I-Urea ezinjini zikadizili: kungani, ukwakheka, ukusetshenziswa, intengo, ukuvala shaqa

Abashayeli abaningi banamuhla, bechaza imoto ephathekayo, banake hhayi kuphela amandla weyunithi yamandla nenduduzo enikezwa ngaphakathi. Kwabaningi, umnotho wezokuthutha ubaluleke kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ukudala izimoto ezinokusetshenziswa okuncishisiwe kukaphethiloli, abakhiqizi baqondiswa kakhulu ngamazinga ezemvelo (i-ICE encane ikhipha izinto ezingeyona ingozi kangako).

Ukuqiniswa kwamazinga we-eco kuphoqe onjiniyela ukuthi bathuthukise izinhlelo ezintsha zikaphethiloli, bashintshe ama-powertrains akhona futhi babahlomise ngemishini eyengeziwe. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uma unciphisa ubukhulu benjini, izophela amandla. Ngalesi sizathu, ezinjinini zomlilo zangaphakathi ezincane ezinokufuduka okuncane, ama-turbocharger, ama-compressors, zonke izinhlobo zezinhlelo zokujova, njll. Ngenxa yalokhu, ngisho neyunithi engu-1.0 litre inamandla okuncintisana nenjini engu-3.0 litre yemoto yezemidlalo engajwayelekile.

Uma siqhathanisa izinjini zikaphethiloli nedizili (kuchazwa umehluko ezinjinini ezinjalo kokunye ukubuyekeza), bese ukulungiswa okunomthamo ofanayo osebenza kuphethiloli osindayo nakanjani kuzodla uphethiloli omncane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi noma iyiphi injini kadizili ifakwe uhlelo lokujola oluqondile ngokuzenzakalela. Imininingwane ethe xaxa mayelana nedivayisi yalolu hlobo lwama-motors ichaziwe lapha.

Kodwa-ke, izinjini zikadizili azilula kangako. Lapho kusha uphethiloli, kukhishwa izinto ezinobungozi, yingakho izimoto ezifakwe injini efanayo zingcolisa imvelo ngaphezu kwe-analogue kaphethiloli. Ukwenza imoto iphephe kulokhu, uhlelo lokukhipha lubandakanya isihlungi se-particulate и okudala... Lezi zinto zisusa futhi zinciphise ama-hydrocarbon, ama-carbon oxides, umusi, isulfure dioxide nezinye izinto eziyingozi.

Eminyakeni edlule, kuye kwaqina amazinga ezemvelo, ikakhulukazi ezinjini zikadizili. Okwamanje, emazweni amaningi kukhona ukuvinjelwa kokusebenza kwezimoto ezingahlangabezani nemingcele ye-Euro-4, futhi kwesinye isikhathi nangaphezulu. Ukuze injini kadizili ingalahlekelwa ukusebenza kwayo, onjiniyela bahlomise amayunithi (ngokuqala ngokuguqulwa kwe-Euro4 standard) ngohlelo olwengeziwe lokuhlanza igesi. Ibizwa nge-SCR.

Kanye nayo, i-urea isetshenziselwa uphethiloli kadizili. Cabanga ukuthi kungani lesi sixazululo sidingeka emotweni, siyini isimiso sokusebenza kohlelo lokuhlanza olunjalo, nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zalo.

Yini i-urea yenjini kadizili

Igama urea uqobo lisho into equkethe usawoti we-uric acid - umkhiqizo wokugcina wemetabolism yemammalia. Isetshenziswa ngenkuthalo kwezolimo, kepha ayisetshenziswa ngendlela yayo emsulwa embonini yezimoto.

Ezinjini zikadizili, kusetshenziswa isixazululo esikhethekile, amaphesenti angama-40 aqukethe isixazululo samanzi se-urea namaphesenti angama-60 wamanzi acwecwe. Le nto iyi-neutralizer yamakhemikhali ephendula ngegesi yokukhipha futhi eguqula ama-carbon oxides ayingozi, ama-hydrocarbon nama-nitrogen oxides abe igesi engena (engenangozi). Ukuphendula kuguqula ukukhipha okuyingozi kube yi-carbon dioxide, i-nitrogen namanzi. Lolu ketshezi lubizwa nangokuthi i-AdBlue ukuze isetshenziswe ohlelweni lokwelashwa kwegesi.

