Kuyini ukudluliselwa futhi kusebenza kanjani

Okuqukethwe

Ukuqala kahle kokuhamba, ukusheshisa ngaphandle kokuletha injini ngejubane eliphezulu nokunethezeka phakathi nalezi zinqubo - konke lokhu akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokudluliswa kwemoto. Ake sicabangele ukuthi lolu phiko lunikeza kanjani izinqubo ezishiwo, ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezinqubo, nokuthi yiziphi izingxenye eziyisisekelo zokudlulisa okuqukethe.

Kuyini ukudluliswa

Ukudluliswa kwemoto, noma u-gearbox, kuyindlela yamabandla equkethe amagiya, imiphini, amadiski okushayisana nezinye izinto. Lo mshini ufakwa phakathi kwenjini namasondo edrayivu emoto.

Inhloso yokudluliswa kwezimoto

Inhloso yalomshini ilula - ukudlulisa i-torque evela emotweni iye emasondweni okushayela futhi iguqule ijubane lokujikeleza lemiphini yesibili. Lapho injini iqaliswa, i-flywheel iyajikeleza ngokuya ngejubane le-crankshaft. Uma ibibambe iqinile ngamasondo okushayela, bekungeke kwenzeke ukuqala ukuhamba kahle emotweni, futhi zonke izitobhi zemoto zidinga ukuthi umshayeli ayicishe injini.

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi amandla ebhetri asetshenziselwa ukuqala injini. Ngaphandle kokudluliswa, imoto ibizoqala ukushayela isebenzisa la mandla, okungaholela ekukhishweni komthombo wamandla ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ukudluliswa kuklanyelwe ukuthi umshayeli akwazi ukunqamula amasondo emoto enjinini ukuze:

Qala injini ngaphandle kokuchitha ngokweqile ukushaja kwebhethri;
Sheshisa imoto ngaphandle kokwandisa isivinini senjini sibe yinani elibucayi;
Sebenzisa ukunyakaza kwama-coast, isibonelo esimweni sokudonsa;
Khetha imodi engeke ilimaze injini futhi iqinisekise ukuhamba ngokuphepha kwezinto zokuhamba;
Misa imoto ngaphandle kokucima injini yomlilo yangaphakathi (ngokwesibonelo, erobhothini noma ukuvumela abahamba ngezinyawo abahamba ngakuwela idube).

Futhi, ukudluliswa kwemoto kukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe ukuqondiswa kwetorque. Lokhu kuyadingeka ekubuyiseleni emuva.

Futhi esinye isici sokudlulisa ukuguqula ijubane le-crankshaft yenjini libe yijubane lesondo elamukelekayo. Uma bezungeza ngesivinini sezinkulungwane ezingama-7, khona-ke ububanzi bazo bekufanele bube buncane kakhulu, noma zonke izimoto zibe ezemidlalo, futhi bezingashayelwa ngokuphepha emadolobheni aminyene.

Ukudluliswa ngokulinganayo kusabalalisa amandla enjini akhishiwe ukuze umzuzu wenguquko wenze kube nokwenzeka ukuqala okuthambile nokubushelelezi, ukunyakaza ekukhuphukeni, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla wenjini yomlilo wangaphakathi ukusheshisa imoto.

Izinhlobo zokudlulisa

Yize abakhiqizi sebethuthukise futhi beqhubeka nokwakha ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwama-gearbox, onke angahlukaniswa abe yizinhlobo ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho - kafushane mayelana izici ngamunye wabo.

Ibhokisi lamagiya ezandla

Lolu uhlobo lokuqala noludume kakhulu lokudlulisela. Ngisho nabashayeli abaningi banamuhla bakhetha lo gearbox othile. Isizathu salokhu yisakhiwo esilula, amandla okusebenzisa i-chassis yemoto esikhundleni sokuqala ukuqala injini uma ibhethri likhishwa (ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu kahle, funda lapha).

Okucacile kwaleli bhokisi ukuthi umshayeli ngokwakhe unquma ukuthi uvule nini futhi ngasiphi isivinini. Vele, lokhu kudinga ukuqonda okuhle ngasiphi isivinini ongakwazi ukukhuphuka noma ukwehla ngaso.

Ngenxa yokwethembeka kwayo nokukhululeka okuhlobene nokugcinwa nokulungiswa, lolu hlobo lokudlulisela luhlala luhamba phambili esilinganisweni sebhokisi lamagiya. Ekwenziweni kwemishini, umenzi akasebenzisi imali eningi nezinsizakusebenza njengokukhiqiza imishini ezenzakalelayo noma amarobhothi.

