Xhumana nezinhlelo zokushisa, idivaysi, inqubo yokusebenza

Noma iyiphi imoto ifakwe injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, ku-elekthronikhi, iyoba nohlelo lokuthungela. Ukuze ingxube kaphethiloli nomoya osemasilindini uvuthe, kudingeka ukukhishwa okuhle. Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kwenethiwekhi yemoto ebhodini, lesi sibalo sifinyelela kuma-volts ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30.

Avelaphi la mandla uma ibhethri elisemotweni likhiqiza kuphela ama-volts ayi-12? Isici esiyinhloko esidala le voltage yikhoyili yokushisa. Imininingwane yokuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izinguquko ezitholakalayo ichaziwe ngokubuyekezwa okuhlukile.

Manje sizogxila esimisweni sokusebenza kolunye lwezinhlobo zezinhlelo zokushisa - ukuxhumana (mayelana nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-SZ kuchaziwe lapha).

Luyini uhlelo lokushayela imoto oxhumana naye

Izimoto zesimanje zithole uhlelo lukagesi lohlobo lwebhethri. Uhlelo lwayo lumi kanje. Isigxobo esihle sebhethri sixhunywe nezintambo kuyo yonke imishini kagesi yemoto. I-minus ixhunywe emzimbeni. Kusuka kudivayisi ngayinye kagesi, ucingo olubi nalo luxhunywe engxenyeni yensimbi exhunywe emzimbeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezintambo ezimbalwa emotweni, futhi isekethe likagesi livaliwe emzimbeni.

Umcibisholo omnyama - wamanje we-voltage ephansi, umcibisholo obomvu - ophezulu

Uhlelo lokushisa imoto lungaba oxhumana naye, ongaxhumani naye noma ele-elektroniki. Ekuqaleni, imishini yayisebenzisa uhlobo lokuxhumana lwamasistimu. Zonke izinhlobo zesimanje zithola uhlelo lwe-elekthronikhi olwehluke ngokuphelele ezinhlotsheni ezedlule. Ukushisa kuzo kulawulwa yi-microprocessor. Kukhona uhlelo lokuxhumana nokuxhumana njengoshintsho lwesikhashana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo.

Njengakwezinye izinketho, inhloso yale SZ ukukhiqiza umfutho kagesi wamandla adingekayo bese uyiqondisa ku-spark plug ethile. Uhlobo lokuxhumana lohlelo esifundeni salo lunomsabalalisi osabalalisayo noma osabalalisayo. Le nto ilawula ukunqwabelana kwamandla kagesi kwikhoyili yokuthungela futhi isabalalisa umfutho kumasilinda. Idivayisi yayo ifaka i-cam element ejikeleza kushaft bese ivala amasekethe kagesi ekhandlela elithile. Imininingwane eminingi mayelana nokwakheka nokusebenza kwayo ichaziwe kwesinye isihloko.

Ngokungafani nohlelo lokuxhumana, i-analog engeyona yokuxhumana inohlobo lokulawulwa kokuqoqwa kwenhliziyo nokulawulwa kokusatshalaliswa.

Xhumana nomdwebo wesistimu yokushisa

Isekethe yokuxhumana ye-SZ iqukethe:

• Ignition Ilokhi. Leli yiqembu lokuxhumana lapho kusebenza khona uhlelo lokugibela imoto futhi injini iqaliswa ukusebenzisa i-starter. Le nto iphula isekethe kagesi yanoma iyiphi imoto.
• Ukunikezwa kwamandla ebhetri. Ngenkathi injini ingasebenzi, amandla kagesi avela ebhetri. Ibhethri lemoto lisebenza futhi njengesipele uma i-alternator inganikezeli amandla anele okusebenzisa okokusebenza kagesi. Ngemininingwane yokuthi ibhethri lisebenza kanjani, funda lapha.
• Umsabalalisi (umhambisi). Njengoba igama liphakamisa, inhloso yayo ukusabalalisa ugesi wamandla aphezulu kusuka kwekhoyili yokuthungela kuwo wonke ama-plugs enhlansi. Ukuze uhambisane nokulandelana kokusebenza kwamasilinda, izintambo ezinamandla amakhulu wobude obuhlukile zisuka kusabalalisi (lapho zixhunywe, kulula ukuxhuma kahle amasilinda kumsabalalisi).
• I-Condenser. I-capacitor inamathiselwe emzimbeni we-valve. Isenzo saso siqeda ukuqhuma phakathi kokuvalwa / ukuvulwa kwamakhamera okusabalalisa. Inhlansi phakathi kwalezi zinto ibangela ukuthi zishe amakhamera, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni kokuxhumana phakathi kwezinye zazo. Lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ipulagi ethile ngeke ivuthe, futhi ingxube yomoya / kaphethiloli izomane iphonswe ingashiswanga epayipini lokukhipha. Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kohlelo lokushisa, amandla we-capacitor angahluka.
• Spark plug. Imininingwane mayelana nedivayisi nokuthi iyini inqubo yabo yokusebenza, ichaziwe ngokwehlukana... Ngamafuphi, umfutho kagesi ovela kumsabalalisi uya ku-electrode emaphakathi. Njengoba kunebanga elincane phakathi kwayo nengxenye eseceleni, ukuwohloka kwenzeka ngokwakhiwa kwenhlansi enamandla, eshisa inhlanganisela yomoya nophethiloli ku-cylinder.
• Shayela. Isabalalisi asinayo i-drive ngayinye. Ihlezi kushaft evumelaniswe ne-camshaft. I-Rotor of the mechanism izungeza kabili ngokunensa njenge crankshaft, njenge-timing camshaft.
• Ukuhoxa ohlobo. Umsebenzi wale nto ukuguqula amandla wamandla aphansi abe yipulse yamandla aphezulu. Ngaphandle kokuguqulwa, isifunda esifushane sizoba nama-windings amabili. Ugesi udlula kokuyinhloko kusuka ebhetri (lapho imoto ingakaqalwa) noma kusuka ku-generator (lapho injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isebenza). Ngenxa yenguquko ebukhali emkhakheni kazibuthe nenqubo kagesi, isici sesibili siqala ukunqwabelana ngamandla wamandla aphezulu.

1 generator; 2 switch switch; Umsabalalisi ongu-3; 4 umephuli; Ama-plugs ama-5; 6 ikhoyili yokushisa; 7 ibhethri

Kukhona ukuguqulwa okuningana phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana. Nakhu umehluko wabo omkhulu:

1. Isikimu esivame kakhulu yi-KSZ. Inomklamo wakudala: ikhoyili eyodwa, i-breaker kanye ne-distributor.
2. Ukuguqulwa kwayo, idivaysi yayo ebandakanya inzwa yokuxhumana nento yokugcina isitoreji samandla.
3. Uhlobo lwesithathu lohlelo lokuxhumana yi-KTSZ. Ngaphezu koxhumana nabo, idivayisi yayo izoqukatha i-transistor nedivayisi yokugcina uhlobo lohlobo lokungeniswa. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenguqulo yasendulo, uhlelo lokuxhumana-transistor lunezinzuzo eziningana. I-plus yokuqala ukuthi i-voltage ephezulu ayidluli koxhumana nabo. I-valve izosebenza kuphela ngama-pulses wokulawula, ngakho-ke ayikho inhlansi phakathi kwamakhamera. Idivayisi enjalo yenza kube lula ukungasebenzisi i-capacitor kusabalalisi. Ekuguqulweni kokuxhumana kwe-transistor, ukugcwala kuma-plugs kungathuthukiswa (i-voltage esezingeni eliphakeme iphakeme, ngenxa yokuthi igebe le-spark plug lingakhuphuka ukuze inhlansi ibe yinde).

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi iyiphi i-SZ esetshenziswa emotweni ethile, udinga ukubheka umdwebo wesistimu kagesi. Nakhu ukuthi imidwebo yezinhlelo ezinjalo ibukeka kanjani:

(KSZ): 1 - ama-spark plugs; 2 - umsabalalisi; 3 - isiqalo; 4 - inkinobho yokushisa; 5 i-starter traction relay; 6 - ukumelana okwengeziwe (variator); 7 - ikhoyili yokuthungela

(KTSZ): 1 - ama-spark plugs; 2 - umsabalalisi wokuthungela; 3 - ukushintsha; 4 - ikhoyili yokuthungela. Ukumakwa kwama-electrodes e-transistor: K - umqoqi, E - emitter (kokubili amandla); B - isisekelo (umphathi); I-R iyi-resistor.

Umgomo wokusebenza kohlelo lokuthungela oxhumana nabo

Njengohlelo lokuxhumana nolwe-elekthronikhi, i-analog yokuxhumana isebenza kumgomo wokuguqula nokugcina amandla, ohlinzekwa kusuka ebhethri kuye ekushayweni okuyinhloko kwekhoyili yokuthungela. Le nto inomklamo we-transformer oguqula i-12V ibe yi-voltage efinyelela kuma-volts ayizinkulungwane ezingama-30.