Ngokuvamile, uhlelo olunjalo lusetshenziswa ezimotweni zentengiso. Iloli lizoba nethangi elengeziwe, intamo yokugcwalisa etholakala eduze komgodi wokugcwalisa uphethiloli. Iloli alifuthwa ngophethiloli kadizili kuphela, kodwa nesixazululo se-urea kufanele futhi sithelwe ethangini elihlukile (uketshezi olwenziwe ngomumo oluthengiswa kuma-canisters). Ukusetshenziswa kwento kuxhomeke ohlotsheni lwe-fuel system nokuthi injini isebenza kahle kangakanani.

Imvamisa imoto yesimanjemanje (ngasendleleni, inani elikhulu lamamodeli abagibeli abasebenzisa uphethiloli osindayo nawo athola uhlelo olunjalo lwe-neutralization) uyakwazi ukusebenza kusuka kumaphesenti amabili kuya kwayisithupha e-urea kusuka enanini likaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi umjovo ulawulwa nge-elekthronikhi ephezulu kakhulu, futhi ukusebenza kohlelo uqobo kukhuliswa NGENZO izinzwa, udinga ukwengeza i-reagent ethangini kaningi kunokufaka uphethiloli emotweni uqobo. Imvamisa, ukufaka uphethiloli kuyadingeka ngemuva kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili (kuya ngevolumu yethangi).

Uketshezi lokusebenza kohlelo lokukhipha akumele luxutshwe nophethiloli kadizili, ngoba awunakushiswa wodwa. Futhi, inani elikhulu lamanzi namakhemikhali azokhubaza ngokushesha iphampu kaphethiloli onamandla (ukusebenza kwayo kuchaziwe lapha) nezinye izinto ezibalulekile zohlelo lwamafutha.

Yini eyenzelwe injini kadizili

Ezimotweni zesimanje, ama-catalysts asetshenziselwa ukunciphisa imikhiqizo yomlilo. Uju lwabo lwenziwe ngensimbi noma ngezinto zobumba. Ukuguqulwa okuvame kakhulu ngaphakathi kufakwe izinhlobo ezintathu zensimbi: i-rhodium, i-palladium ne-platinum. Ngayinye yalezi zinsimbi iphendula ngamagesi e-exhaust futhi inciphisa ama-hydrocarbon ne-carbon monoxide ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa okuphezulu.

Okukhiphayo kuyingxube yesikhutha, i-nitrogen namanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukukhipha udizili kuqukethe namazinga aphezulu wentsizi ne-nitrogen oxide. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma uhlelo lokukhipha luthuthukisiwe ukususa into eyodwa eyingozi, lokhu kunomphumela ohlangothini - okuqukethwe kwesinye isakhi kukhula ngokulingana. Le nqubo ibonwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza kwunithi yamandla.

Ukususa umusi ekuqothulweni, isicupho noma isihlungi se-particulate sisetshenziswa. Ukugeleza kudlula kumaseli amancane engxenye futhi umule uhlala emaphethelweni awo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sikrini siyaminyana futhi injini yenza kusebenze ukushiswa kwamacwecwe, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise impilo yesevisi yesihlungi.

Yize kukhona izinto ezengeziwe ohlelweni lokukhipha imoto, zonke izinto eziyingozi aziphelanga ngokuphelele. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubungozi benjini yemoto abuncishisiwe. Ukwenza ngcono ubungani bezokuthutha kwezemvelo, sekusungulwe olunye uhlelo lokuhlanza noma lokuqeda amandla amagesi akhipha udizili.

I-SCR neutralization yakhelwe ukulwa ne-nitric oxide. Ifakwa ngokuzenzakalela kuzo zonke izimoto zikadizili ezihambisana ne-Euro 4 nangaphezulu. Ngaphezu kokukhipha okuhlanzekile, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwe-urea, uhlelo lokukhipha luhlupheka kancane ekudonsweni kwekhabhoni.

