Ukwehluka kwezimoto: idivayisi, ukungasebenzi kahle nendlela yokukhetha
Okuqukethwe
Emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe yama-SUV agcwele, amanye ama-crossovers nezimoto zasedolobheni ezihamba ngamasondo onke, kunenkulumo ethi "umehluko wokhiye". Sizothola ukuthi iyini, iyini inhloso yayo emotweni, ukuthi isebenza kanjani, nokuthi ungayikhetha kanjani entsha ezongena esikhundleni saleyo ehlulekile.
Uyini umehluko wemishini
Umehluko emotweni yinto yokudlulisa. Inikeza ukujikeleza okuzimele kwamasondo okushayela, kepha ngasikhathi sinye idlulisa i-torque efanayo kulowo nalowo kubo.
Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwemoto emajikeni. Siyazi kusuka kwi-physics ukuthi lapho ujika, isondo elingaphakathi kwesikwele lihamba ngendlela emfushane kunesondo elingaphandle kwesiyingi. Endabeni yamasondo aqhutshwa, lokhu akuzwakali nhlobo.
Ngokuqondene namasondo okushayela, uma bekungekho mehluko ekudlulisweni, noma iyiphi imoto ibizolahlekelwa kakhulu ukuzinza ngesikhathi sokujika. Inkinga ukuthi amasondo angaphandle nangaphakathi kufanele azungeze ngejubane elihlukile lapho ekhoneni ukuze kugcinwe ukubambelela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, elinye lamasondo lalingashelela noma lishelele.
Umehluko ubekwe ku-axle drive. Endabeni yezimoto ezinamasondo amane (i-SUV noma i-4x4 class), le ndlela iyatholakala kuwo wonke ama-asi.
Kwezinye izimoto, umehluko ushiselwe ngokukhethekile ukuze imoto ikhukhuleke. Isibonelo salokhu yizimoto ezihamba ngamasondo amabili ezimoto ezinomehluko ophakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngokushayela okuvamile kwedolobha, kungcono ukusebenzisa umehluko wefektri, noma, njengoba kubizwa nangokuthi, umehluko ovulekile.
Ukwehluka komlando nenhloso
Idizayini idizayini yavela cishe ngasikhathi sinye nokuqala kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto ezifakwe injini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Umehluko bekuyiminyaka embalwa nje.
Izimoto zokuqala bezingazinzile kakhulu emakhoneni kangangokuba onjiniyela bekufanele baphazanyiswe ukuthi badlulisa kanjani ukugxilisa okufanayo emasondweni okushayela, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye bazenzele ukuze bakwazi ukuzungeza ngejubane elihlukile kuma-bend.
Yize kungenakushiwo ukuthi lo mshini uqobo wawo wakhiwa ngemuva kokufika kwezimoto ezinezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Iqiniso ukuthi ukuxazulula ukuphathwa kwezimoto zokuqala, kwabolekiswa intuthuko eyayikade isetshenziswa kumakalishi we-steam.
Umshini ngokwawo wakhiwa unjiniyela waseFrance - u-Onesifor Pekker ngo-1825. UFerdinand Porsche uqhubeke nokusebenza esondweni lemoto. Ngokubambisana phakathi kwenkampani yakhe neZF AG (Friedrichshafen), umehluko wekhamera wenziwa (1935).
Ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokwehluka kwe-LSD kwaqala ngo-1956. Ubuchwepheshe busetshenziswe yibo bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto njengoba buvula amathuba amasha ezimoto ezinamasondo amane.
Idivayisi eyehlukile
Umehluko wawususelwa ku-gearbox weplanethi. U-gearbox olula unamagiya amabili anezinombolo ezahlukahlukene zamazinyo ezilinganayo (zokuzibandakanya njalo).
Lapho igiya elikhudlwana lizungeza, elincane lenza izinguquko ezungeze i-eksisi yalo. Ukuguqulwa kwamaplanethi akunikezeli kuphela ukudluliselwa kwe-torque ku-axle drive, kodwa futhi kuyiguqula ukuze isivinini semishayeli yokushayela nemikhumbi eqhutshwayo ihluke. Ngaphezu kokudluliswa okujwayelekile kwamagiya kumabhokisi wamagiya aseplanethi, kusetshenziswa izinto eziningi ezengeziwe ezihlangana nezintathu ezinkulu.