La mandla asatshalaliswa ngumsabalalisi ku-plug plug ngayinye, ngenxa yokuthi kwakheka inhlansi kumasilinda ngokunye, ngokuhambisana nesikhathi se-valve kanye nemivimbo yenjini, eyanele ukushisa i-VTS.

Wonke umsebenzi wohlelo lokuthungela othintana naye ungahlukaniswa ngemibandela ngezigaba ezilandelayo:

1. Ukwenza kusebenze inethiwekhi ebhodini. Umshayeli uphendula ukhiye, iqembu lokuxhumana liyavalwa. Ugesi ovela ebhethri uya esigungwini esifushane sokuqala.
2. Isizukulwane samandla aphezulu wamanje. Le nqubo yenzeka ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwensimu kazibuthe phakathi kokujika kwamasekethe aphansi nawesibili.
3. Ukuqala imoto. Ukuvula ukhiye endaweni yokukhiya yonke indlela kucasula ukuxhuma i-starter kunethiwekhi kagesi yemoto (konke odinga ukukwazi ngokusebenza kwalo mshini kuchaziwe lapha). Ukuvula i-crankshaft kusebenze ukusebenza kwendlela yokusabalalisa igesi (yalokhu, kusetshenziswa ibhande noma i-chain drive, echazwe kwesinye isihloko). Njengoba umthengisi evame ukuqala ukusebenza ngokubambisana ne-camshaft, oxhumana nabo bavalwa ngenye indlela.
4. Isizukulwane samandla aphezulu wamanje. Lapho i-breaker ichukunyiswa (ugesi unyamalala ngokungazelelwe kuvunguza lokuqala), amandla kazibuthe anyamalala ngokuzumayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngenxa yomphumela wokungeniswa, i-current ivela ekujikeni kwesibili nge-voltage edingekayo ekwakheni inhlansi ekhandlela. Le parameter incike ekuguqulweni kwesistimu.
5. Ukusatshalaliswa kwemizwa. Lapho nje kuvulwa i-winding eyinhloko, ulayini onamandla amakhulu (intambo emaphakathi ukusuka kwekhoyili kuye kumsabalalisi) uyanikwa amandla. Ngenkathi yokuzungeza kwe-shaft yokusabalalisa, isilayida sayo nayo iyajikeleza. Ivala iluphu lekhandlela elithile. Ngocingo olunamandla amakhulu, umfutho ungena ngokushesha othini lwezibani oluhambisanayo.
6. Ukwakhiwa kwenhlansi. Lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage ephezulu engxenyeni emaphakathi yepulagi, ibanga elincane phakathi kwayo ne-electrode eseceleni kubangela ukukhanya kwe-arc. Ingxube kaphethiloli / umoya iyasha.
7. Ukuqoqwa kwamandla. Ngomzuzwana ohlukanisiwe, oxhumana nabo abasabalalisi bavulekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, isifunda se-winding eyinhloko sivaliwe. Inkambu kazibuthe iphinde yakhiwe phakathi kwayo nesekethe yesibili. Ukuqhubeka kwe-KSZ kusebenza ngokuya ngomgomo ochazwe ngenhla.

Ukungasebenzi kahle kohlelo lokushisa

Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwenjini akuxhomekile kuphela engxenyeni lapho uphethiloli uzoxubaniswa nomoya nesikhathi sokuvula kwama-valve, kodwa futhi nangomzuzu lapho umfutho uzosetshenziswa kuma-plugs enhlansi. Iningi labashayeli bezimoto lazi igama elinje njengesikhathi sokushisa.

Ngaphandle kokungena emininingwaneni, lesi yisikhathi lapho i-spark isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kwesifo sokucindezela. Isibonelo, ngejubane elikhulu le-injini, ngenxa ye-inertia, i-piston isivele ingaqala ukwenza ukushaywa kwesifo esisebenzayo, futhi i-VTS ibingakabi nesikhathi sokuvula. Ngenxa yalomphumela, ukushesha kwemoto kuzobavilaphayo, futhi kungaqhuma ukuqhuma enjini, noma lapho kuvulwa i-valve yokukhipha, ingxube yangemva kokusha izophonswa ezinhlwini eziningi ze-exhaust.

Lokhu nakanjani kuzoholela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuwohloka. Ukugwema lokhu, isistimu yokuthungela othintana nayo ine-vacuum regulator esabela ngokucindezela i-accelerator pedal futhi iguqule i-SPL.

