Idivayisi eyinqwaba yemoto

Ukusebenza kahle kwanoma iyiphi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi akuxhomekile kuhlobo kuphela lohlelo lwamafutha nasesakhiweni samasilinda anama-piston. Isistimu yokukhipha imoto idlala indima ebalulekile. Kuchazwa ngokuningiliziwe ngaye kokunye ukubuyekeza... Manje ake sicabangele esinye sezakhi zayo - izinqwaba ze-exhaust

Kuyini okuphindwe kaningi

Ubuningi benjini uchungechunge lwamapayipi axhunywe kwipayipi elilodwa kolunye uhlangothi, futhi kolunye uhlangothi, abekwe kubha ovamile (i-flange), abese amiswa ekhanda lesilinda. Ehlangothini lekhanda lesilinda, inani lamapayipi liyafana nenani lamasilinda wenjini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-muffler encane (resonator) noma okudalauma isemotweni.

Idivayisi yomqoqi ifana ukudla okuphindwe kaningi... Ezingxenyeni eziningi zokulungiswa kwe-injini, uhlelo lwe-exhaust lufakwe i-turbine, impeller yayo iqhutshwa ukugeleza kwamagesi wokukhipha. Zijikeleza shaft, ngakolunye uhlangothi nayo impeller ifakiwe. Lo mshini ufaka umoya ohlanzekile ezingeni lokungenwa yizinjini ukwandisa amandla ayo.

Imvamisa le ngxenye yenziwa ngensimbi eyakhiwe. Isizathu ukuthi le nto ihlala emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Amagesi okukhipha ukushisa afudumeza okuphindaphindiwe kuma-degree angama-900 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kuqalwa injini ebandayo, amafidi ancipha odongeni lwangaphakathi lwaso sonke isistimu yokukhipha. Inqubo efanayo yenzeka lapho injini ivaliwe (ikakhulukazi uma isimo sezulu simanzi futhi siyabanda).

Ukusondelana nenjini, ngokushesha amanzi azohwamuka ngenkathi imoto isebenza, kepha ukuxhumana okungaguquguquki kwensimbi nomoya kusheshisa ukusabela okwenziwe nge-oxidative. Ngalesi sizathu, uma i-analogue yensimbi isetshenziswa emotweni, izogqwala ngokushesha futhi iphele. Akunakwenzeka ukupenda le ngxenye eseceleni, ngoba lapho ishubile yaze yafika kuma-degree ayi-1000, ungqimba wopende uzosha ngokushesha.

Ezimotweni zesimanje, inzwa ye-oksijini (iphenyo le-lambda) ifakwe ezinhlobonhlobo ze-exhaust (imvamisa eseduze ne-catalyst). Imininingwane mayelana nale sensor iyachazwa kwesinye isihloko... Ngamafuphi, kusiza iyunithi yokulawula elektroniki ukulawula ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela yomoya-uphethiloli.

Imvamisa, le ngxenye yohlelo lokukhipha ihlala isikhathi eside njengemoto yonke. Njengoba lokhu kuyipayipi nje, akukho lutho olungagqashuka kulo. Ukuphela kwento ehlulekayo yinzwa ye-oxygen, i-turbine nezinye izingxenye ezihlobene nokusebenza kwe-exhaust. Uma sikhuluma ngesicabucabu uqobo, khona-ke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngenxa yezici zezimo zokusebenza, singasha. Kepha lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka. Ngalesi sizathu, abashayeli bezimoto akuvamile ukuthi babhekane nokulungiswa noma ukushintshwa kwezinqwaba zokukhipha.

Isimiso sokusebenza kokuphindaphindiwe kokukhipha

Ukusebenza kokuphindaphindeka kwemoto emisha kulula kakhulu. Lapho umshayeli eqala injini (kungakhathalekile ukuthi ikhona yini uphethiloli noma udizili amayunithi), amandla omlilo wenhlanganisela yomoya-uphethiloli avela kumasilinda. Emjikelezweni wokukhishwa indlela yokusabalalisa igesi ivula i-valve yokukhipha (kungahle kube ne-valve eyodwa noma amabili isilinda ngasinye, futhi kwezinye izinguquko zenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, kukhona ngisho nezintathu zazo zokungenisa umoya kangcono komgodi).