Ukunyakaziswa kwegiya kungokulandelayo. Idivayisi ka-gearbox ifaka i-clutch disc, okuthi uma icindezelwa iphedali ehambisanayo, inqamule i-flywheel yenjini kumshini we-gearbox drive. Ngenkathi i-clutch ihlukanisiwe, umshayeli ushintshela umshini kwelinye igiya. Ngakho-ke imoto iyashesha (noma yehlisa ijubane), futhi injini ayiphuli.

Ukufakwa kwamabhokisi emishini kufaka phakathi isethi yamagiya kanye nemiphini, exhunywe ngendlela yokuthi umshayeli angashintsha ngokushesha igiya alifunayo. Ukunciphisa umsindo kumshini, amagiya anamazinyo atshekile asetshenziswayo. Futhi ukuzinza nokusheshisa kokubandakanyeka kwezinto ekudlulisweni kwencwadi yesimanje, kusetshenziswa izivumelanisi. Zivumelanisa ijubane lokujikeleza kwemiphini emibili.

Funda ngomshini womakhenikha esihlokweni esehlukile.

Ukudluliswa kwamarobhothi

Ngokwesakhiwo nomthetho wokusebenza, amarobhothi afana kakhulu nozakwabo bomshini. Kuphela kubo, ukukhetha nokushintsha igiya kwenziwa ngemoto ye-elekthronikhi. Ukuhanjiswa okuningi kwamarobhothi kunenketho yemodi yesandla lapho umshayeli esebenzisa i-lever shift etholakala kusikhethi semodi. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimoto zinamagundane esiteringini esikhundleni sale lever, lapho umshayeli enyusa noma anciphisa igiya.

Ukwenza ngcono ukusimama nokwethembeka komsebenzi, amarobhothi anamuhla afakelwe isistimu yokubamba kabili. Lokhu kuguqulwa kubizwa ngokuthi kukhethiwe. Ukucaciswa kwayo ukuthi i-clutch disc eyodwa iqinisekisa ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwebhokisi, kanti eyesibili ilungisa izindlela zokwenza kusebenze isivinini ngaphambi kokushintshela egiyeni elilandelayo.

Funda ngezinye izici zohlelo lokushintsha amagiya i-robotic lapha.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Ibhokisi elinjalo elilinganisweni lezindlela ezifanayo lisendaweni yesibili ngemuva komakhenikha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudluliswa okunjalo kunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Inezinto eziningi ezingeziwe, kufaka phakathi izinzwa. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nozakwabo we-robotic ne-mechanical, umshini awunayo i-clutch disc. Esikhundleni salokho, kusetshenziswa isiguquli setorque.

Isiguquli se-torque indlela esebenza ngesisekelo sokuhamba kukawoyela. Uketshezi olusebenzayo ludonswa emfuthweni we-clutch, oshayela i-shaft drive shaft. Isici esivelele saleli bhokisi ukungabikho kokuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwendlela yokudlulisela ne-flywheel yenjini.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza kumgomo ofanayo nerobhothi. Electronics uqobo inquma isikhathi sokushintshela kumodi oyifunayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imishini eminingi ifakwe imodi semi-othomathikhi, lapho umshayeli, usebenzisa isigwedlo shift, uyala uhlelo ukushintshela igiya oyifunayo.

Izinguquko zangaphambilini zafakwa kuphela nge-torque converter, kepha namuhla kukhona ukuguqulwa kwe-elekthronikhi. Esimweni sesibili, ukulawula kwe-elektroniki kungashintsha kube izindlela eziningana, ngayinye enesistimu yayo yamagiya.

Imininingwane eminingi ngedivayisi nohlelo lokusebenza komshini ichaziwe ekubuyekezweni kwangaphambilini.

Ukudluliswa okuqhubekayo okuguqukayo

Lolu hlobo lokudlulisa lubizwa nangokuthi i-variator. Ibhokisi okuwukuphela kwalo lapho kungekho ushintsho lwegiya olinyathele khona. Ukusatshalaliswa kweTorque kulawulwa ngokuhambisa izindonga ze-drive shaft pulley.

Ukushayela kanye nemiphini eqhutshwa ixhunyiwe kusetshenziswa ibhande noma iketanga. Ukukhethwa kwesilinganiso segiya kunqunywa ukudluliswa kwe-elekthronikhi kususelwa kulwazi olutholwe kusuka kuzinzwa zezinhlelo ezahlukahlukene zezimoto.