Uma i-SZ ingazinzi, imoto izolahlekelwa amandla noma ingakwazi ukusebenza nhlobo. Nawa amaphutha amakhulu angaba ukuguqulwa kokuxhumana kwezinhlelo.

Akukho nhlansi emakhandleleni

Inhlansi iyanyamalala ezimweni ezinjalo:

• Kwakhiwe ikhefu ezintanjeni ezinamandla aphansi (lisuka ebhethri liye kwekhoyili) noma oxhumana naye anyamalala ngenxa ye-oxidation;
• Ukulahleka kothintana phakathi kwesilayida noxhumana nabo bomsabalalisi. Imvamisa lokhu kungenxa yokwakheka kwamakhabhoni kuwo;
• Ukwephuka kwesifunda esifushane (ukuphuka kokujika okujikayo), ukwehluleka kwe-capacitor, ukubonakala kwemifantu kusembozo somhambisi;
• Ukufakwa kwezintambo ezinamandla amakhulu kuphukile;
• Ukuphuka kwekhandlela uqobo.

Ukuqeda ukungasebenzi kahle, kubalulekile ukuhlola ubuqotho besekethe lamandla aphezulu neliphansi (noma ngabe kukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kwezintambo namatheminali, uma lungekho, bese uhlanza ukuxhumana), futhi wenze nokuhlola okubonakalayo kwezinqubo . Enkambeni yokuxilongwa, izikhala eziphakathi koxhumana nabo be-breaker ziyalungiswa. Izinto ezinamaphutha zithathelwa indawo ezinye ezintsha.

Njengoba izinkanuko zohlelo zilawulwa yimishini yokwenziwa, ukungasebenzi kahle ngendlela yesibambiso sekhabhoni noma isekethe evulekile kungokwemvelo, ngoba kucasulwa ukugqoka kwemvelo kwezinye izingxenye.

Injini isebenza ngezikhathi ezithile

Uma, esimweni sokuqala, ukungabikho kwenhlansi kumakhandlela ngeke kuvumele imoto ukuthi iqale, ukusebenza okungazinzi kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi kungabangelwa ukungasebenzi kahle kusekethe kagesi ehlukile (ngokwesibonelo, ukonakala izintambo eziqhumayo).

Nazi ezinye zezinkinga ku-SZ ezingadala ukusebenza okungazinzile kweyunithi:

• Ukuphuka kwekhandlela;
• Igebe elikhulu kakhulu noma elincane phakathi kwama-electrode we-spark plug;
• Igebe elingalungile phakathi koxhumana nabo be-breaker;
• Ikhava yokusabalalisa noma i-rotor yaqhuma;
• Amaphutha ekusetheni i-UOZ.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lokuwohloka, ziyasuswa ngokusetha i-UOZ efanele, izikhala bese zifaka izingxenye ezintsha eziphukile ngezintsha.

Ukuxilongwa kwanoma yikuphi ukungasebenzi kahle kwalolu hlobo lwezinhlelo zokushisa kuqukethe ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwawo wonke ama-node wesekethe kagesi. Uma ikhoyili iphuka, le ngxenye imane ishintshwe entsha. Ukungasebenzi kahle kwayo kungatholakala ngokubheka ikhefu emathunjini usebenzisa i-multimeter kumodi yokudayela.

Ngokwengeziwe, siphakamisa ukuthi ubuke isibuyekezo esifushane sevidiyo sendlela isistimu yokucekela phansi esetshenziswa ngumhambisi womshini esebenza ngayo:

Uyini umsabalalisi (wokuhambisa) futhi usebenza kanjani?

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Kungani isistimu yokubasa ngaphandle kokuthinta ingcono? Njengoba kungekho yisabalalisi ne-breaker enyakazayo, abathintwayo ohlelweni lwe-BC abadingi ukulungiswa njalo (ukulungiswa noma ukuhlanzwa kumadiphozithi ekhabhoni). Kuhlelo olunjalo, isiqalo esizinzile senjini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Yiziphi izinhlelo zokuthungela ezikhona? Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlelo zokuthungela: ukuthintana nokungathintani. Esimweni sokuqala, kukhona i-breaker-distributor yokuxhumana. Esimweni sesibili, ukushintshwa kudlala indima ye-breaker (kanye nomsabalalisi).

Isebenza kanjani i-electronic ignition system? Kulezi zinhlelo, umfutho wenhlansi kanye nokusabalalisa kwamandla kagesi aphezulu kulawulwa nge-elekthronikhi. Azinayo izakhi zemishini ezithinta ukusatshalaliswa noma ukuphazamiseka kwama-pulses.