Umjaho wezimoto odume kakhulu emhlabeni

Izimoto zokuqala ezisebenzisekayo ezinophethiloli injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yavela ngo-1886. Lokhu kwaba yintuthuko enelungelo lobunikazi likaGottlieb Daimler nomuntu wakubo uKarl Benz.

Ngemuva nje kweminyaka engu-8 kwahlelwa umncintiswano wokuqala wezimoto emhlabeni. Kokubili "amakarishi azenzele wona" kanye nozakwabo bangaphambilini, ababambe iqhaza kulo. Ingqikithi yalo mncintiswano bekuwukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimoto zimboza ngokuzimela ibanga lamakhilomitha ayi-126.

Iqembu elisebenza kakhulu lalithathwa njengomnqobi. Kwakudingeka ahlanganise isivinini, ukuphepha kanye nokuphathwa kalula. Kulowo mjaho oyingqophamlando, owinile kwaba yizimoto zakwaPeugeot nePanard-Levassor, ezazinezinjini zeDaimler ezinamandla amakhulu angu-4 amahhashi.

Ekuqaleni, imincintiswano enjalo ibithathwa njengokuzijabulisa okungajwayelekile, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izimoto zaba namandla amakhulu, nemincintiswano yezimoto yaba yinto ebabazekayo. Abenzi bezimoto babone imicimbi enjalo njengethuba elihle lokukhombisa amandla wentuthuko yabo emhlabeni.

Namuhla, izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemijaho yezemidlalo zidaliwe, abalandeli bazo baba ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zabalandeli emhlabeni jikelele.

Sikulethela umbono wayo wezinhlanga ezidume kakhulu ezenzeka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba.

Grand Prix

Ekuqaleni, abagijimi ababambe iqhaza emijahweni enzima futhi eyingozi phakathi kwamadolobha babencintisana nge- "Grand Prix". Umncintiswano wokuqala walolu hlobo wenziwa ngo-1894 eFrance. Njengoba zaziningi izingozi phakathi kwemijaho enjalo, izisulu zazo okwakungababukeli, izidingo zemijaho zaqiniswa kancane kancane.

Umjaho wokuqala wezimoto zeFormula 1 ngendlela abalandeli be-motorsport yesimanje abajwayele ukuzibona ngayo kwenzeka ngo-1950. Izimoto zomjaho ezibushelelezi, ezivulekile, nezakhiwe ngemicron-tuned ziyathandwa kulabo abakwazisa ukuphatha kahle, ngejubane. Futhi emijahweni esezingeni eliphakeme, izimoto ziyashesha ziye ku-300 km / h. futhi ngokushesha (irekhodi elikaValtteri Botas, okwathi ngo-2016 washesha waya ku-372,54 km / h emotweni kaWilliams enenjini yeMercedes.)

Igama lomjikelezo ngamunye wobuqhawe lifaka izwe kulokho okwenzeka kulo mjaho. Amaphuzu womjaho ngamunye afingqiwe, futhi onqobayo akuyena ohlale eza kuqala entanjeni, kodwa nguyena othola amaphuzu amaningi. Nayi imiqhudelwano emibili yobungcweti ethandwayo.

IMonaco Grand Prix

Idlula kuthrekhi ekhethekile eMonte Carlo. Phakathi kwabahlanganyeli emqhudelwaneni, okuhlonishwa kakhulu ukunqoba eMonaco. Isici salolu hlobo lomjaho wumkhondo, izingxenye zawo ezidlula emigwaqweni yedolobha. Ngenxa yalokhu, umbukeli angaba seduze kakhulu kwethrekhi.

Lesi sigaba sinzima kakhulu, njengoba kubo bonke abagibeli bamakhilomitha angama-260 (78 laps) kufanele banqobe ukujika okunzima okuningi. Enye yazo i-Grand Hotel hairpin. Imoto idlula kulesi sigaba ngejubane elingakholeki kuleli banga lezimoto - 45 km / h. Ngenxa yalezi zingxenye, ithrekhi ayivumeli ukusheshisa imoto ngejubane elikhulu.