Nayi itafula elincane lezinzuzo nobubi bohlobo ngalunye lwebhokisi:

Uhlobo lwebhokisi:	Amapulangwe:	nemibi:
Ukudluliswa okwenziwa ngesandla (imishini)	Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu; Ivumela ukonga uphethiloli; Idivayisi elula; Kubiza kakhulu ukulungisa; Ukuthembeka okuphezulu.	Isiqalo sidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuningi ukuze sisebenzise ngempumelelo ibhokisi likagiye; Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amabhokisi wamagiya, lokhu akukuniki induduzo enkulu.
"Irobhothi"	Induduzo lapho uguquka (asikho isidingo sokufinyelela i-lever njalo lapho udinga ukushintsha); I-elekthronikhi izonquma umzuzu ofanele kakhulu wokushintshela egiyeni oyifunayo (lokhu kuzoba wusizo ikakhulukazi kulabo abakuthola kunzima ukujwayela le pharamitha).	Kukhona ukubambezeleka ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwamagiya; Ama-up / downshifts ajwayele ukujija; Avimbela umshayeli ekongeni uphethiloli.
Ngokuzenzekelayo	Ukushintsha igiya okunethezekile (okubushelelezi nokucishe kungabonakali); Uma ucindezela i-pedal ngokucijile, yehla ukuze isheshise imoto ngokushesha okukhulu (ngokwesibonelo, lapho idlula).	Ukulungiswa okubizayo nokulungiswa; Akugcini ukonga uphethiloli; Hhayi ukonga maqondana nokusetshenziswa kukawoyela; Ubunzima bokulungiswa, yingakho udinga ukubheka insizakalo ebizayo, hhayi wonke umakhenikha okwazi ukulungisa kahle noma ukulungisa imishini; Awukwazi ukuqala injini edonsa.
I-CVT	Igiya elibushelelezi eligudlukayo ngaphandle kokuletha imoto kuma-revs aphakeme (okukuvimbela ukuthi kushise ngokweqile); Ukunethezeka kokushayela okwandisiwe; Ukusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwensiza yenjini; Ukulula ekushayeleni.	Ukugcinwa okubizayo; Ukusheshisa okuvilaphayo (uma kuqhathaniswa nama-analogue angaphambilini); Ayenzi ukuthi kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa injini ngemodi yokonga maqondana nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli; Akunakwenzeka ukuqala injini kusuka ku-tug.

Ngemininingwane engaphezulu ngomehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamabhokisi, bona le vidiyo:

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokudluliswa mathupha, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo, okuguquguqukayo nerobhothi

Чем отличается механическая коробка передач, автомат, вариатор и роботизированная

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Ukudluliswa kwemishini

Okukhethekile kokudluliswa kwemishini ukuthi yonke inqubo yokushintsha phakathi kwamagiya kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokungenelela komshini komshayeli. Nguye kuphela ocindezela i-clutch, ephazamisa ukuhanjiswa kwe-torque kusuka ku-flywheel kuya ku-clutch disc. Kungenxa yezenzo zomshayeli kuphela lapho igiya lishintsha futhi kuqalwa kabusha ukuhlinzekwa kwe-torque kumagiya ka-gearbox.

Kodwa umqondo wokudluliswa kwezandla akufanele udideke nokudluliswa kwezandla. Ibhokisi liyiyunithi ngosizo lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla okudonsa kwenzeka. Ekudluliselweni kwemishini, ukudluliswa kwe-torque kwenzeka ngokudlulisa ngomshini. Okusho ukuthi, zonke izakhi zesistimu zixhunywe komunye nomunye.

Kunezinzuzo ezimbalwa zokudluliswa kwe-torque ngomshini (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuxhumeka kwegiya):

Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, njengoba kungekho ukulahlekelwa kwamandla okusebenza kwezinqubo ezihambisanayo, njengesibonelo, ku-converter ye-torque;
Izindleko zokudluliswa kwemishini ziphansi kakhulu phakathi kwama-analogue afanayo anohlobo oluhlukile lokudluliswa kwetorque ngenxa yomklamo olula;
Umklamo ofanayo olula uvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi benze amayunithi anezilinganiso ezincane.

Ukudluliswa kwe-Hydromechanical

Idivayisi yeyunithi enjalo ifaka:

Isiguquli se-Hydrodynamic;
I-gearbox yemishini.

Izinzuzo zokudluliswa okunjalo ukuthi kusiza ukulawulwa kwezinguquko zamagiya ngenxa yokushintshwa kwamagiya okuzenzakalelayo. Futhi, leli bhokisi linikezela ngokuncipha kokudlidliza kwe-torsional. Lokhu kunciphisa izingcindezi ezingxenyeni zomshini emithwalweni ephezulu.