Indlela uhlelo lokusebenza olusebenza ngayo

Ukuba khona kohlelo lwe-neutralization kuvumela injini yakudala yomlilo yangaphakathi ukuthi ivumelane nezindinganiso zesimanje ze-eco. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-SCR kungenzeka kwezinye izimoto njengemishini eyengeziwe, kepha kulokhu uhlelo lwe-auto qeda ludinga ukwenziwa olwesimanje. Uhlelo ngokwalo lusebenza ngezigaba ezintathu.

Izigaba zokuhlanza igesi

Lapho uphethiloli usha emgodini, lapho kuqhuma khona ugesi indlela yokusabalalisa igesi kuvula ama-valve wokukhipha. I-piston iphusha imikhiqizo yomlilo ungene okuphindwe kaningi... Ngemuva kwalokho ukugeleza kwegesi kungena kusihlungi se-particulate, lapho kugcinwa khona umule. Lesi yisinyathelo sokuqala ekuhlanzeni ugesi.

Umfudlana, osuvele uhlanzwe ngomlotha, uphuma kusihlungi bese uqondiswa ku-catalyst (amanye amamodeli womsizi ahambisana ne-catalyst endlini efanayo), lapho igesi yokukhipha izoncishwa khona. Kulesi sigaba, kuze kufike igesi elishisayo kwi-neutralizer, kufafazwa isixazululo se-urea kupayipi.

1. ICE; 2. Iyunithi yokulawula; 3. ithangi Reagent; Isihlungi se-4.DPF; 5. Ukukhipha okugeziwe kancane; 6.Umjovo we-urea; 7. Isikhuthazi se-SCR.

Njengoba ukusakaza kusashisa kakhulu, uketshezi luhwamuka ngokushesha, futhi i-ammonia ikhishwa kulokho. Isenzo sokushisa okuphezulu sakha ne-isocyanic acid. Kuleli qophelo, i-ammonia iphendula nge-nitric oxide. Le nqubo idambisa le gesi eyingozi futhi yenze i-nitrogen namanzi.

Isigaba sesithathu senzeka ku-catalyst uqobo. It neutralizes nezinye izinto ezinobuthi. Ngemuva kwalokho ukugeleza kuya kokungasebenzi futhi kukhishelwe emvelweni.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwenjini noluhlelo lokukhipha, ukungathathi hlangothi kuzolandela inqubo efanayo, kepha ukufakwa uqobo kungabonakala kuhlukile.

Ukwakheka okuhle

Abanye abashayeli banombuzo: uma i-urea ingumkhiqizo womsebenzi obalulekile emhlabeni wezilwane, kungenzeka yini ukwenza uketshezi olunjalo wedwa? Ngokwethiyori, kungenzeka, kepha abenzi abancomi ukwenza lokhu. Isixazululo se-urea esenziwe ekhaya ngeke sihlangabezane nezidingo zekhwalithi zokusetshenziswa emishinini.

Futhi kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu:

1. I-Urea, evame ukufakwa kumanyolo omningi wamaminerali, ingathathwa njengenye indlela yokwakha isixazululo. Kepha awukwazi ukuya esitolo esiseduzane sezolimo ukuyothenga. Isizathu ukuthi ama-granules womanyolo aphathwa ngento ekhethekile evimbela ukuthi impahla eningi ingangeni. Le reagent yamakhemikhali iyingozi kuzinto zohlelo lokuhlanza imikhiqizo yomlilo. Uma ulungisa isisombululo ngokususelwa kulo manyolo wezimbiwa, ukufakwa kuzohluleka ngokushesha okukhulu. Alukho uhlelo lokuhlunga olukwazi ukuhlunga le nto enobungozi.
2. Ukukhiqizwa komanyolo wezimbiwa kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-biuret (isisindo sokugcina salesi reagent singaqukatha cishe amaphesenti ayi-1.6). Ukuba khona kwale nto kuzonciphisa kakhulu impilo yesiguquli se-catalytic. Ngalesi sizathu, ekwakhiweni kwe-AdBlue, ekugcineni kuphela ingxenyana encane ye-biuret (engekho ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-0.3 wevolumu isiyonke) engafakwa ekwakhiweni kwayo.
3. Isixazululo uqobo senziwa ngesisekelo samanzi adonswa ngamaminerali (usawoti wamaminerali uvala ikhekhe lezinyosi le-catalyst, elibeka ngokushesha ukusebenza). Yize intengo yalolu ketshezi iphansi, uma ungeza inani likamanyolo wezimbiwa nesikhathi osichitha ekwenzeni isixazululo ezindlekweni zaso, izindleko zomkhiqizo ophelile ngeke zehluke kakhulu kwi-analogue yezimboni. Futhi i-reagent elungiselelwe ekhaya iyingozi emotweni.