UStirling Moss wake wathi kumgibeli, imigqa eqondile izigaba eziyisidina phakathi kokujika. Isifunda seMonte Carlo yisivivinyo samakhono okuphatha imoto. Kusezinsikeni lapho okwenzeka okuningi okuhle kwenzeka khona, lapho imincintiswano enjalo ibizwa nangokuthi "yiRoyal". Ukudlula kahle izimbangi zakho, udinga ukuba yinkosi yangempela yemotorsport.

IMacau Grand Prix

Isiteji senzeka eChina. Isici esikhethekile salo mcimbi ukugxila kwemincintiswano ebibanjwe ngempelasonto eyodwa. Abahlanganyeli beFormula 3, FIA WTCC (ubuqhawe bamazwe omhlaba lapho izimoto zeSuper 2000 nezeDiesel 2000 zibamba iqhaza) nemincintiswano yezithuthuthu ihlola amakhono abo okushayela kulo mzila.

Ithrekhi yomjaho ibuye idlule esifundeni sedolobha, esinesigaba eside, esiqondile lapho ungathatha khona isivinini esikhulu ukuthuthukisa izikhathi zethanga. Ubude beringi bungu-6,2 km.

Ngokungafani nomkhondo eMonte Carlo, lo mzila uvivinya ikhono labashayeli hhayi ngokujika okuningana, kepha ngobubanzi obuncane bomgwaqo. Kwezinye izigaba, kungamamitha ayi-7 kuphela. Ukweqa ukugoba okunjalo kuba cishe kungenangqondo.

Abakhiqizi abaningi bezimoto basebenzisa imijaho yeGrand Prix ukuhlola ukuthembeka kwezinjini zesizukulwane esisha kanye nokuhlola intuthuko entsha chassis... Njengoba lo mncintiswano uhanjelwa yisibalo esikhulu sababukeli, leli yithuba elihle lokukhangisa ngomkhiqizo wakho, osetshenziswa izinkampani ezinjengoFerrari, BMW, Mercedes, McLaren nezinye.

Ukukhuthazela ukugijima

Ngenkathi uchungechunge lweGrand Prix lukhombisa ngamakhono abashayeli bezindiza, umncintiswano wamahora angama-24 wenzelwe futhi ukukhombisa ukukhuthazela, umnotho nokusheshisa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezimoto - uhlobo lokwenyusa. Ngokubheka le parameter, kufanele kubhekwe lezo zimoto ezichitha isikhathi esincane emabhokisini.

Intuthuko eminingi entsha ekhonjiswa abenzi bezimoto phakathi nemijaho kamuva isetshenziswa ezimotweni zezemidlalo ezi-serial. Izigaba ezilandelayo zezimoto zibamba iqhaza emijahweni:

• I-LMP1;
• I-LMP2;
• I-GT Endurance Pro;
• Ukukhuthazela kwe-GT AM.

Esikhathini esiningi, imincintiswano enjalo yemoto izigaba ezihlukile zemidlalo yomhlaba. Nazi izibonelo zezinhlanga ezinjalo.

Amahora angama-24 Le Mans

Umjaho wezimoto odume kakhulu, owahlelwa okokuqala ngo-1923. Bude buduze nedolobha laseFrance iLe Mans kusekethe yaseSarta, kwahlolwa izimoto zezemidlalo ezipholile ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukahlukene. Kuyo yonke imijaho ethandwayo, iPorsche ithathe indawo yokuqala ukwedlula zonke - amahlandla ayi-19.

I-Audi ingeyesibili ngokwesibalo sokunqoba - izimoto zalo mkhiqizo zinezindawo zokuqala eziyi-13.

Umkhiqizi odumile wase-Italy uFerrari usendaweni yesithathu kulolu hlu (ukuwina okungu-9).

