Idivayisi nenqubo yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo

Zonke izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi zibhangqene nokudluliswa. Namuhla kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-gearbox, kepha ngombandela zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezimbili:

• Ukudluliswa ngesandla noma u-gearbox oshintshwayo;
• Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo noma ukuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo.

Ngokuqondene "nemishini", lapha umehluko ukhathaza kuphela inani lezivinini nezici zesakhiwo sangaphakathi. Okuningi kutshelwa ngedivayisi yokudlulisa ngesandla lapha... Ake sigxile kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo: ukwakheka kwayo, inqubo yokusebenza, izinzuzo zayo kanye nobubi bayo uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo bemishini, siphinde sixoxe ngemithetho eyisisekelo yokusebenzisa "umshini".

Kuyini ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Ngokuphambene nebhokisi lomshini, ku-analogue ezenzakalelayo yejubane, ukushintsha okuzenzakalelayo kuyadlula. Ngale ndlela, ukubandakanyeka komshayeli kuncishisiwe. Ngokuya ngokwakhiwa kokudlulisa, umshayeli ukhetha imodi efanelekile kusikhethi, noma ngezikhathi ezithile anikeze "irobhothi" imiyalo ethile ukuze ashintshe igiya alifunayo.

Abenzi bacabange ngesidingo sokwenza ukuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo ukuze kuncishiswe amajezi lapho kushintshwa amagiya ngumshayeli kwimodi yezandla. Njengoba wazi, wonke umshayeli wemoto unemikhuba yakhe yokushayela, futhi, ngeshwa, akusizi kangako. Njengesibonelo, naka amaphutha ajwayelekile kakhulu enza ukuthi imishini ihluleke. Lolu lwazi uzothola ku isihloko esihlukile.

Umlando wokusungulwa

Ngokokuqala ngqá, uHermann Fittenger wasebenzisa umqondo wokushintsha amagiya ngemodi ezenzakalelayo. Ukudluliselwa konjiniyela waseJalimane kwaklanywa ngo-1902. ekuqaleni yayisetshenziswa emikhunjini.

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, abazalwane baseStatewent (iBoston) bethula inguqulo yesimanje yebhokisi lokukhanda, kepha, empeleni, kwakuyi "othomathikhi" yokuqala. Ukudluliswa kwamaplanethi kufakwe kumodeli yakwaFord T. Umgomo wokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo ukuthi umshayeli, esebenzisa inyathelo elilodwa, akhuphule noma anciphise igiya. Isivinini esibuyela emuva senziwe nge-pedal ehlukile.

Isigaba esilandelayo "sokuvela" kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo siwela maphakathi no-30s. I-GM icwenge indlela esivele ikhona ngokufaka i-hydraulic planetary gear drive. Kwakukhona bamba emotweni semiautomatic.

Ngokufana neGeneral Motors, onjiniyela bakwaChrysler bangeze i-hydraulic clutch ekwakhiweni kokudlulisa. Ngenxa yalo mklamo, ibhokisi seliphumile ukuba nokuhlangana okuqinile kwemiphini yokushayela nokushayela. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukushintshwa kwegiya elibushelelezi. Umshini uphinde wathola ukukhishwa ngokweqile. Leli yi-overdrive ekhethekile (isilinganiso segiya elingaphansi kuka-1), elingena esikhundleni sika-gearbox onamagiya amabili.

Ukuthuthukiswa kokuqala kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kwakuyimodeli evela ku-GM. Lo mshini waqala ukukhiqizwa ngo-1940. Idivayisi yokudlulisela okunjalo iqukethe ukuhlangana koketshezi kuhlangene no-gearbox oyiplanethi wezikhundla ezi-4. Ukushintsha kwenziwa ngokusebenzisa ama-hydraulic.

Idivayisi yokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo

Uma kuqhathaniswa nokusakazwa okwenziwa ngesandla, ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kunedivayisi eyinkimbinkimbi. Nazi izinto eziyinhloko zokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo:

• Isiguquli se-torque siyisitsha esine-transmission fluid (ATF). Inhloso yawo ukudlulisa i-torque kusuka enjini yomlilo yangaphakathi iye kushaft yebhokisi. Amasondo we-turbine, pump ne-reactor afakiwe ngaphakathi komzimba. Futhi, idivaysi yokuguqula i-torque ifaka ama-clutches amabili: ukuvimba ne-freewheel. Owokuqala uqinisekisa ukuthi isiguquli se-torque sikhiyiwe kumodi yokudlulisela edingekayo. Owesibili uvumela isondo ophendulayo ukuba lizungeze kolunye uhlangothi.
• Amaplanethi gear - isethi yamashafts, ama-couplings, amadubhu ahlinzeka ngamagiya aphezulu naphansi. Le nqubo yenziwa ngokushintsha ingcindezi yoketshezi olusebenzayo.
• Iyunithi yokulawula - yayisebenzisa i-hydraulic, kepha namuhla kusetshenziswa inguqulo ye-elekthronikhi. I-ECU iqopha amasiginali avela ezinzwa ezahlukene. Ngokuya ngalokhu, iyunithi yokulawula ithumela amasiginali kumadivayisi lapho ushintsho lwendlela yokusebenza yomshini luxhomeke khona (ama-valve womzimba womuntu, aqondisa ukugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo).
• Izinzwa zikhomba amadivayisi aqopha ukusebenza kwezakhi ezahlukahlukene zokudlulisa futhi athumele amasiginali afanele ku-ECU. Ibhokisi liqukethe izinzwa ezilandelayo: imvamisa yokujikeleza kokufaka nokuphumayo, izinga lokushisa nokucindezela kukawoyela, isikhundla sesibambo (noma iwasha ezimotweni eziningi zesimanje) sikhethi.
• Iphampu kawoyela - idala ingcindezi edingekayo ukushintshanisa ama-vanes okuguqula okuhambisanayo

Zonke izinto zokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo zisesimweni esisodwa.

Isimiso sokusebenza nempilo yesevisi yokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Ngenkathi imoto ihamba, uphiko lokulawula ukudlulisa luhlaziya umthwalo wenjini futhi, kuye ngezinkomba, kuthumela amasiginali kuzinto ezilawula i-torque converter. I-Transmission fluid enengcindezi efanele ihambisa imvuthu egiyeni leplanethi. Lokhu kushintsha isilinganiso segiya. Ijubane lale nqubo lincike nasivinini sezokuthutha uqobo.

Izici eziningana zithinta ukusebenza kweyunithi:

• Izinga lamafutha ebhokisini;
• Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza kahle ekushiseni okuthile (cishe ngama-80^оC), ngakho-ke, ebusika, idinga ukushisa, futhi ehlobo, idinga ukupholisa;
• Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kupholile ngendlela efanayo nenjini - ngosizo lwe-radiator;
• Ukucindezelwa kukawoyela (ngokwesilinganiso, lesi sibalo sisukela ku-2,5 kuye ku-4,5 bar.).

Uma uqapha impilo yohlelo lokupholisa ngesikhathi, kanye nezici ezingenhla, ibhokisi lizohlala kumamayela ayizinkulungwane ezingama-500. Yize konke kuncike ekutheni umshayeli uyinaka kangakanani inqubo yokulondolozwa kokudluliswa.

Isici esibalulekile esithinta insiza yebhokisi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokuqala ezingasetshenziswa.

Izindlela eziyisisekelo zokudlulisela okuzenzakalelayo

Yize umshini ususa amagiya ngemodi ezenzakalelayo noma eyokuzenzakalelayo, umshayeli angakwazi ukusetha imodi ethile edingekayo esimweni esithile. Izindlela eziyinhloko yilezi:

• R - imodi yokupaka. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwaso (isikhundla esihambisanayo sesikhethi sesikhethi), amasondo wedrayivu avinjiwe. Lapho isigwedlo sikule ndawo, udinga ukuqala nokumisa injini. Akunasimo lapho kufanele unike amandla lo msebenzi ngenkathi ushayela;
• R - igiya reverse. Njengasendabeni yemishini, le modi kufanele ivulwe kuphela lapho umshini usumi ngokuphelele;
• N - hlangothi noma ayikho imisebenzi enikwe amandla. Kule modi, amasondo ajikeleza ngokukhululeka, umshini ungasogwini noma kuvulwe imoto. Akunconywa ukusebenzisa le modi ukonga uphethiloli, ngoba injini ivame ukusebenzisa uphethiloli omningi lapho idling kunangesikhathi isivinini sisebenza (ngokwesibonelo, lapho kubhulekelwa injini). Le ndlela itholakala emotweni uma kwenzeka imoto idinga ukudonswa (yize ezinye izimoto zingadonswa);
• D - le modi ivumela imoto ukuthi iye phambili. I-elekthronikhi uqobo ilawula ushintsho lwegiye (phansi / phezulu). Kule modi, i-automation isebenzisa umsebenzi wokubopha injini lapho kukhishwa isivinini se-accelerator. Uma le modi inikwe amandla, ukudlulisa kuzama ukubamba imoto uma yehla (ukusebenza kokubamba kuncike engxenyeni yokuthambekela).

Izindlela zokudlulisela ezizenzakalelayo ezengeziwe

Ngaphezu kwamamodi ayisisekelo, ukuhanjiswa ngakunye okuzenzakalelayo kunemisebenzi eyengeziwe. Inkampani ngayinye yezimoto ihlomisa amamodeli ayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokudlulisa. Nazi ezinye zazo:

• 1 (kwesinye isikhathi L) - ukudluliswa akubandakanyi igiya lesibili, kepha kuvumela injini ukuthi ijikeleze ijubane eliphezulu. Le ndlela isetshenziswa ezingxenyeni zomgwaqo ezinzima kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, emithambekeni emide nakude;
• 2 - imodi efanayo, kuphela kulokhu ibhokisi ngeke liphakame ngaphezu kwegiya lesibili. Ngokuvamile, kulesi sikhundla, imoto ingafinyelela kuma-80 km / h;
• 3 (noma S) - omunye umkhawulo wejubane, kuphela leli giya lesithathu. Abanye abashayeli bayisebenzisela ukudlula noma ukusheshisa kanzima. Ngaphandle kokuhamba ngejubane le-4, imoto ijikeleza ijubane eliphezulu, elinomphumela omuhle ekusheshisweni kwemoto. Imvamisa, kule modi, imoto ingasheshisa iye ku-140 km / h. (into esemqoka ukubuka inaliti ye-tachometer ukuze ingangeni endaweni ebomvu).

Imishini eminingi ifakwe imodi ye-gearshift semi-othomathikhi. Elinye lamagama wokuguqulwa okunjalo yiTiptronic. Isikhethi kuzo zizoba niche ehlukile ohlangothini lwamamodi amakhulu.

Izimpawu u + no - zikuvumela ukuthi ushintshele kumagiya ahambisanayo kumodi "yezandla". Yiqiniso, lena imodi yezandla, ngoba inqubo isalungiswa yi-elekthronikhi ukuze umshayeli angoni ukudluliswa ngezenzo ezingalungile.

Ungagcina isigwedlo esisheshayo sicindezelekile lapho ushintsha amagiya. Le modi eyengeziwe iyatholakala ngokushayela ezigabeni zomgwaqo ezinzima njengeqhwa noma imithambeka emikhulu.

Enye imodi eyengeziwe engaba khona ekudlulisweni okuzenzakalelayo yi- "Winter". Umkhiqizi ngamunye uyiqamba ngendlela yakhe. Isibonelo, isikhethi singase sibe ne-snowflake noma i-W ebhalwe kuso, noma singathi "Snow". Kulokhu, i-automatic ngeke ivumele amasondo okushayela ukuthi ashelele lapho kuqala ukunyakaza noma lapho kushintshwa ijubane.

Kumodi yasebusika, imoto izosuka egiyeni lesibili, ijubane lizoshintsha ngejubane eliphansi lenjini. Abanye abantu basebenzisa le modi lapho beshayela esihlabathini noma odakeni ehlobo. Esikhathini esishisayo emgwaqweni omuhle, akufanele usebenzise lo msebenzi, ngoba ibhokisi lizoshisa ngokushesha ngenxa yokusebenza nomthwalo owandisiwe.

Ngaphezu kwalezi zindlela, ukudluliswa kwezinye izimoto kunemodi yeSport (amagiya asebenza kuma-revs aphakeme) noma iShift Lock (umsebenzi wokushintsha i-lever yokukhetha ungasebenza noma ngabe injini icishiwe).

Uyisebenzisa kanjani i-automatic transmission

Yize ukushintshwa kwamagiya kulokhu kudlulisa kudinga ukubandakanyeka okuncane komshayeli, akunqatshelwe ngokuphelele. Nazi izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokusebenzisa ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kahle.

Imithetho eyisisekelo yokusebenzisa ibhokisi lomshini

Ukuqala kokunyakaza kufanele kwenzeke ngokulandelana okulandelayo:

• Sikhama isinyathelo sokubopha;
• Siqala injini (enjini engafakwanga, isigwedlo asikwazi ukuhanjiswa);
• Cindezela inkinobho yokukhiya ekushintsheni kwemodi (uma ikhona). Imvamisa itholakala ohlangothini noma ngaphezulu kwesibambo;
• Sihambisa isigwedlo sesikhethi siye ku-D (uma udinga ukwenza isipele, bese ukhetha u-R). Ijubane lisebenza ngemuva komzuzwana owodwa kuya kwemibili ngemuva kokusetha imodi edingekayo, futhi imoto izonciphisa ijubane kancane.

Ukuhamba kwemoto kufanele kwenziwe kanjena:

• Vumela ukuhamba kwebhuleki;
• Imoto ngokwayo izoqala ukuhamba (uma ukuqala kwenziwa ekukhuphukeni, kuzodingeka ungeze igesi);
• Imodi yokushayela inqunywa uhlobo lokucindezela i-pedal yegesi: uma icindezelwa ngokucijile, imoto izoba namandla kakhulu, uma icindezelwa kahle, imoto izoshesha ngokushelelayo, futhi amagiya azokhanyisa kancane;
• Uma kuba nesidingo ukusheshisa kakhulu, cindezela iphedali phansi. Umsebenzi wokukhahlela uyasebenza. Kulokhu, ibhokisi lishintshela egiyeni eliphansi bese ijikisa injini kuma-revs aphakeme ukusheshisa imoto. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuhlinzeki njalo ngamandla amakhulu. Kulokhu, kungcono ukubeka i-lever yokukhetha kumodi ye-S noma engu-3, ​​khona-ke ijubane ngeke lishintshele egiyeni lesine, kepha lizoshesha ngelesithathu.

Sima kanjena:

• Sidedela isigwedlo segesi;
• Uma udinga ukuma ngokushesha, cindezela ibhuleki;
• Ukuvimba imoto ingahambi, bamba ibhuleki;
• Uma isitobhi sifushane, i-lever yokukhetha ishiywe kumodi D, futhi uma inde, siyidlulisela kumodi N. Kulokhu, injini ngeke ishise uphethiloli ngeze. Ukuvimbela imoto ukuthi ihambe ngokuthanda kwakho, akufanele ukhiphe ibhuleki noma usebenzise imodi yokupaka.

Ezinye izikhumbuzo maqondana nokusetshenziswa komshini:

• Ama-pedals egesi namabhuleki acushwa kuphela ngonyawo lwesokudla, kanti ngakwesobunxele akenziwanga ukusebenza nhlobo;
• Iphedali yebhuleki kufanele ihlale icindezelwe ngenkathi imiswa, ngaphandle kokwenza i-P mode isebenze;
• Lapho ushayela phansi egqumeni, ungavuli u-N, ngoba ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kusebenzisa ibhuleki yenjini;
• Lapho imodi isishintshiwe kusuka ku-D kuye ku-N noma okuphambene nalokho, inkinobho yokukhiya akufanele icindezelwe, ukuze ungazibandakanyi ngephutha isivinini esibuyela emuva noma sokupaka ngenkathi ushayela.

Ngabe imoto edlulisa ngokuzenzakalela idinga ukubhuleka ngesandla?

Uma ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kunemodi yokupaka, kungani imoto ine-brake yokupaka? Encwadini yemiyalo yabakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi banamuhla ikhombisa ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela eyengeziwe yokunyakaza okungazwakali kwemoto.

Iningi labashayeli bezimoto abalisebenzisi ibhuleki lesandla ngoba indlela yokupaka ihlale iwenza kahle umsebenzi wayo. Futhi ebusika, kwesinye isikhathi ama-pads afriza kuma-disc (ikakhulukazi uma imoto ibisemadakeni izolo).

Nanka amacala lapho udinga ibhuleki lesandla:

• Lapho umi emthambekeni ukuze kulungiswe umshini ngokwengeziwe;
• Iphinde ifike kahle uma ushintsha amasondo;
• Ngaphambi kokuvula imodi ye-P emthambekeni (kulokhu, i-lever izoshintsha ngomzamo omkhulu, okungaholela ekugqokeni kwezingxenyana zokudlulisa ukungqubuzana);
• Uma imoto isemthambekeni nge-P mode naku-handbrake, lapho kuqala ukunyakaza, qala ususe "indawo yokupaka", bese udedela ibhuleki lesandla.

Ubuhle nobubi bokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kunezinzuzo nobubi bobabili. Izinzuzo zifaka izinto ezilandelayo:

• Ukushintshwa kokushintshwa kwegiya ngokushelela, ngaphandle kokudlikiza, okunikeza ukunyakaza okunethezeka;
• Akunasidingo sokushintsha noma ukulungisa i-clutch;
• Kumodi yezandla, kunikezwa amandla okushintsha okuhle, noma ngabe umshayeli enza iphutha, i-automation izosilungisa kancane isimo;
• Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kuyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nesitayela sokushayela somshayeli.

Okubi komshini:

• Ukwakhiwa kweyunithi kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ngenxa yalokho ukulungisa kufanele kwenziwe nguchwepheshe;
• Ngaphezu kwesondlo esibizayo, ukufaka esikhundleni sokudlulisa kuzoba kubiza kakhulu, ngoba kuqukethe inani elikhulu lezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi;
• Kwimodi ezenzakalelayo, ukusebenza kahle komshini kuphansi, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni ngokweqile kukaphethiloli;
• Isisindo sebhokisi ngaphandle kwe-technical fluid ne-torque converter cishe ngama-70 kg, futhi uma ilayishwe ngokugcwele - cishe i-110 kg.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo nokudluliswa okwenziwa ngesandla okungcono?

Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamabhokisi azenzakalelayo, futhi ngayinye yazo inezici zayo. Ngamunye wabo uchazwe ku- isihloko esihlukile.

Yikuphi okungcono: imishini noma i-othomathikhi? Ngamafuphi, kuyindaba yokunambitha. Bonke abashayeli bahlukaniswe ngamakamu amabili: abanye bayazethemba ekusebenzeni kahle kokudluliswa kwamanyuwali, kanti abanye bakudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo.

Ukudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kuqhathaniswa nemishini:

• Okuningi "ukukhukhumeza";
• Inamandla amancane, noma ikumodi yezandla;
• Lapho kusheshiswa, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kukhuphuka kakhulu;
• Ngemodi yokonga ngokwengeziwe, kufanele usheshise ngokushelelayo futhi wehlise;
• Ukuwohloka komshini kuyivelakancane ngokweqile, kepha esimweni sokulungiswa okufanele nangesikhathi esifanele;
• Izindleko zokudluliswa okusha ziphezulu ngokwedlulele, ngakho-ke, ukulungiswa kwaso kufanele kusondele ngokuqapha okukhethekile;
• Akudingi amakhono akhethekile, ikakhulukazi abaqalayo, isibonelo, ukuqala intaba.

Ngenxa yesifiso sokuba nemoto entofontofo, abashayeli abaningi bakhetha ukuthunyelwa okuzenzakalelayo. Kodwa-ke, uma oqalayo efunda kumakhenikhi, ngokushesha uthola amakhono adingekayo. Noma ngubani okwazi ukudluliswa ngesandla uzogibela kalula kunoma yikuphi ukudluliswa, okungenakushiwo ngenye indlela.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yiziphi izici ezifakwe ku-automatic transmission? I-automatic transmission iqukethe: isiguquli se-torque, igiya leplanethi, iyunithi yokulawula, ama-clutch e-friction, i-freewheel clutch, i-valve body, i-band brake, iphampu kawoyela, indlu.

Ngabe isebenza kanjani i-automatic transmission? Lapho injini iqala, iphampu kawoyela iqala ukusebenza (kudala ingcindezi ohlelweni). Uwoyela uphonswa ku-impeller yesiguquli se-torque, esidlulisela i-torque ekudluliseni. Izilinganiso zamagiya zishintshwa ngekhompyutha.

Yiziphi izici zikagesi ozishintshayo? Ngokungafani nomakhenikha, umshini othomathikhi udinga ubuncane bezenzo ezivela kumshayeli (vele uvule imodi oyifunayo bese ucindezela igesi noma ibhuleki). Ezinye izinguquko zinemodi yezandla (isibonelo, i-tiptronic).