Umehluko usebenzisa amandla aphelele wama-gearbox wamaplanethi. Ngenxa yokuthi le ndlela inezinhlobo ezimbili zenkululeko futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ushintshe isilinganiso segiya, izindlela ezinjalo zikhombisile ukuthi ziyasebenza ekuqinisekiseni ukuzinza kwamasondo okushayela ajikeleza ngejubane elihlukile.
Idivayisi yokuhlukanisa ifaka:
- Ukwahlukaniswa kwezindlu noma inkomishi. Lonke igiya leplanethi namagiya kulungiswe kulo;
- Ama-Semiaxis gear (uhlobo lwelanga lusetshenziswa kakhulu). Thatha i-torque kuma-satellite futhi uyidlulisele kumasondo okushayela;
- Igiya eliqhutshwa nelishayelwayo lokudlulisa okuyinhloko;
- Iziphuphutheki. Zisebenza njengamagiya aseplanethi. Uma imoto iyimoto yomgibeli, khona-ke kuzoba nezingxenye ezimbili ezinjalo kumshini owodwa. Kuma-SUV namaloli, igiya leplanethi linamasathelayithi ama-4.
Ukwehluka kokusebenza komdwebo
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinqubo ezinjalo - umehluko olinganayo nowokulinganisa. Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kukwazi ukudlulisa i-torque ku-axle shaft ngokulinganayo. Ukusebenza kwabo akuthinteki ukuvinjelwa kwe-angular kwamasondo okushayela.
Ukuguqulwa kwesibili kunikeza ukulungiswa kwe-torque phakathi kwamasondo e-axle drive, uma eqala ukuzungeza ngejubane elihlukile. Imvamisa, umehluko onjalo ufakwa phakathi kwama-asi enqola edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo.
Imininingwane engaphezulu mayelana nezindlela zokusebenza kokwehluka. Umshini usebenza ngokuhlukile ezimweni ezinjalo:
- Imoto iqonde ngqo;
- Imoto yenza i-maneuver;
- Amasondo okushayela aqala ukushelela.
Nakhu ukuthi umehluko usebenza kanjani:
Ngokunyakaza okuqondile
Lapho imoto ihamba iqonde, iziphuphutheki zimane ziyisixhumanisi esiphakathi kwamagiya e-ekseli. Amasondo emoto azungeza ngejubane elifanayo, ngakho-ke inkomishi ijikeleza njengepayipi elilodwa elihlanganisa yomibili imiphini yama-asi
I-torque isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwamasondo amabili. Izinguquko zamasondo zihambelana nezinguquko zephinion gear.
Lapho ujika
Lapho umshini uhamba, isondo elisengxenyeni engaphandle ejikayo lenza izinguquko eziningi kunaleli elisengxenyeni engaphakathi yokujika. Isondo langaphakathi lihlangabezana nokumelana okuningi njengoba i-torque yesondo langaphandle iyanda futhi umgwaqo ulivimba ukuthi ligijime ngejubane elifanele.
Kulokhu, iziphuphutheki ziyaqala ukusebenza. Isondo legiya le-axle shaft elingaphakathi lihamba kancane, ngenxa yalokho igiya leplanethi enkomishini liqala ukuzungeza ngakolunye uhlangothi. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi ugcine ukuzinza kwemoto, ngisho nasekujikeni okuqinile nokuqinile. Iphinde ivimbele ukugqokwa kwamathayi ngokweqile esondweni elinciphayo.
Lapho ushelela
Isimo sesithathu lapho umehluko usetshenziswa khona isondo elihamba ngamasondo. Lokhu, isibonelo, kwenzeka lapho imoto ingena odakeni noma ihamba eqhweni. Kule modi, umehluko usebenza kumgomo ohluke ngokuphelele kunalapho uvalwe ekhoneni.
Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho lishibilika, isondo elimisiwe liqala ukuzungeza ngokukhululeka, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwe-torque esondweni elinamathela ngokwanele ebusweni bomgwaqo. Uma umehluko usebenza kumodi ekhoneni, ungena odakeni noma eqhweni, imoto ibingama ngokuphelele, ngoba ukudonsa kungalahleka ngokuphelele.
Ukuqeda le nkinga, onjiniyela benze umkhawulo wesiliphu elinganiselwe. Sizokhuluma ngomsebenzi wakhe ngemuva kwesikhashana. Okokuqala, kufanelekile ukucubungula ukulungiswa okukhona kokungafani nokwehluka kwabo.