Lapho i-piston inyukela phezulu esikhungweni esifile, iphusha yonke imikhiqizo yomlilo ngechweba lokukhipha eliphumela. Ngemuva kwalokho ukugeleza kungena kwipayipi langaphambili. Ukuvimbela ukukhipha okushisayo ekungeneni komgodi ngenhla kwama-valve aseduze, kufakwa ipayipi elihlukile kwisilinda ngayinye.

Ngokuya ngomklamo, leli payipi lixhunyaniswa kude nelinye elingumakhelwane, bese lihlanganiswa libe yindlela ejwayelekile phambi kwe-catalyst. Ngokusebenzisa isiguquli se-catalytic (kuyo, izinto eziyingozi emvelweni ziyancishiswa), i-exhaust idlula kuma-silencers amancane futhi aphambili kumbhobho wokukhipha.

Njengoba le nto ingaguqula izici zamandla wenjini ngezinga elithile, abakhiqizi bathuthukisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesicabucabu sezimoto.

Lapho kususwa amagesi e-exhaust, ipulsation yenziwa kupheshana lokukhipha. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa le ngxenye, abakhiqizi bazama ukuyiklama ngendlela yokuthi lawa ma-oscillations afane ngokuvumelanayo ngangokunokwenzeka nenqubo yokugagamela eyenzeka kaningi (kwezinye izimoto, kumodi ethile yokusebenza yeyunithi, kokubili ukudla futhi ama-valve wokukhipha avulekele isikhathi esifushane sokungenisa umoya kangcono). Lapho ingxenye kaphethiloli wegesi eqhuma ngokungazelelwe ifakwa kulo mgwaqo, idala igagasi eliphuma ku-catalyst bese lidala isikhala.

Lo mphumela ufinyelela i-valve yokukhipha cishe ngasikhathi sinye lapho i-piston ehambisanayo yenza ukushaywa kwe-exhaust futhi. Le nqubo isiza ekususweni kwamagesi e-exhaust, okusho ukuthi imoto kufanele isebenzise i-torque encane ukunqoba ukumelana. Lo mklamo wendlela wenza kube lula kakhulu ukususwa kwemikhiqizo yomlilo kaphethiloli. Lapho izinguquko zemoto zanda, le nqubo izosebenza kahle.

Kodwa-ke, esimweni sezinhlelo zakudala zokukhipha, kunenkinga encane. Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho amagesi e-exhaust enza igagasi, ngenxa yamapayipi amafushane, kubonakala ezindleleni eziseduze (basesimweni sokuthula). Ngalesi sizathu, lapho kuvulwa i-valve yokukhipha enye isilinda, leli gagasi lidala isithiyo endaweni yokuphuma. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto isebenzisa enye i-torque ukunqoba lokhu kumelana, namandla we-motor ayancipha.

Yini le eningi yokukhipha?

Ngakho-ke, njengoba ubona, izinqwaba ze-exhaust emotweni zibandakanyeka ngqo ekususweni kwamagesi e-exhaust. Ukuklanywa kwalesi sici kuncike ohlotsheni lwezimoto nendlela yomkhiqizi, ayisebenzisayo ekwenziweni kokuphindaphindeka.