Omunye umbuzo ojwayelekile maqondana nokusetshenziswa kwe-urea ngezinjini zikadizili - kungabe kuhlanjululwa ngamanzi ngenxa yezomnotho? Akekho noyedwa ozokwenqabela ukwenza lokhu, kepha ukonga akukwazi ukufinyelelwa ngale ndlela. Isizathu ukuthi uhlelo lokuqeda ukwelashwa ngemuva kokufakwa lunezinzwa ezimbili ezilungiselelwe ukunquma ukugxila kwe-NO kumikhiqizo yomlilo.

Inzwa eyodwa ibekwe ngaphambi kwe-catalyst, kanti enye endaweni yayo. Owokuqala unquma inani le-nitrogen dioxide emagesi aqeda amandla futhi kusebenze uhlelo lwe-neutralization. Inzwa yesibili inquma ukuthi inqubo ihamba kahle kangakanani. Uma ukugxila kwezinto eziyingozi ku-exhaust kudlula izinga elivunyelwe (amaphesenti angama-32.5), khona-ke kunikeza isignali yokuthi inani le-urea alanele, futhi uhlelo lukhulisa ivolumu yoketshezi. Njengomphumela wesisombululo esihlanjululwe, amanzi amaningi azophela, futhi amanzi amaningi azonqwabelana ohlelweni lokukhipha (ukuthi ungabhekana kanjani nakho, kuchazwa ngokwehlukana).

Ngokwako, i-urea ibukeka njengamakristalu kasawoti angenaphunga. Zingancibilika ku-solvent solvent efana ne-ammonia, methanol, chloroform, njll. Indlela ephephe kunazo zonke yezempilo yomuntu ukuncibilika emanzini acolisisiwe (amaminerali ayingxenye yamanzi ajwayelekile azokwakha idiphozi kukhekhele lezinyosi).

Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali ekulungisweni kwesixazululo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-urea kwenziwa ngaphansi kweso noma ngokuvunyelwa yiNhlangano Yezimboni Zezimoto (i-VDA).

Izinzuzo nokungalungi

Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yokusebenzisa i-urea ezinjinini zikadizili ukususwa okuphelele kwezinto ezinobuthi ezikhishwa ngesikhathi somlilo wephethiloli kadizili. Lolu ketshezi luvumela imoto ukuthi ihambisane nezinga lezemvelo kuze kufike ku-Euro6 (lokhu kuthonywa yizici zophiko uqobo kanye nesimo salo sobuchwepheshe).

Azikho izingxenye zobuchwepheshe zenjini ezishintshayo, ngakho-ke zonke izinzuzo zokusebenzisa i-urea zihlotshaniswa nobungozi bokukhishwa kanye nemiphumela elandelayo. Isibonelo, lapho weqa umngcele waseYurophu, umnikazi wemoto ngeke akhokhe intela esindayo noma inhlawulo uma uhlelo kulelo zwe luyeka ukusebenza.

Ukuphindisela kabusha akuvamile. Ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile cishe kungu-100 ml. amakhilomitha ayi-100. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuyinkomba yemoto yomgibeli. Ibhokisi lamalitha angama-20 livame ukwanela amakhilomitha angama-20 ayizinkulungwane Ngokuqondene neloli, ukusetshenziswa okujwayelekile kwe-urea kuyo cishe kungu-1.5 litres ngebanga elingu-100 km. Kuya nge ivolumu yemoto.