Izinhlobo ezihlukile
Uma imoto ine-axle eyodwa yokushayela, khona-ke izofakwa ngumahluko we-axle axle. Imoto ehamba ngamasondo onke isebenzisa umehluko ophakathi nendawo. Ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili, le ndlela ibizwa nangokuthi umehluko wangaphambili, futhi amamodeli ezimoto ezihamba ngamasondo angemuva abizwa ngumahluko wangemuva.
Lezi zindlela zihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu ngohlobo lwe-gearing:
- Umehluko wotho;
- Ukwehluka kwegiya le-Worm;
- Umehluko Cylindrical.
Zihlukile komunye nomunye ngesimo samagiya amakhulu ne-axial. Ukuguqulwa okuyindilinga kufakiwe ezimotweni ezidonsa ngaphambili nangasemuva. Ama-cylindrical asetshenziswa kumamodeli anamasondo onke, futhi amagiya ezikelemu alungele zonke izinhlobo zokuhambisa.
Ngokuya ngemodeli yemoto nezimo zomgwaqo lapho imoto isebenza khona, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zokwehluka zizosiza:
- Ukuxhuma kwemishini;
- Umehluko Self-uvala;
- Ukuxhumeka kagesi.
Ukwahlukahluka okukhiyiwe ngomshini
Kulokhu kuguqulwa, iziphuphutheki zivinjelwe ngumshayeli uqobo esebenzisa amaswishi akhethekile emasondweni. Lapho imoto isemugqeni oqondile noma ijikile, umehluko uzosebenza ngokujwayelekile.
Lapho nje imoto ishayisa umgwaqo onendawo engazinzile, ngokwesibonelo, ingena ehlathini elinodaka noma umgwaqo onesithwathwa, umshayeli uhambisa izigwedlo endaweni ayifunayo, ukuze iziphuphutheki zivinjelwe.
Kule modi, igiya leplanethi alisebenzi, futhi imoto, ngokusobala, ayinawo umehluko. Onke amasondo edrayivu ajikeleza ngejubane elifanayo, okuvimbela ukushibilika, nokudonsa kugcinwa kuwo wonke amasondo.
Izindlela ezinjalo zinomshini olula futhi zifakwe kuma-SUV wesabelomali, njengezimoto zasekhaya ze-UAZ. Njengoba amathayi engagugi ngokweqile lapho ushayela kancane odakeni, lo mklamo awulimazi amathayi emoto.
Umehluko wokuzikhiya
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinqubo kulesi sigaba. Izibonelo zamadivayisi anjalo yilezi:
- I-LSD. Kuma-gearbox anjalo, ngokujikeleza okuphezulu ngokweqile komunye wemiphini yama-asi, amasathelayithi akhiywa ngokuzenzakalela. Lokhu kuvimbela isondo elizinzile ekulahlekelweni ukudonsa;
- Bamba viscous. Lokhu kwehlukahlukana kusetshenziswa into esekwe ku-viscous silicone. Esimweni esipholile, ihlala isesimweni soketshezi. Lapho nje iqala ukufudumeza nokuxuba, izakhiwo zento ziyashintsha, bese ithola isakhiwo esinamathelayo, esandisa i-viscosity yayo. Lesi sici sanda ngokwanda kokwehluka kokushintshana kwemiphini ye-axle. Ukuhlanganiswa okunamandla kunezinkinga eziningana ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, azilungiswa. Lapho into ilahlekelwa izakhiwo zayo, lonke ibhulokhi idinga ukushintshwa. Okwesibili, ukuvimba kwenzeka lapho isondo lishelela ngokuqinile, ngakho-ke imoto ayihlali njalo ibhekana ngokuphumelelayo nezimo ezingekho mgwaqo. Yize kunamaphutha, lo mshini wehlukile ngentengo yesabelomali. Iningi lama-crossovers ashibhile anemikhawulo enjalo.
- Torsen. I-torso isebenzisa ukukhiya izibungu. Lapho i-coefficient ye-torque ku-ekseli eyodwa inyuka noma incipha maqondana nenye i-axle shaft, ilokhi iyasebenza. Lobu buchwepheshe busetshenziswa, isibonelo, ezimotweni zakwa-Audi. Idivayisi nayo ingahlukaniswa njengezindlela ezixhunywe ngemishini. Kubhekwa njengokwethenjelwa kunazo zonke izinhlobo zokuhlukahluka futhi kuhlukaniswa nokulula kwayo. Ngalesi sizathu, ziyabiza.