Okubi kokudluliswa kwe-hydromechanical kufaka ukusebenza kahle okuphansi ngenxa yokusebenza kwesiguquli se-torque. Njengoba iyunithi isebenzisa umzimba we-valve nge-torque converter, idinga uwoyela omningi. Kudinga uhlelo olwengeziwe lokupholisa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ibhokisi likhuphuke ubukhulu nobukhulu besisindo uma kuqhathaniswa nomakhenikha ofanayo noma irobhothi.

Ukudluliswa umfutholuketshezi

Izici zebhokisi elinjalo zilele ekutheni ukushintshwa kwegiya kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa amayunithi we-hydraulic. Umklamo yeyunithi kungenziwa ifakwe torque Converter noma coupling wokubacindezela. Lo mshini uxhuma umbhangqwana odingekayo wemiphini namagiya.

Inzuzo yokudluliswa kwe-hydraulic ukubandakanya okubushelelezi kwejubane. I-torque idluliswa ngobumnene ngangokunokwenzeka, nokudlidliza kwe-torsional ebhokisini elinjalo kuncishisiwe ngenxa yokwehliswa ngempumelelo kwale mikhosi.

Okubi ngalo gearbox kufaka phakathi isidingo sokusebenzisa izixhumi zomuntu ngamunye uketshezi kuwo wonke amagiya. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nesisindo, ukudluliswa kwe-hydraulic kusetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwezitimela.

Ukudluliswa kwe-Hydrostatic

Ibhokisi elinjalo lisuselwa kumayunithi wokubacindezela e-axial-plunger. Izinzuzo zokudluliswa ngosayizi wayo omncane nesisindo. Futhi, kulo mklamo, akukho ukuxhumana okwenziwe ngomshini phakathi kwezixhumanisi, ukuze zikwazi ukukhuliswa amabanga amade. Ngenxa yalokhu, u-gearbox unesilinganiso esikhulu segiya.

Okubi kokudluliswa kwe-hydrostatic ukuthi ifuna ikhwalithi yoketshezi olusebenzayo. Kuyazwela futhi nengcindezi esemugqeni wamabhuleki, ohlinzeka ngokushintshwa kwegiya. Ngenxa yobuningi bendawo yokuhlola, isetshenziswa kakhulu ezintweni zokwakha imigwaqo.

Ukudluliswa kwe-Electromechanical

Idizayini yebhokisi le-electromechanical isebenzisa okungenani imoto eyodwa yokudonsa. Kufakwe i-generator kagesi, kanye nesilawuli esilawula ukukhiqizwa kwamandla adingekayo ekusebenzeni kwebhokisi likamagiya.

Ngokusebenzisa imishini kagesi, ukudonsa kuyalawulwa. I-torque idluliselwa ebangeni elibanzi, futhi akukho ukuhlangana okuqinile phakathi kwamayunithi wemishini.

Okubi kokudluliswa okunjalo kungosayizi omkhulu (i-generator enamandla kanye ne-motors eyodwa noma ngaphezulu kagesi kusetshenziswa), futhi ngasikhathi sinye isisindo. Uma siqhathanisa amabhokisi anjalo nge-analogue yemishini, khona-ke anokusebenza kahle okuphansi kakhulu.

Izinhlobo zokudluliswa kwemoto

Ngokuqondene nokuhlukaniswa kokudluliswa kwezimoto, wonke lawa manyunithi ahlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu kuphela:

Ngaphambili;
Ngemuva-;
Ukuhamba ngamasondo amane.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwebhokisi, kuzobe kuhola amasondo ahlukile (kusuka egameni lokudluliswa kuyacaca lapho kutholakala khona i-torque). Cabanga ukuthi zehluka kanjani lezi zinhlobo ezintathu zokudluliswa kwezimoto.

Ukudluliswa kwesondo langaphambili

Isakhiwo sokudlulisela ngamasondo angaphambili siqukethe:

Imivimbo (uma kungumakhenikha noma irobhothi);
Amabhokisi amagiya;
Ukudluliswa Main;
Umehluko;
Imiphini eshayela amasondo angaphambili.

Zonke izinto zokudluliswa okunjalo zifakwe ebhokisini elilodwa elitholakala ngaphesheya kwegumbi lenjini. Inqwaba yebhokisi nenjini kwesinye isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi imodeli enenjini eguqukayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi imoto ihamba ngamasondo angaphambili noma idonsa ngawo wonke amasondo.

Ukudluliswa kwamasondo angemuva

Isakhiwo sokudlulisela ngamasondo angemuva siqukethe:

Imivimbo (uma kungumakhenikha noma irobhothi);
Amabhokisi amagiya;
Ukudluliswa Main;
Umehluko;
Ukudluliswa kweCardan;
Ama-ekseli wama-semi.