Akunandaba nokuguqulwa, le ngxenye izofaka:

• Ukuthola amapayipi. Ngamunye wabo wenzelwe ukuthi ulungiswe ngaphezulu kwesilinda esithile. Imvamisa, ukuze kube lula ukufakwa, zonke zilungiselelwe umucu ojwayelekile noma i-flange. Ubukhulu bale mojuli kufanele bufane ncamashi nobukhulu bezimbobo ezihambisanayo nama-grooves ekhanda lesilinda ukuze i-exhaust ingavuzi ngalokhu kungqubuzana.
• Ipayipi lokukhipha. Lokhu ukuphela komqoqi. Ezimotweni eziningi, wonke amapayipi ayahlangana abe munye, bese exhunywe kwi-resonator noma i-catalyst. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuguqulwa kwamasistimu wokukhipha lapho kunamapayipi amabili ahlukene anama-muffler ngamanye. Kulokhu, amapayipi amabili axhumene nemodyuli eyodwa, engeyomugqa ohlukile.
• Uphawu gasket. Le ngxenye ifakwe phakathi kwendlu yekhanda lesilinda kanye nesitimela sesicabucabu (kanye nasesilinganisweni esiphakathi kwepayipi nesicabucabu). Njengoba lesi sakhi sihlale sivezwa amazinga okushisa aphezulu nokudlidliza, kufanele senziwe ngezinto eziqinile. Leli gasket livimbela amagesi okukhipha amanzi ukuba angangeni egumbini lenjini. Njengoba umoya ohlanzekile wangaphakathi emotweni uqhamuka kule ngxenye, kubalulekile ekuphepheni komshayeli nabagibeli ukuthi le nto isezingeni eliphakeme. Vele, uma i-gasket ingena, uzoyizwa ngokushesha - ama-pops aqinile azovela ngenxa yengcindezi ephezulu ngaphakathi kwepheshana.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zokuqothulwa okuningi

Nazi izinhlobo eziyinhloko zamanothi amaningi wokukhipha:

1. Okuphelele. Kulokhu, ingxenye izoqina, neziteshi zenziwe ngaphakathi, ziguqulwe zibe ikamelo elilodwa. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwenziwa ngensimbi ephezulu yokushisa. Mayelana nokumelana nezinguquko ezinqala zokushisa (ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho ikesi elibandayo lishisa lisuka ku -10 noma ngaphansi, kuya ngesifunda, kuze kufike ku- + 1000 degrees Celsius ngemizuzwana nje), le nsimbi ayinazo izifaniso. Lo mklamo ulula ukukhiqizwa, kepha awuqhubi ngendlela efanele kahle. Lokhu kuthinta kabi ukuhlanzwa kwamagumbi angama-cylinder, ngenxa yokuthi amanye ama-torque asetshenziselwa ukunqoba ukumelana (amagesi akhishwa emgodini omncane, ngakho-ke i-vacuum esemgwaqeni wokukhipha ibaluleke kakhulu).
2. I-Tubular. Lokhu kuguqulwa kusetshenziswa ezimotweni zesimanje. Imvamisa zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, futhi kaningi ngokwenziwe ngobumba. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunezinzuzo zako. Benza kube nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa izici zokushaywa kwesilinda ngenxa yesikhala esenziwe endleleni ngenxa yezinqubo zamagagasi. Njengoba kuleli cala i-piston akudingeki ukuthi inqobe ukumelana nesifo sohlangothi, i-crankshaft ijikeleza ngokushesha. Kwamanye ama-motors, ngenxa yalokhu kuthuthukiswa, kungenzeka ukukhulisa amandla weyunithi ngo-10%. Ezimotweni ezijwayelekile, lokhu kwanda kwamandla akuhlali kubonakala njalo, ngakho-ke lokhu kulungiswa kusetshenziswa ezimotweni zezemidlalo.

Ububanzi bamapayipi budlala indima ebalulekile ekuphindaphindweni kwe-exhaust. Uma isicabucabu esinobubanzi obuncane sifakiwe emshinini, khona-ke ukufinyelelwa kwe-torque elinganisiwe kugudlukela ekuvukeleni okuphansi naphakathi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukufakwa komqoqi ngamapayipi obubanzi obukhulu kukuvumela ukuthi ususe amandla amakhulu we-injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngejubane eliphezulu, kepha ngejubane eliphansi, amandla weyunithi ancipha.