Izimoto ezinganekwane ezibambe iqhaza emijahweni yezimoto ebanda kunazo zonke emhlabeni:

• IJaguar D-Type (3 iwina ngokulandelana kusuka ngo-1955 kuya ku-1957). Isici esikhethekile semoto kwakuyinjini engu-3,5 litre ekhulisa amandla ka-265 amahhashi. Yayinama-carburetors amathathu, umzimba waqale wenziwa ngesimo se-monocoque, futhi isimo se-cockpit sabolekiswa ku-fighter single-seat. Imoto yezemidlalo yakwazi ukuthatha ikhulu ngemizuzwana engu-4,7 - okumangazayo ngezimoto zaleso sikhathi. Ijubane elikhulu lifike ku-240 km / h.

• IFerrari 250 TR iyimpendulo yenselelo yeJaguar. ITesta Rossa enhle ibifakwe u-12-litre 3,0-cylinder. I-V-injini ene-6 carburetors. Isivinini esiphezulu semoto yezemidlalo sasingu-270 km / h.

• URondo M379. Imoto eyingqayizivele ngempela eyaqala ukubonakala emjahweni wango-1980. Imoto yezemidlalo yomqondo yayixhaswe yinjini yeFord Cosworth, eyenzelwe ukubamba iqhaza emijahweni yeFormula 1. Ngokuphikisana nokubikezela kokungabaza, imoto yomshayeli nomqambi waseFrance yafika entanjeni kuqala futhi ayizange ilimale.

• IPeugeot 905 iqale ukubonakala ngo-1991 futhi yafakwa injini yamahhashi engu-650 ekwaziyo ukusheshisa imoto yezemidlalo iye ku-351 km / h. Kodwa-ke, izisebenzi zanqoba ngo-1992 (indawo yokuqala neyesithathu) nango-1 (yonke le podium).

• IMazda 787B ifihle amahhashi angama-900 ngaphansi kwesigqoko, kepha ukunciphisa ubungozi bokuhluleka kwenjini, amandla ayo ancishiswa aba ngu-700 hp. Ngesikhathi somjaho ngo-1991, amaMazda amathathu afika entanjeni phakathi kwezimoto eziyisishiyagalolunye kwezingu-38. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizi uthe imoto ithembeke kakhulu ukuthi ingamelana nomunye umjaho onjalo.

• IFord GT-40 iyimoto edume ngempela ekhonjiswe umzukulu womsunguli wenkampani yaseMelika ukuqeda ukubusa kwembangi yase-Italy uFerrari (1960-1965). Imoto yezemidlalo eyisakhiwo sodumo yavele yaba yinhle kakhulu (ngemuva kokuqeda ukushiyeka okukhonjwe ngenxa yezinhlanga ezimbili) abashayeli bale moto bema emsamo kusukela ngo-1966 kuya ku-1969. Kuze kube manje, amakhophi ahlukahlukene wesimanje ale nganekwane ahlala ephumelela kakhulu emijahweni enjalo.

Amahora angu-24 eDaytona

Omunye umjaho wokukhuthazela, inhloso yawo ukucacisa ukuthi yiliphi iqembu elikwazi ukushayela ibanga elide ngosuku. Ithrekhi yomjaho ihlanganiswe neNascar Oval kanye nomgwaqo oseduzane. Ubude bombuthano ngamamitha angu-5728.

Le nguqulo yaseMelika yomjaho wezimoto owedlule. Umncintiswano waqala ngo-1962. Zibanjelwa esikhathini sokuphuma semidlalo yezimoto, okusho ukuthi umcimbi unababukeli abaningi. Umxhasi unikeza owinile walo mjaho iwashi lesitayela iRolex.

Isici somjaho ofanelekayo siyimfuneko eyodwa kuphela - imoto kufanele yeqe umugqa wokuqeda ngemuva kwamahora angama-XNUMX. Umthetho olula onjalo uvumela ngisho lezo zimoto ezingathembeki kakhulu ukuthi zibambe iqhaza.

Amahora angama-24 eNurburgring

Enye i-analogue yemijaho yeLe Mans ibibanjwe kusukela ngo-1970 eJalimane. Abahleli bemincintiswano yezimoto banqume ukungazenzi izidingo eziqinile zabahlanganyeli, ezivumela abayizimfundamakhwela ukuthi bazame isandla sabo. Kwesinye isikhathi imodeli yezimoto zemidlalo yavela enkundleni yomjaho ukuze kubonakale ukushiyeka, ukuqedwa kwayo kuzovumela amamodeli ukuthi abonise emincintiswaneni emikhulu.

Lo mjaho wamahora angama-XNUMX ucishe ufane nomkhosi kunomcimbi wezemidlalo. Isibalo esikhulu sabalandeli nabathandi bezinto ezahlukahlukene ezengeziwe bahlangana emcimbini. Kwesinye isikhathi ababambiqhaza kuphela abanaka imincintiswano ngokwabo, kuyilapho abanye bematasa begubha.

24 amahora Spa

Lo mcimbi wezemidlalo ungowesibili ukwedlula bonke ngemuva kukaLe Mans. Ibibanjwe kusukela ngo-1924. Ekuqaleni, umjaho wezimoto waseBelgium wawubanjelwe kujantshi oyindilinga, ubude bawo obungamakhilomitha ayi-14. Ngo-1979 yakhiwa kabusha futhi yehliselwa kumakhilomitha ayi-7.

Lo mzila ngezikhathi ezithile ungena ezigabeni zemidlalo ehlukahlukene yomhlaba, kufaka phakathi imijaho yeFomula 1. Abakhiqizi abaziwayo emhlabeni babambe iqhaza kulo mjaho wamahora angama-24, iBMW iyona enqobe kakhulu.

I-Rally

Uhlobo olulandelayo lwemijaho ebanda kunazo zonke emhlabeni yi-rally. Bathole ukuthandwa ngenxa yokuzijabulisa kwabo. Imincintiswano eminingi ibanjelwa emigwaqeni yomphakathi, ingaphezulu layo elingashintsha kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka etiyela kuya kugwadule noma esihlabathini.

Ezigabeni eziphakathi kwezigaba ezikhethekile, abashayeli kufanele bashayele ngokuhambisana nayo yonke imithetho yomgwaqo, kepha bebheka isikhathi esinqunyelwe isigaba ngasinye somzila. Izigaba zivinjelwe izingxenye zomgwaqo lapho umshayeli angathola khona okuningi emotweni.

Ingqikithi yomncintiswano ukuthola ukusuka ephuzwini "A" ukukhomba ku- "B" ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukudlula kwesigaba ngasinye kunesikhathi esifanele. Ukubamba iqhaza kulo mjaho, umshayeli kufanele abe yi-ace yangempela, ngoba kufanele anqobe izindawo ezinendawo ehlukene nangezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka.

Nayi eminye imijaho ebanda kunazo yamarally.

I-Dakar

Lapho umthandi we-motorsport ezwa igama i-rally, ubuchopho bakhe buqhubeka buvele buqhubeke: "Paris-Dakar". Le yi-transcontinental auto marathon edume kakhulu, ingxenye enkulu yayo edabula izindawo ezingenabantu, ezingenampilo.

Lo mjaho wezimoto uthathwa njengomunye wemincintiswano eyingozi kakhulu. Kunezizathu eziningi zalokhu:

• umshayeli angalahleka ogwadule;
• ukuzulazula ngesathelayithi kungasetshenziswa kuphela esimweni esiphuthumayo;
• imoto ingonakala kabi, futhi ngenkathi balinde usizo, abasebenzi bangase bahlushwe yilanga elishisayo;
• ngenkathi abanye ababambiqhaza bomjaho bezama ukumba imoto ebhajwe, kunamathuba amaningi okuthi omunye umshayeli angahle angaboni abantu (ngokwesibonelo, ngokusheshisa phambi kwegquma okwenziwa kulo umsebenzi wokuphuma) bese ubalimaza;
• kunezigameko ezejwayelekile zokuhlaselwa kwabahlali bendawo.

Zonke izinhlobo zezimoto zibamba iqhaza kwi-marathon: ukusuka esithuthuthu kuya elolini.

Monte Carlo

Esinye sezigaba zerali senzeka endaweni enhle eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance, kanye nasogwini lwe-azure iMonaco. Umncintiswano uqale ngo-1911. Zidalelwe ukugcina ingqalasizinda yezokuvakasha.

Esikhathini esiphakathi kwemijaho yeFormula 1, idolobha lezokungcebeleka alinalutho, lapho ibhizinisi lehhotela nezinye izindawo zithinteka kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi isikhungo sezivakashi samazwe omhlaba siyachuma.

Umzila wesiteji uqukethe ama-ascents angenakubalwa nokwehla, ukujika okude nokubukhali. Ngenxa yalezi zici kulesi sigaba somqhudelwano we-rally, izimoto ezinkulu nezinamandla zemidlalo zimane nje zingenakuzisiza phambi kwezimoto ezincanyana ezifana neMini Coopers.

Amachibi ayi-1000

Lesi sigaba somjaho sesibizwa nge- "Rally Finland". Ubhekwa njengomunye wabathandwa kakhulu phakathi kwalabo balolu hlobo lwe-motorsport. Umzila udlula endaweni enhle enamachibi amaningi.

I-Ouninpohja yingxenye eyinselele kakhulu yomgwaqo. Kule ndawo elula, izimoto zerally zifinyelela ngesivinini esikhulu futhi indawo enamagquma ivumela ukweqa okungakholeki.

Ukuzithokozisa okwengeziwe, abahleli benza amamaki eceleni ukuze izethameli zirekhode ubude beziqa. Leli sayithi lisuswe kulolu hambo ngonyaka we-2009 ngenxa yezingozi ezihlala zenzeka njalo.

Irekhodi lokugxuma ngeleMarco Martin (ubude begxuma amamitha angama-57 ngejubane le-171 km / h) noGigi Galli (ubude bama-58 m).

Nascar

Umcimbi wezemidlalo odume kakhulu eMelika yiSuper Bowl (ibhola laseMelika). Endaweni yesibili kwezokungcebeleka imijaho yaseNascar. Lolu hlobo lomjaho wezimoto lwavela ngo-1948. Umncintiswano uhlukaniswe ngezigaba eziningana, lapho umhlanganyeli ngamunye ethola inani elifanayo lamaphuzu. Ophumelele nguyena oqoqa amaphuzu amaningi.

Eqinisweni, i-NASCAR yinhlangano yaseMelika ehlela umjaho wezimoto zezitoko. Kuze kube manje, izimoto zinokufana kwangaphandle kuphela kozakwabo be-serial. Ngokuqondene "nokugcwaliswa", le yimishini ehluke ngokuphelele.

Ngokunikwa ukuthi uhlobo lomjaho lungumjikelezo ku-oval track, izimoto zathola imithwalo ebucayi evamise ukwenzeka lapho ishayela emigwaqeni yomphakathi, ngakho-ke kwakudingeka ukuthi ithuthukiswe.

Ochungechungeni lwemijaho, edume kakhulu yi-Daytona 500 (ebanjelwe kwisekethe eDaytona) kanye ne-Indy 500 (ebanjelwe enkundleni yezemidlalo i-Indianapolis). Ababambiqhaza kumele bahambe amakhilomitha angama-500 noma amakhilomitha angama-804 ngokushesha okukhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho ayivimbeli abashayeli ukuba "balungise izinto" ngqo emzileni ngokuxosha, okuvame ukuba khona kuzo izingozi phakathi kwezinhlanga, ngenxa yalokhu kuncintisana kwezimoto kudume kakhulu.

Ifomula E

Lolu hlobo lomjaho wezimoto ezingajwayelekile lufana nomncintiswano weFomula 1, kuphela izimoto ezihlala esihlalweni esisodwa ezinamasondo avulekile abamba iqhaza emijahweni. Lesi sigaba sakhiwa ngo-2012. Inhloso enkulu yanoma yikuphi ukuncintisana kwezimoto ukuhlola izimoto ngaphansi kwemithwalo ephezulu. Kumamodeli anama-motors kagesi, yayingekho "i-laboratory" enjalo phambilini.

Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili kusungulwe isigaba se-ABB FIA Formula E Championchip, ubuqhawe bokuqala buqale. Ngesizini yokuqala, bekuhlelwe ukusebenzisa izimoto zomkhiqizo ofanayo. Isibonelo sakhiwa nguDallara, Renault, McLaren noWilliams. Umphumela waba yimoto yamahhashi iSpark-Renault SRT1 (ijubane elikhulu elingu-225 km / h, ukusheshisa kwaba ngamakhulu - imizuzwana emi-3). Uhambise amathrekhi kumasizini amane okuqala. Ngo-2018, iSpark SRT05e (335 hp) yavela ngejubane eliphezulu elingu-280 km / h.

Uma kuqhathaniswa "nomfowethu osekhulile", lolu hlobo lomjaho kuvele ukuthi belinejubane elingaphansi - izimoto azikwazi ukusheshisa zehlise ijubane elingaphansi kuka-300 km / h. Kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa, imincintiswano enjalo iphume ishibhile kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, iqembu le-F-1 libiza cishe u- £ 115 million ukuligcina, kuyilapho iqembu le-analogue kagesi libiza umxhasi izigidi ezintathu kuphela.Futhi lokhu kucabangela iqiniso lokuthi kuze kube unyaka ka-3 kwakukhona izimoto ezimbili egalaji leqembu ngalinye (kwakukhona kuphela imali eyanele yebhethri uhhafu womjaho, ngakho esigabeni esithile umshayeli umane washintshela emotweni yesibili).

Hudula-umjaho

Ukubuyekezwa kuphela ngolunye uhlobo lwemijaho ebanda kunazo zonke emhlabeni - imincintiswano yokusheshisa. Umsebenzi womshayeli ukudlulisa isigaba ku- ¹/₄ amamayela (402 m), ¹/₂ amamayela (804 m), ¹/₈ amamayela (amamitha ayi-201) noma imayela eligcwele (amamitha ayi-1609) ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu.

Imincintiswano ibanjelwa endaweni eqondile nenefulethi ngokuphelele. Ukusheshisa kubalulekile kulo mncintiswano wezimoto. Imvamisa emicimbini enjalo ungabona abampontshi abamele izimoto zemisipha.

Abanikazi banoma iluphi uhlobo lwezokuthutha bangabamba iqhaza emjahweni wokuhudula (kwesinye isikhathi imincintiswano ibanjwa phakathi kogandaganda). Ochwepheshe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, babamba iqhaza ezimotweni zomjaho ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngama-dragsters.

Ezimotweni ezinjalo, into ebaluleke kakhulu amandla nokusheshisa okuphezulu esigabeni esiqondile, ngakho-ke iningi lezinhlelo ezikulo lingelokuqala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinjini zikhethekile. Ezinye zazo zinamandla we-12 amahhashi. Ngamandla anjalo, imoto "indiza" ikota yemayela ngemizuzwana engu-000 nje ngejubane cishe lika-4 km / h.

Ngokuthuthuka kwezemidlalo yezimoto, izinhlobonhlobo zemijaho yezimoto zivele, ezithakazelisa ngendlela yazo. Ezinye zithathwa njengeziyingozi kakhulu, ezinye zingajwayelekile, futhi kukhona ezinolaka, isibonelo, isigaba seDerby.

Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ngayinye yazo, kepha kungaphawulwa ukuthi zonke zigcizelela ubungqayizivele bemoto, obuvele kusuka "kubasebenzi abaziqhubayo" baba yi-hypercar, begijima ngejubane elingaphansi kuka-500 km / h.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini imijaho yezimoto? Ukukhala, ukubekezela, irali, indebe, isiphambano, i-slalom, ukuzama, ukudonsa, i-derby, i-drift. Wonke umdlalo unemithetho yawo nokuziphatha kwawo.

Кlithini igama lomjaho wesekethe? Umjaho wesekethe usho izinhlobo ezahlukene zemijaho. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi: Nascar, Formula 1-3, GP, GT. Zonke zigcinwe kumathrekhi aqinile.

Ubani igama lomshayeli wesibili emotweni yomjaho? Umsizi womshayeli ubizwa ngokuthi itilosi (elihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi lisuselwa olimini lwesiDashi, iphini lomuntu). Itilosi angase abe nemephu, incwadi yomgwaqo noma umbhalo obhaliwe onawo.