Le nto ingathululelwa ngqo ethangini elisengxenyeni yenjini, noma entanyeni ekhethekile eseduze komgodi wokugcwalisa ithangi likaphethiloli.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezisobala zohlelo lokuqamba, inenqwaba yokubi. Ake sizicabangele ukwenza kube lula ukunquma ukuthi ukusebenzisa le neutralization noma cha:

• Uma ingxenye yohlelo yehluleka, ukuyilungisa kuzobiza;
• Ukuze i-neutralization ephumelelayo, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephezulu (i-low-sulphur diesel fuel);
• Okubi kakhulu akuhlotshaniswa nohlelo uqobo, kepha nenani elikhulu leziphuzo zomgunyathi emakethe ye-CIS (cishe uhhafu wezimpahla ezithengisiwe zingumbombayi);
• Ukuba khona kohlelo lokungathathi hlangothi kwenza imoto ibize kakhulu;
• Ngaphezu kokufaka uphethiloli ngophethiloli kadizili, udinga ukuqapha ukutholakala kwe-AdBlue;
• Ukusebenza kwe-urea kuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi eqhweni elibi (-11 degrees) liyabanda. Ngalesi sizathu, ukufudumeza uketshezi kusetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa okuningi;
• I-liquid iyasebenza futhi ingadala ukusha noma ukucasuka uma ihlangana nezandla. Uma isandla esingavikelekile sixhumana nalolu ketshezi, okuvamise ukwenzeka lapho kufakwa uphethiloli ovela enkomishini enkulu, uketshezi kufanele lugezwe kahle;
• Ensimini ye-CIS, kuneziteshi ezimbalwa kakhulu zokugcwalisa lapho, uma kudingeka, ungagcwalisa inani elengeziwe le-urea esezingeni eliphakeme. Ngalesi sizathu, udinga ukuthenga uketshezi ngemajini bese ukuhambisa uma uhlela uhambo olude;
• Lolu ketshezi luqukethe i-ammonia, okuthi uma iphuphuma, ilimaze umgudu wokuphefumula womuntu.

Njengoba kunikezwe inani elinamaphutha amaningi, abashayeli abaningi banquma ukucisha lolu hlelo.

Ungakhubaza kanjani

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuyekisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwamagesi aqeda udizili:

1. Friza uhlelo. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le ndlela, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi i-SCR ayinaphutha ku-elekthronikhi. Ulayini wenziwe kabusha ukuze abakwa-elekthronikhi bakutolika sengathi i-urea iqandisiwe. Kulokhu, iyunithi yokulawula ayisebenzi ipompo kuze kube uhlelo "lumisa". Le ndlela ifanele amadivayisi angahlinzeki ngokushisa kwe-reagent.
2. Ukuvalwa kwesoftware. Kulokhu, iyunithi yokulawula ikhanya noma ezinye izinguquko zenziwa ekusebenzeni kohlelo lwe-elektroniki.
3. Ukufaka i-emulator. Kulokhu, i-SCR inqanyuliwe kwisekethe kagesi, futhi ukuze uphiko lokulawula lungalungisi iphutha, esikhundleni salokho kuxhunywe i-emulator yedijithali, ethumela isignali yokuthi uhlelo lusebenza kahle. Lokhu akuwashintshi amandla enjini.

Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokunqanyulwa kwe-neutralization, kubalulekile ukubonisana nochwepheshe, ngoba icala ngalinye lingaba nama-nuances alo. Kodwa-ke, ngokusho kombhali walesi sibuyekezo, kungani uthenga imoto ebizayo ukuze ucishe okuthile kuyo, bese ukhokha imali yokulungiswa okubizayo ngenxa yokungenelela okunjalo?

Ngokwengeziwe, sinikeza ukubuyekezwa okufushane kwevidiyo kokusebenza kolunye lwezinhlobo zohlelo lwe-SCR:

Uhlelo lwe-SCR, ukuthi i-AdBlue isebenza kanjani

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Iyini i-urea yenjini kadizili? Kuyinto eyengezwa ukuze kuqedwe amagesi ayingozi ekukhishweni kwenjini ye-diesel. Le sistimu iyadingeka ukuze ihambisane ne-Euro4 - Euro6 eco standard.

Isebenza kanjani i-urea kudizili? Ngenqubo yokushisisa nokusabela kwamakhemikhali, i-urea ammonia ihlangana ne-nitrogen oxide (igesi eyingozi kakhulu kuphethiloli wedizili oshile), okuholela ekwakhekeni kwenitrogen namanzi.