Izimoto eziningi zakudala bezinokuthunyelwa okunjalo. Mayelana nokuqaliswa kokuhanjiswa kwe-torque, ukudluliswa kwamasondo angemuva kulula ngangokunokwenzeka kulo msebenzi. I-propeller shaft ixhuma i-axle yangemuva ku-gearbox. Ukunciphisa ukudlidliza, kusetshenziswa izisekeli ezithambile kancane kunalezo ezifakwe ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili.

Ukudluliswa kwamasondo onke

Lolu hlobo lokudlulisa luhlukaniswa ngedivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi (ngemininingwane yokuthi yini yonke-wheel drive, nokuthi ukudluliswa kwe-torque kutholakala kanjani kuyo, funda ngokwehlukana). Isizathu ukuthi iyunithi kufanele ngasikhathi sinye isabalalise i-torque kuwo wonke amasondo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zokudluliswa kwalokhu:

Permanent drive-wheel ezine. Kule nguqulo, iyunithi ifakwe umehluko we-interaxle, ohambisa i-torque kuwo womabili ama-asi, futhi, ngokuya ngekhwalithi yokunamathela kwamasondo ebusweni bomgwaqo, shintsha amandla phakathi kwawo.
Ukuxhuma okwenziwa ngamasondo amane. Kulokhu, isakhiwo sihlonyiswe ngecala lokudlulisa (ngemininingwane mayelana nale ndlela, funda kwesinye isihloko). Umshayeli uzinqumela ngokuzimela ukuthi uzovula nini i-ekseli lesibili. Ngokuzenzakalelayo, imoto ingaba phambili noma ngemuva isondo drive. Esikhundleni sokwehluka kokuhlangana, njengomthetho, kusetshenziswa ama-interwheel.
Okuzenzakalelayo ezine-wheel drive. Ekushintsheni okunjalo, esikhundleni sokwahlukana kwesikhungo, i-viscous clutch noma i-analog yohlobo lokungqubuzana ifakiwe. Isibonelo sokuthi i-clutch enjalo isebenza kanjani bld wena.

Amayunithi okudlulisa izimoto

Kungakhathaleki ukuthi hlobo luni lokudlulisa, le ndlela inezinto eziningana eziqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza kahle kwedivayisi. Lezi yizakhi zebhokisi lamagiya.

Idiski yokubamba

Lesi sici sinikeza ukuhlangana okuqinile kwe-flywheel yenjini ku-shaft shaft enkulu. Kodwa-ke, uma kunesidingo, le ndlela ihlukanisa futhi u-motor no-gearbox. Ukudluliswa kwemishini kufakwe ubhasikidi we-clutch, futhi irobhothi linedivayisi efanayo.

Ezinguqulweni ezizenzakalelayo, lo msebenzi wenziwa isiguquli se-torque. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi i-clutch disc inganikeza ukuxhumana okuqinile phakathi kwemoto nendlela yokudlulisa, noma ngabe injini icishiwe. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ukudluliswa kusetshenziswe njengendlela yokubuyisela emuva ngaphezu kwebhuleki lesandla elibuthakathaka. Bamba ikuvumela ukuba uqale injini kusukela pusher, okuyinto engenziwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Umshini bamba siqukethe izakhi ezilandelayo:

Ama-discs e-Friction;
Ubhasikidi (noma icala lapho zonke izinto zomshini zitholakala khona);
Imfoloko (ihambisa ingcindezi yengcindezi lapho umshayeli ecindezela i-clutch)
Shayela noma kushaft yokufaka.

Izinhlobo ze-Clutch zifaka:

Yomile. Ekuguqulweni okunjalo, kusetshenziswa amandla wokuxabana, ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokungezwani kwama-disc ayikuvumeli ukuthi ishelele ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwe-torque;
Kumanzi. Uhlobo olubiza kakhulu olusebenzisa uwoyela wokuguqula i-torque ukunweba impilo yomshini futhi futhi lwenze lithembeke kakhulu.

igiya main

Umsebenzi omkhulu wamagiya amakhulu ukuthola amandla aqhamuka ezimotweni bese uwadlulisela kuma-node axhunyiwe, okuyi-axle drive. Igiya elikhulu lenyusa i-KM (torque) futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo yehlisa ukushintsha kwamasondo okushayela emotweni.

Izimoto ezihamba phambili ezinamasondo zihlonyiswe ngalo mshini eduze komehluko webhokisi lamagiya. Izinhlobo ezinamasondo angemuva zinalo mshini ezindlini ezi-axle ezingemuva. Idivayisi ye-GP ifaka i-semi-axle, idrayivu kanye namagiya aqhutshwa, ama-semi-axial gear, kanye nama-satellite gear.