Ngaphezu kobubanzi bamapayipi, ubude bawo nokuhleleka kokuxhunyaniswa namasilinda kubaluleke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwezakhi zokuhlenga uhlelo lokukhipha, ungathola amamodeli lapho amapayipi asontekile khona, sengathi axhumene ngokungaboni. Imoto ngayinye idinga ukuguqulwa kwayo okuningi.

Isicabucabu esingu-4-4 sivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza injini ejwayelekile engu-1-cylinder. Kulokhu, imibhobho emine ixhumeka ngokushesha kupayipi elilodwa, kuphela ebangeni eliphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kuguqulwa kubizwa ngokuthi kufushane. Ukukhuphuka kwamandla enjini kubonakala kuphela uma kuphoqelelwa, bese kuthi ngesivinini esingaphezulu kuka-6000 ngomzuzu.

Futhi phakathi kokukhethwa kukho kokuhlelwa kwezimoto zemidlalo kukhona okuthiwa izicabucabu ezinde. Imvamisa banefomula ehlanganisiwe engu-4-2-1. Kulokhu, wonke amapayipi amane axhumeka kuqala ngababili. Lezi zibili zamapayipi zixhunywe kwelinye endaweni ekude kakhulu nenjini. Imvamisa, amapayipi athathwa ngababili, axhunywe kumasilinda, anendawo enkulu kakhulu ehambisanayo (ngokwesibonelo, eyokuqala neyesine, kanye neyesibili neyesithathu). Lokhu kuguqulwa kunikezela ukwanda kwamandla ebangeni elibanzi le-rpm, kepha lesi sibalo asibonakali kangako. Kumamodeli ezimoto zasekhaya, lokhu kukhuphuka kubonakala kuphela ebangeni kusuka kumaphesenti ama-5 kuye kwayi-7.

Uma imoto ifaka uhlelo lokukhipha okuqondile ngqo emotweni, khona-ke amapayipi aphakathi nendawo anendawo enqamulelayo angasetshenziswa ukwenza lula ukungena kwamasilinda nokunciphisa umsindo. Imvamisa, ekuguqulweni kwesicabucabu eside, i-muffler encane enokumelana okuphansi ingasetshenziswa. Amanye amamodeli abaqoqi ezindaweni ezithile asika izifutho emapayipini. Zinciphisa amagagasi aqhamuka phansi athikameza ukuphuma kwamandla okukhululekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, okonakele kungokwesikhashana.

Futhi, phakathi kwesicabucabu eside kukhona ukuguqulwa okunohlobo lokuxhuma olungu-4-2-2. Isimiso siyefana nakuhlobo lwangaphambilini. Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthuthukiswa kwesistimu yokukhipha okunje, kufanele ucabangele ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwamandla kuphela ngenxa yokususwa kwe-catalyst (ukuze amapayipi abe made) kunikeza ubuningi be-5%. Ukufaka isicabucabu kuzokwengeza cishe amaphesenti amabili ngaphezulu ekusebenzeni kwemoto.

Ukuze kuthuthukiswe iyunithi yamandla kagesi ukuze ibambeke kakhudlwana, ngaphezu kwale misebenzi, kusadingeka kwenziwe izinqubo ezithile ezithile, kufaka phakathi ukulungiswa kwempahla (ngemininingwane yokuthi kuyini, funda ngokwehlukana).

