini. Ukuvela kwezinkinga zokuqala kuboniswa ngu:

· Ukuvela komsindo ongaphandle;

· Ukusetshenziswa okubonakalayo kukaphethiloli wenjini;

• intuthu eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma emnyama ngisho ephuma embhobho;

· Ukwehla okukhulu kwamandla enjini.

Imvamisa, imiphumela emibi ihlobene ngqo nokusetshenziswa kukawoyela osezingeni eliphansi noma ukungabi khona kwawo njalo. Ukuze ungakhathazeki ngokwehluleka okungazelelwe kwe- "isitho esikhulu" kanye "nesikhuthazi" sayo, kufanele ulandele iseluleko sompetha:

· Hlanza i-muffler, hlunga bese uhlola isimo se-catalyst ngesikhathi;

· Hlala ugcina izinga likawoyela elidingekayo;

· Hlola njalo isimo sokuxhumeka okuvaliwe;

· Fudumeza injini ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza;

· Ngemuva kokushayela ngolaka imizuzu engu-3-4 sebenzisa isivinini esingenzi lutho ukupholisa ophephela;

Ukuhambisana nezincomo zomkhiqizi zokusetshenziswa kwesihlungi esifanele nohlobo lukawoyela;

Njalo njalo ulondolozwa futhi ubheke isimo sohlelo lwamafutha.

Uma, noma kunjalo, kuphakama umbuzo wokulungiswa okungathi sína, kufanele kwenziwe kuphela e-workshop ekhethekile. Isevisi kufanele ibe nezimo ezifanele zokugcina inhlanzeko, ngoba ukungena kothuli ohlelweni akwamukeleki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuzodingeka imishini ethile yokulungisa.

Ungayelula kanjani impilo ye-turbocharger?

Amaphuzu amathathu ayinhloko aqinisekisa ukusebenza okunembile nokwesikhathi eside komoya ophephela:

1. Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwesihlungi somoya ngesikhathi esifanele nokugcina inani elidingekayo lamafutha enjini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanele usebenzise kuphela lezo zinto ezinconywe ngumenzi. Ungathenga imikhiqizo yangempela kubathengisi / abamele inkampani abagunyaziwe, ukuze ugweme ukuthenga ama-fake.

2. Ukuma okungazelelwe ngemuva kokuhamba ngesivinini esikhulu kwenza uhlelo lusebenze ngaphandle kokuthambisa, ngoba isondo le-turbine liyaqhubeka nokuzungeza nge-inertia, futhi uwoyela ovela enjinini ecishiwe awusahambi. Lokhu akuhlali isikhathi eside, cishe isigamu somzuzu, kepha lo mkhuba oqhubekayo uholela ekugqokeni okusheshayo kwebhola eliqukethe ibhola. Ngakho-ke udinga ukunciphisa ijubane kancane kancane, noma uvumele injini isebenze kancane.

3. Ungafaki ingcindezi kugesi kungazelelwe. Kungcono ukuzuza isivinini kancane kancane ukuze uwoyela wenjini abe nesikhathi sokuthambisa kahle imishini ejikelezayo.

Imithetho ilula kakhulu, kepha ukuyilandela kanye nezincomo zomkhiqizi kuzokwandisa kakhulu impilo yemoto. Njengoba izibalo zibonisa, cishe kuphela ama-30% wabashayeli abanamathela kumathiphu awusizo, ngakho-ke kunezikhalazo ezimbalwa ngokungasebenzi kahle kwedivayisi.

Yini engahle idilike kwi-turbocharger yemoto?

Ukwehla okuvame kakhulu kuhlotshaniswa nowoyela wekhwalithi engafanele kanye nesihlungi somoya esivinjiwe.

Esimweni sokuqala, kunconywa ukuthi ushintshe ingxenye engcolisiwe ngesikhathi esifanele, hhayi ukuyihlanza. "Ukulondolozwa" okunjalo kungaholela ekungcoleni kokungena maphakathi nohlelo, okuzothinta kabi ikhwalithi yokuthambisa ukuthambisa.

Uwoyela wokukhiqiza ongabazisayo unomphumela ofanayo. Ukuthambisa okungampofu kuholela ekugqokeni okusheshayo kwezingxenye zangaphakathi, hhayi kuphela iyunithi elengeziwe, kepha injini yonke ingahlupheka.

Uma kutholakala izimpawu zokuqala zokungasebenzi kahle: ukuvela kokuvuza kokuthambisa, ukudlidliza okungafuneki, imisindo esolisayo - kufanele uxhumane nensizakalo ngokushesha ukuthola ukuxilongwa okuphelele kwemoto.

Kungenzeka yini ukulungisa i-turbine emotweni

Ukuthengwa kwento ngayinye entsha, futhi okuhlobene kakhulu nezinqubo, kuhambisana nokukhishwa kwekhadi lewaranti, lapho umenzi amemezela khona isikhathi esithile sesevisi engenazinkinga zedivayisi. Kepha abashayeli ezibuyekezweni bavame ukuhlanganyela ukuphoxeka kwabo okuhlobene nokungafani phakathi kwesikhathi esimenyezelwe sewaranti. Kungenzeka, iphutha alikho kumkhiqizi, kodwa kumnikazi uqobo, ongazange nje alandele imithetho enconyiwe yokusebenza.

Uma ngaphambili ukuwohloka kukaphethiloli kwakusho izindleko zedivayisi entsha, okwamanje iyunithi lingaphansi kokubuyiselwa okuyingxenye. Into esemqoka ukuphendukela kochwepheshe ngesikhathi ngemishini efanele nezinto eziqinisekisiwe zoqobo. Akunasimo lapho kufanele uzilungise ngokwakho, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke kudingeke ushintshe izingxenye ezimbalwa, kodwa yonke imoto, futhi lokhu sekuzobiza okuningi kakhulu.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-turbine ne-turbocharger? Lezi zindlela zinezinhlobo ezahlukene zokushayela. I-turbine iphothwa ukugeleza kwamagesi e-exhaust. I-compressor ixhunywe ngokuqondile ku-motor shaft.

Isebenza kanjani i-turbocharger? Idrayivu ye-turbocharger icushwa ngokushesha lapho injini iqalwa, ngenxa yokuthi amandla okuqinisa ancike ngqo ejubaneni lenjini. I-impeller iyakwazi ukunqoba ukudonsa okuphezulu.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-turbocharging ne-turbocharger? I-Turbocharging ayilutho ngaphandle kwe-turbine evamile enikwa amandla amandla omfudlana we-exhaust. I-turbocharger iyi-turbocharger. Nakuba kulula ukuyifaka, ibiza kakhulu.

Iyini i-turbocharger? Le mishini, njenge-turbine yakudala, isebenzisa amandla enjini ngokwayo (kuphela kulokhu, amandla e-kinetic we-shaft, hhayi amagesi okukhipha umoya) ukwandisa ukugeleza komoya omusha ongenayo.