Ukuxhumeka kagesi
Ukuhluka okunjalo kuhlotshaniswa ne-elektroniki yemoto. Athathwa njengabiza kakhulu ngoba anezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi nedrayivu yokuvimba. Le ndlela ihlotshaniswa ne-ECU yemoto, ethola idatha kusuka ezinhlelweni eziqapha ukujikeleza kwamasondo, njenge-ABS. Kwezinye izimoto, ukukhiya okuzenzakalelayo kungakhutshazwa. Ngalokhu, kunenkinobho ekhethekile kuphaneli yokulawula.
Inzuzo yezinketho ze-elekthronikhi ukuthi zikuvumela ukuthi usethe amadigri amaningi wokuvimba. Okunye ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela ukuthi zisiza ngokuphelele ukubhekana ne-oversteer. Kumamodeli anjalo, i-torque isetshenziswa kugiya le-axle, elizungeza ngejubane eliphansi.
Okuningi mayelana nokukhiya okwehlukile
Noma ikuphi ukwehlukana kwe-eksisi enesiphazamiso esikhulu - i-torque inikezwa ngokuzenzakalela esondweni, elizungeza ngamandla. Ngenxa yalokhu, isondo lesibili, elinokudonsa okwanele, lilahlekelwa ukudonsa. Ngalesi sizathu, u-gearbox onjalo ngeke unikeze ithuba lokuphuma ngokuzimela odakeni noma eqhweni.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, inkinga ixazululwa ngokuvimba iziphuphutheki. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuvimba:
- Ukuvinjwa okugcwele kwenziwa ngenxa yokuthi zonke izingxenye zebhokisi lamagiya zihlanganiswe ngokuqinile. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isondo elibambe kahle kakhulu lithola i-torque eyanele;
- Ukuvinjelwa okuyingxenye kungenzeka ngokushintsha isici sokuvimba. Lapho imoto ishayela kulayini oqondile, le nto ingu-1. Ngokushesha nje lapho iziphuphutheki zikhiyiwe kukwahlukana okuhambisanayo, lesi sici sishintsha ngenani eliphakathi kuka-3 no-5. Kulokhu, isondo elijikelezayo liyaqhubeka nokuzungeza, kodwa lithola i-torque encane.
Nayi ividiyo yokuthi kungani umehluko uvinjelwe:
Ukungasebenzi kahle okungafani
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi noma yimuphi umehluko usebenzisa ukuxhumana kwamagiya nama-ekseli, leyo ndlela isengozini yokugqokwa nokuwohloka okusheshayo. Izakhi zomshini weplanethi zingaphansi komthwalo onzima, ngakho-ke, ngaphandle kokulungiswa okufanele, zizohluleka ngokushesha.
Yize amagiya enziwe ngezinto eziqinile, lo mshini kufanele unake uma kunomsindo owengeziwe, ukungqongqoza nokudlidliza ngenkathi ushayela, obekungekho lapho ngaphambili. Futhi umzuzu owethusayo ukuvuza kwe-lubricant. Okubi kunakho konke, uma lo mshini ujeme. Kodwa-ke, ngokulondolozwa okufanele, lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka.
Udinga ukuxhumana nensizakalo yemoto ngokushesha lapho ukuvuza kukawoyela kuvela endlini yebhokisi likamagiya. Ungahlola i-node ngokwakho. Ngaphezu kokuhlolwa okubukwayo ngemuva kohambo, ungabheka izinga lokushisa lamafutha ku-gear case. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile komshini, leli nani lizoba cishe ngama-degree angama-60. Uma umehluko ushisa kakhulu, kufanele ufune iseluleko kuchwepheshe.
Njengengxenye yesondlo esijwayelekile, kufanele kuhlolwe ileveli yokuthambisa nekhwalithi. Umkhiqizi ngamunye kawoyela wokudlulisa usungula imithetho yakhe yokumiselela. Ungasishayi indiva lesi sincomo, ngoba uwoyela ungaqukatha izinhlayiya ezincane ezilimazayo ezizolimaza amazinyo egiya, kanye nokucekela phansi ifilimu kawoyela evimbela ukungqubuzana kwezingxenye zensimbi.
Uma, ngenxa yokuhlolwa okubonakalayo, ukuqaphela ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhungo kuqashelwe noma inkinga efanayo ibonwa ngezifaniso zemoto edonsa ngamasondo angaphambili, uphawu lwamafutha kufanele lushintshwe. Ukwehla kwezinga lokugcoba kuholela ekukhuleni okungaphezulu kwezingxenye, okunciphisa kakhulu impilo yokusebenza yedivayisi. Ukugijima u-gearbox owomile kwenza ama-satellite, ukuthwala kanye nama-axial gear kungasebenziseki.
Ukuzixilonga ngokwahlukana kwenziwa kanjena. Okokuqala, yenza i-axle yokushayela yemoto. U-gearbox ushintshelwe kokungathathi hlangothi. Isondo elilodwa lizungeza kuqala ohlangothini olulodwa bese liya kolunye uhlangothi. Inqubo efanayo yenziwa ngesondo lesibili.
Ngokuhluka okusebenzayo, amasondo azophenduka ngaphandle kokudlala nomsindo. Futhi, amanye amaphutha angaqedwa nguwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, u-gearbox uyasuswa, uhlukaniswe futhi zonke izakhi zawo zigezwa ngophethiloli (ukukhomba izindawo ezinesici). Phakathi nale nqubo, ungathola ukubuyela emuva kwama-satellite nokugqoka kwamagiya.
Izinto ezigugile ziyasuswa, kufakwe izingxenye ezintsha esikhundleni salokho. Ngokuyinhloko, iziphuphutheki, amabheringi nezimpawu zamafutha kungashintsha, njengoba zehluleka ngokushesha. Iziphuphutheki zilungiswa ngokukhetha amagiya anendawo encane phakathi kwamazinyo.
Nayi enye ividiyo yokuthi ungalungisa kanjani umehluko wokulayisha kuqala:
Ukuthola umehluko omusha
Yize iqiniso lokuthi umehluko wamasondo noma wesikhungo kulula ukuwuthola ezimakethe zezingxenye zezimoto, izindleko zalo ziphakeme impela (ingxenye entsha ingabiza isuka emakhulwini kuya ezinkulungwaneni zamaRandi). Ngalesi sizathu, iningi labashayeli bezimoto akuvamile ukuthi livume ukushintshwa ngokuphelele kwalo mshini.
Indlela entsha noma izakhi zayo ngazinye zingatholakala ngendlela efanayo nezingxenye ezivamile zezimoto. Indlela elula ukuya esitolo bese ucela ingxenye ethile yemoto oyinikiwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyasebenza uma imoto ingakathuthukiswa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ingxenye ikhethwa ngokuya ngekhodi yeyunithi noma ngokuya ngemodeli yemoto lapho kukhishwe khona ingxenye eseceleni.
Kungcono ukucinga ingxenye ngemininingwane yemoto, hhayi ngekhodi yomkhiqizo, ngoba lezi zimpawu zitholakala kuphela ngemuva kokuqaqa lo mshini. Le node inezinguquko eziningi. Ngisho nakuhlobo olufanayo lwemoto, umehluko ohlukile ungasetshenziswa.
Njengoba kunikezwe lo mzuzu, kunzima kakhulu ukuthola i-analogue ephelele evela kwenye imoto. Ngokuqondene nokuthengwa kokwehluka emakethe yesibili, lokhu kushiyeka engozini kanye nengozi yomnikazi wemoto uqobo, ngoba akekho ozoqaqa futhi ahlole isimo sengxenye. Lokhu kwandisa ubungozi bokuthenga indlela egqoke kakhulu.
Ukufingqa, kufanele kuthiwe ngaphandle kokwehluka akunakwenzeka ukudala imoto ephephile futhi esebenza kahle, yize abalandeli be-twist twist ku-asphalt eyomile bazophikisana nalokhu.
Imibuzo nezimpendulo:
Uyini umehluko emotweni ngamagama alula? Lena into eyimishini efakwa phakathi kwama-axle shaft amasondo okushayela. I-torque idluliselwa endlini ehlukile nge-cardan, bese iya emasondweni ngamagiya azimele.
Kungani udinga umehluko emotweni? Lo mshini uhlinzeka ngokudluliswa kwe-torque emasondweni okushayela, kodwa lapho wenza ama-maneuver noma ngenkathi ushayela phezu kwama-bumps, ivumela amasondo ukuthi ajikeleze ngesivinini esihlukile.
Uphi umehluko otholakala emotweni? Lo mshini ufakwe ku-axle yokushayela phakathi kwama-axle shafts. Ezimotweni ezidonsa ngawo wonke amasondo namamodeli ane-all-wheel drive, ifakwa ku-ekseli ngayinye.
Iyiphi imoto enomehluko ophakathi nendawo? Zonke izimoto zinokuhluka kwe-interwheel (imi phakathi kwama-axle shafts). Umehluko ophakathi nendawo usetshenziswa kuphela kumamodeli emoto edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo (ifakwe phakathi kwama-axles).