Okuhlukile

Idlulisa i-torque, iyayiguqula bese isabalalisa izindlela ezingezona eze-axial. Ukuma nokusebenza kokwehluka kuyahluka ngokuya ngomshini wokushayela:

Imodeli yokuhamba ngamasondo angemuva. Umehluko ufakwe ezindlini ze-axle;
Imodeli yesondo langaphambili. Umshini ufakwe ku-gearbox;
Imodeli yamasondo onke. Umehluko utholakala ecaleni lokudlulisa.

Idizayini eyehlukile ifaka u-gearbox weplanethi. Kukhona ukuguqulwa ezintathu igiya amaplanethi:

Okuyindilinga - okusetshenziswa okwehlukanisweni kwe-eksisi evundlile;
I-cylindrical - isetshenziswa ekwahlukaneni okuphakathi nendawo kwemoto ehamba ngamasondo onke;
Igiya le-Worm libhekwa njengokuguqulwa kwendawo yonke okungasetshenziswa kokubili ekuhlukaneni kwe-interwheel naphakathi kwe-axle.

Idivayisi eyehlukile ifaka i-axle gear elungiswe ezindlini. Zixhumene ngegiya leplanethi, eliqukethe amagiya wesathelayithi. Funda kabanzi mayelana nomehluko kanye nokusebenza komgomo. lapha.

Ukudluliswa kweCardan

I-cardan drive ishift equkethe izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ezixhunywe ngomshini we-hinge. Isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zemoto. Isicelo esiyinhloko sisezimotweni ezidonsa ngasemuva. U-gearbox osezimotweni ezinjalo uvame ukuba phansi kuno-gearbox we-ekseli langemuva. Ukuze i-gearbox noma i-gearbox ingabi nengcindezi eyengeziwe, i-shaft ebekwe phakathi kwabo kufanele ihlukaniswe ngezigaba, ukuxhuma kwayo kuzoqinisekisa ukujikeleza okushelelayo lapho inhlangano ikhubazekile.

Uma i-gimbal inephutha, khona-ke ngesikhathi sokudluliswa kwe-torque, imisindo enamandla nokudlidliza kuzwakala. Lapho umshayeli eqaphela umphumela onjalo, kufanele anake ukulungiswa ukuze izindlela zokudlulisa zingaphumeleli ngenxa yokwanda kokudlidliza.

Ukuze ukudluliswa kusebenze kahle ngangokunokwenzeka futhi isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokulungiswa, ibhokisi ngalinye kufanele lihlinzekwe. Umenzi ubeka isikhathi sakhe sokulungisa esihleliwe, umnikazi wemoto aziswa ngaso kumadokhumenti ezobuchwepheshe. Ngokuvamile, le nkathi isendaweni engamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 wemoto yemoto. Isondlo sifaka phakathi ukushintsha uwoyela nesihlungi, kanye namaphutha wokusetha kabusha, uma akhona kwiyunithi yokulawula ngogesi.

Imininingwane eminingi ngokunakekelwa kwebhokisi ichaziwe kwesinye isihloko.

I-Gearbox

Lena ingxenye enzima kakhulu kunoma yikuphi ukudluliselwa, ngisho neyokwenziwa ngesandla. Ngenxa yale yunithi, kwenzeka ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo kwamandla okudonsa. Lokhu kwenzeka ngokubamba iqhaza okuqondile komshayeli (ukudluliswa kwezandla), noma ngokusebenzisa i-electronics, njengasendabeni yokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo noma kwerobhothi.

Kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-gearbox, le yunithi ikuvumela ukuthi usebenzise kahle amandla kanye ne-torque yenjini ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza. U-gearbox uvumela imoto ukuthi ihambe ngokushesha ngokuguquguquka okuncane kwesivinini senjini (kulokhu, umshayeli noma i-electronics kufanele inqume i-rpm efanelekile) noma ibeke injini ekulayisheni okuncane lapho ushayela ukhuphuka.

Futhi, ngenxa ye-gearbox, isiqondiso sokujikeleza kweshaft driven siyashintsha. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze ushayele imoto ngokuhlehla. Le yunithi ikuvumela ukuthi udlulise yonke i-torque kusuka ku-motor kuya kumasondo okushayela. I-gearbox ikuvumela ukuthi unqamule ngokuphelele injini emasondweni okushayela. Lokhu kuyadingeka lapho umshini kufanele ume ngokuphelele, kodwa injini kufanele iqhubeke nokusebenza. Isibonelo, imoto kufanele ibe kule modi lapho ime erobhothini.