Yini ethinta isimo somqoqi

Yize ubuningi bokukhipha imvamisa bunempilo efanayo yokusebenza nayo yonke imoto, ingahluleka futhi. Nakhu ukuwohloka okujwayelekile okuhambisana nokuqhuma okuphindwe kaningi:

• Kushe ipayipi;
• Kwakheka ukugqwala (kusebenza ekuguqulweni kwensimbi);
• Ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu ngokweqile nokwenza ukukhubazeka, amathe angakha ebusweni bomkhiqizo;
• Ukuqhekeka kuye kwakha insimbi (lapho imoto ibigijima ngesivinini esikhulu isikhathi eside, futhi amanzi abandayo angena endaweni yokuqoqa, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ushayela edamini ngesivinini esikhulu);
• Insimbi iye yantengantenga ngenxa yezinguquko ezivamile ekushiseni kwezindonga zengxenye (lapho kufudunyezwa, insimbi iyanwebeka, futhi lapho selehlile, iyavumelana);
• Amafomu we-condensation ezindongeni zamapayipi (ikakhulukazi uma imoto ingavamisile ukuhamba, ngokwesibonelo, ebusika), ngenxa yokuthi inqubo yensimbi yensimbi iyashesha;
• Ama-soot deposits avele ngaphakathi;
• I-gasket enezinhlobo eziningi ishile yaphela.

Lokhu kungasebenzi kahle kungaboniswa yizici ezilandelayo:

• Isignali yenjini kudeshibhodi yafika;
• Iphunga elinamandla lamagesi aqeda ukuvela kule ndlu noma ngaphansi kwehodhi;
• Imoto ayizinzile (i-rpm iyantanta);
• Lapho injini iqaliswa, kuzwakala imisindo engaphandle (amandla ayo ancike ohlotsheni lomonakalo, ngokwesibonelo, uma ipayipi lishile, lizoba phezulu kakhulu);
• Uma umshini une-turbine (impeller iyajikeleza ngenxa yengcindezi yamagesi aqeda amandla), khona-ke amandla ayo ayancipha, okuthinta amandla weyunithi.

Ukwehluleka okuthile kwabaqoqi kuhlotshaniswa nezinto umshayeli angakwazi ukuzithonya, kepha kukhona izinto ezimbalwa umqhubi angazenza ukuvimbela ukulimala kwengxenye.

Ngejubane eliphakeme kakhulu, imikhiqizo yomlilo ayikwazi ukushisa kuze kufike kuma-degree angama-600, njengakwimodi ejwayelekile, kepha iphindwe kabili kunamandla. Uma kumodi ejwayelekile amapayipi okufaka afudunyezwa afinyelela kuma-degree angama-300, kumodi ephezulu le nkomba nayo iphindwe kabili. Kusuka ekushiseni okunamandla kangako, umqokeleli angashintsha umbala wawo ube bomvu okweqanda.

Ukugwema ukushisa kwengxenye, umshayeli akufanele avame ukuletha iyunithi ngejubane eliphezulu. Futhi, umbuso wezinga lokushisa uthinteka ukusethwa kohlelo lokuthungela (i-UOZ engalungile ingadala ukukhishwa kwe-VTS ngemuva kokusha emgodini wokukhipha, okuzoholela nasekushiseni kwama-valve).

Ukwehla ngokweqile noma ukucebisa ingxube ngesinye isizathu sokuthi kungani amapayipi okudla azoshisa ngokweqile. Ukuxilongwa ngezikhathi ezithile kokungasebenzi kahle kulezi zinhlelo kuzogcina umqokeleli esesimweni esihle isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka.

Ukukhanda okulungisiwe okuningi

Imvamisa, okuphindaphindwayo kwe-exhaust akulungisiwe, kepha kufakwa okusha. Uma kungukuguqulwa kokuhlela futhi kushile, abanye bazokhipha indawo elimele. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi insimbi ibhekene nokushisa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokushisela, umthungo ungashesha ukugqwala noma ukushisa. Futhi, izindleko zalo msebenzi ziphakeme kakhulu kunokufaka ingxenye entsha.

Uma udinga ukufaka enye ingxenye, khona-ke lo msebenzi kufanele wenziwe ngokulandelana okulungile.

Ukufaka esikhundleni sokuphindaphinda okuningi

Ukushintsha umqoqi ngezandla zakho, udinga:

1. Nika amandla inethiwekhi ebhodini ngokunqamula ibhethri (kuchazwa kanjani ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu ngokuphepha lapha);
2. Khipha i-antifreeze;
3. Hlukanisa isihlangu esishisayo (ikhebula elifakwe ezimotweni eziningi zesimanje), umamukeli wohlelo lokujova (ama-carburetor motors awanayo le element) nesihlungi somoya;
4. Khipha izikhonkwane ze-flange ezinhlobonhlobo kusuka kumbhobho wokufaka;
5. Ukuphindaphinda okungafani kusuka ekhanda lesilinda. Le nqubo izohluka ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kweyunithi yamandla. Isibonelo, kuma-valve angu-8-valve, okuphindaphindwayo kokudla kususwa kuqala, bese kuba yi-exhaust;
6. Susa i-gasket bese uhlanza indawo yekhanda eyisilinda ezinsaleleni zayo;
7. Uma kunqubo yokuqaqa izikhonkwane noma imicu emigodini ekhuphukayo ilimele, lapho-ke kubalulekile ukubuyisela lezi zinto;
8. Faka i-gasket entsha;
9. Xhuma okuphindwe kaningi ekhanda lesilinda (uma injini engu-4-cylinder yangaphakathi yomlilo inama-valve angu-8, khona-ke inhlangano yenzeka ngokulandelana okuphambene kokudilizwa, okungukuthi, okokuqala ukuphindaphinda kwe-exhaust bese kuba nokuphindaphindeka kokudla);
10. Qinisa, kepha ungaqinisi ngokuphelele imishudo namantongomane ekuxhumaneni nekhanda lesilinda;
11. Xhuma okuphindwe kaningi ngepayipi langaphambili noma i-catalyst, ufake i-gasket edingekayo ngaphambi kwalokho;
12. Qinisa intaba ekhanda lesilinda (lokhu kwenziwa nge-torque wrench, futhi i-torque yokuqinisa ikhonjisiwe emibhalweni yezobuchwepheshe yemoto);
13. Qinisa iziqobosho zepayipi ezisezansi nomfula;
14. Thela i-antifreeze entsha noma ehlungiwe;
15. Xhuma ibhethri.

Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, inqubo yokufaka esikhundleni sesicabucabu uqobo ilula, kepha lapho wenza lo msebenzi, kufanele uqaphele ukuze unganqamuli intambo ekhanda lesilinda (isitudi ngokwaso kulula ukusisusa, futhi ukusika intambo entsha ekhanda lesilinda inzima kakhulu). Ngalesi sizathu, uma kungekho okuhlangenwe nakho kokusebenza nge-torque wrench noma alikho nhlobo ithuluzi, khona-ke umsebenzi kufanele uphathiswe uchwepheshe.

Ekuphetheni, siphakamisa ukuthi kubhekwe isibonelo esincane sendlela yokufaka esikhundleni sokuphindaphinda kokukhipha ngeRenault Logan:

UKUBUYISWA (UKUSUSA-UKUFAKWA) KWE-EPHAUST MANIFOLD KU-NJINI RENAULT 1,4 kanye no-1,6 8-VALVE K7J K7M

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ngabe isebenza kanjani i-multiple multiple? Umoya udonswa yi-vacuum ekhiqizwa kusilinda ngasinye. Ukugeleza kuqala ngesihlungi somoya bese kuba ngamapayipi kuya kusilinda ngasinye.

I-exhaust manifold ithinta kanjani ukusebenza kwenjini? Kukhona i-resonance kuyo. I-valve ivala kungazelelwe futhi amanye amagesi agcinwa ku-manifold. Lapho i-valve iphinda ivulwa, amagesi asele angavimbela ukugeleza okulandelayo ekususweni.

Ungawuhlukanisa kanjani umehluko phakathi kwe-multifold intake and exhaust manifold? I-manifold yokuthatha ixhuma kwipayipi kusukela kusihlungi somoya. I-exhaust manifold ixhunywe kusistimu yokukhipha umoya wemoto.