Phakathi kwama-gearbox kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo:

Umakhenikha. Lona uhlobo olulula lwebhokisi lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwe-traction kwenziwa khona ngokuqondile ngumshayeli. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamabhokisi zingahlukaniswa ngokukhululekile njengezinhlobo ezizenzakalelayo.
Okuzenzakalelayo. Enhliziyweni yebhokisi elinjalo kukhona isiguquli se-torque, futhi ukuguqulwa kwezilinganiso zegiya kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Irobhothi. Lena i-analogue e-othomathikhi yokudluliswa kwezandla. Isici se-robotic gearbox ubukhona be-clutch ephindwe kabili, ehlinzeka ngokushintshwa kwegiya okusheshayo.
Idrayivu yesivinini eguquguqukayo. Lokhu futhi kuyi-automatic transmission. Amandla okudonsa kuphela asatshalaliswa ngokushintsha ububanzi bebhande noma iketango lokushayela.

Ngenxa yokuba khona kuka-gearbox, ungasebenzisa ijubane lenjini langaphambilini, kodwa ushintshe ijubane lokuphenduka kwamasondo. Lokhu, ngokwesibonelo, kuyasiza lapho imoto idlula ngaphandle komgwaqo.

Ibhuloho elikhulu

Ngaphansi kwebhuloho lokudlulisela kusho ingxenye esekelayo, exhunywe ohlakeni lwemoto, futhi ngaphakathi kwayo kunomshini wokudlulisa i-torque emasondweni. Ezimotweni zabagibeli, ama-axle asetshenziswa kumamodeli angemuva noma kuwo wonke amasondo. Ukuze i-torque isuke ku-gearbox iye ku-axle, kusetshenziswa igiya le-cardan. Izici zalesi sakhi ziyachazwa kwesinye isihloko.

Imoto ingaba nama-ekseli okushayela futhi ashayelwa. Kufakwe i-gearbox ku-axle yokushayela, eguqula ukuzungeza okuphambanayo kwe-shaft (indlela yonkana nemoto) ibe yi-longitudinal rotation (indlela ehambisana nomzimba) yamasondo okushayela. Ukuthuthwa kwempahla kungase kube ne-axle yokushayela engaphezu kweyodwa.

Icala lokudlulisa

Ikesi yokudlulisa isetshenziswa kuphela kuwo wonke amasondo okushayela (i-torque idluliselwa kuwo wonke amasondo). Kuyona kanye naku-gearbox omkhulu kukhona isethi yamagiya akuvumela ukuthi ushintshe amagiya (demultiplier) amasondo ahlukene ukuze andise i-torque. Lokhu kuyadingeka ezimotweni ezihamba kuzo zonke izindawo noma kogandaganda abasindayo.

I-Constant-velocity joint

Le nto yokuhambisa isetshenziswa ezimotweni okuhamba kuzo amasondo angaphambili. Leli joyinti lixhumene ngqo namasondo okushayela futhi liyisixhumanisi sokugcina emshinini.

Ukuba khona kwalo mshini kubangelwa ukuthi lapho uguqula amasondo angaphambili, kufanele bathole inani elifanayo le-torque. Lo mshini usebenza kumgomo wokudluliswa kwe-cardan. Emotweni, amajoyinti amabili e-CV asetshenziswa esondweni elilodwa - ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Banikeza isixhumanisi esihlala njalo sokuhluka.

Ukuthi isebenza kanjani

Ukudluliswa kwemoto kusebenza ngokulandelana okulandelayo:

Injini iqala ngenxa yomsebenzi odidiyelwe wokuthungela kanye nezinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngophethiloli.
Enqubweni yokushiswa okunye kwengxube yamafutha omoya kumasilinda enjini, i-crankshaft iyazungeza.
I-torque idluliselwa kusuka ku-crankshaft nge-flywheel, lapho kuxhunywe khona ubhasikidi we-clutch, ku-transmission drive shaft.
Kuye ngohlobo lwebhokisi le-torque, i-torque isakazwa ngamagiya axhunyiwe noma ngebhande / iketanga (isibonelo, ku-CVT) futhi iya kumasondo okushayela.
Kumshini oshintshwayo, umshayeli unqamula ngokuzimela ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-flywheel ne-gearbox input shaft. Ukuze wenze lokhu, cindezela i-clutch pedal. Kuma-automatic transmissions, le nqubo yenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Ku-gearbox yohlobo lwemishini, ukuguqulwa kwezilinganiso zegiya kunikezwa ngokuxhuma amagiya anenani elihlukile lamazinyo nobubanzi obuhlukile. Uma kukhethwa igiya elithile, yipheya elilodwa kuphela lamagiya axhunywe elinye.
Lapho i-torque isetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni, ukudonsa kulethwa emasondweni ngamazinga ahlukahlukene. Lo mshini uyadingeka ngoba imoto ayihlali ihamba endaweni eqondile yomgwaqo. Ekujikeni, isondo elilodwa lizojikeleza ngokushesha kunelinye njengoba lihamba irediyasi enkulu. Ukuze irabha emasondweni ingabi ngaphansi kokugqoka ngaphambi kwesikhathi, umehluko ufakwa phakathi kwama-axle shafts. Uma imoto idonsa ngawo wonke amasondo, khona-ke kuzoba nokuhluka okubili okungenani, futhi kwamanye amamodeli umehluko ophakathi (ophakathi) nawo ufakiwe.
I-torque emotweni edonsa ngamasondo angemuva ingena emasondweni isuka ku-gearbox ngo-cardan shaft.
Uma imoto idonsa ngawo wonke amasondo, ikesi yokudlulisa izofakwa kulolu hlobo lokudlulisa, ngosizo lapho wonke amasondo azoshayelwa khona.
Amanye amamodeli asebenzisa isistimu ene-plug-in all-wheel drive. Lokhu kungaba isistimu enomehluko wesikhungo sokukhiya noma i-multi-plate friction noma i-viscous clutch ingafakwa phakathi kwama-axles. Lapho amasondo amabili amakhulu eqala ukushibilika, umshini we-interaxle uyavinjwa, futhi i-torque iqala ukugeleza iye kumasondo esibili.

Ukwehluleka kokudlulisa okuvame kakhulu

Izinkinga zokudlulisa ezivame kakhulu zifaka:

Kunzima ukushintsha isivinini esisodwa noma eziningi. Kulokhu, kubalulekile ukulungisa i-clutch, ukulungisa ikhebula noma ukulungisa i-rocker.
Umsindo uvela ekudlulisweni lapho ushintshela kokungathathi hlangothi. Uma lo msindo unyamalala uma ucindezela i-clutch pedal, lokhu kungaba uphawu lokuhluleka ukukhishwa, ukugqokwa kwamabheringi wokufaka, nge-oyili yokudlulisela ekhethiwe ngokungalungile noma ivolumu enganele.
I-Clutch basket wear.
Ukuvuza kukawoyela.
Umgodi ophukayo ophukile.
Ukwehluleka komehluko noma igiya eliyinhloko.
Ukuphuka kwamalunga we-CV.
Ukungasebenzi kahle ku-elekthronikhi (uma umshini ulawulwa ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye yiyunithi yokulawula ngogesi). Kulokhu, isithonjana sokungasebenzi kahle kwemoto sizokhanya kudeshibhodi.
Ngesikhathi sokushintshwa kwegiya, kuzwakala amajezi aqinile, ukungqongqoza noma ukugaya imisindo. Isizathu salokhu singanqunywa uchwepheshe ofanelekayo.
Isivinini sicishiwe ngokuzithandela (sisebenza ekudlulisweni okwenziwa ngesandla).
Qedela ukwehluleka kweyunithi ukusebenza. Isizathu esiqondile kumele sinqunywe e-workshop.
Ukushisa okunamandla kwebhokisi.

Ukuncika kokudluliswa ngohlobo lwe-drive

Ngakho-ke, njengoba sibonile, ngokuya ngohlobo lwedrayivu, ukudluliswa kuzohluka ngokwehlukile. Encazelweni yezimpawu zobuchwepheshe zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimoto, umqondo we "wheel formula" uvame ukushiwo. Kungaba yi-AWD, 4x4, 2WD. IPermanent drive-wheel drive ibizwa nge-4x4.

Uma ukudluliswa kusabalalisa i-torque esondweni ngalinye kuya ngomthwalo okuyo, khona-ke le fomula izokhonjiswa nge-AWD. Ngokuqondene nedrayivu yesondo langaphambili nangasemuva, leli lungiselelo lamasondo lingabizwa nge-4x2 noma i-2WD.

Ukuklanywa kokudluliswa, kuya ngohlobo lwe-drive, kuzohluka ebukhoneni bezinto ezengeziwe ezizoqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwe-torque njalo ku-ekseli noma ukuxhumana kwesikhashana kwe-ekseli lesibili.

Ividiyo: Ukudluliswa kwemoto. Ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile, umgomo wokusebenza kanye nesakhiwo sokudlulisa ku-3D

Idivayisi, isimiso sokusebenza kanye nesakhiwo sokudluliswa kwemoto kuchazwe futhi kulesi sithombe se-3D: