Ibhethri emotweni - kuyini?

Ezinye izinhlelo zezimoto zidinga amandla kagesi ukuthi asebenze. Abanye basebenzisa ingxenye encane kuphela yamandla, ngokwesibonelo, kuphela ukusebenza kwenzwa eyodwa. Ezinye izinhlelo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi azikwazi ukusebenza ngaphandle kukagesi.

Isibonelo, ukuqala injini ngaphambili, abashayeli basebenzise isinqa esikhethekile. Yafakwa emgodini owawenzelwe yona futhi, ngosizo lwamandla omzimba, i-crankshaft yenjini yaguqulwa. Awukwazi ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunjalo ezimotweni zesimanje. Esikhundleni sale ndlela, i-starter ixhunywe ku-flywheel. Lesi sici sisebenzisa i-current ukuvula i-flywheel.

Ukuhlinzeka zonke izinhlelo zemoto ngogesi, abakhiqizi bahlinzekela ukusetshenziswa kwamabhethri. Sesibonile ukuthi singayinakekela kanjani le nto. kokunye ukubuyekezwa kwangaphambilini... Manje ake sikhulume ngezinhlobo zamabhethri angagcwaliseka kabusha.

Yini ibhethri

Ake siqale ngamagama asetshenziswayo. Ibhethri yemoto ingumthombo wamanje oqhubekayo wenethiwekhi kagesi yemoto. Iyakwazi ukugcina ugesi ngenkathi injini isebenza (i-generator isetshenziselwa le nqubo).

It is a idivayisi elishajekayo. Uma ikhishwa ngendlela yokuthi imoto ayikwazi ukuqalwa, ibhethri liyasuswa bese lixhunywa kwishaja, esebenza ngamandla kagesi asendlini. Kuchazwa ezinye izindlela zokuqala injini lapho ibhethri itshaliwe lapha.

Ngokuya ngemodeli yemoto, ibhethri lingafakwa egumbini lenjini, ngaphansi kwaphansi, endaweni ehlukile ngaphandle kwemoto noma esiqwini.

Idivayisi yebhethri

Ibhethri elishajekayo lakhiwa ngamaseli amaningi (abizwa ngebhange lebhethri). Iseli ngalinye linamapuleti. Iplathinamu ngayinye iphethe imali ekhokhiswayo evumayo noma embi. Kukhona isihlukanisi esikhethekile phakathi kwabo. Kuvimbela izifunda ezimfushane phakathi kwamapuleti.

Ukukhulisa indawo yokuxhumana ye-electrolyte, ipuleti ngalinye limiswe njengegridi. Yenziwe ngomthofu. Into esebenzayo iyacindezelwa kwi-lattice, enesakhiwo se-porous (lokhu kwandisa indawo yokuxhumana yepuleti).

Ipuleti elihle liqukethe i-lead ne-sulfuric acid. I-Barium sulfate ifakiwe esakhiweni sepuleti elibi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushaja, into yepuleti elihle iguqula ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali, bese iba yi-lead dioxide. Ipuleti lesigxobo esibi iba yipuleti eliholayo elijwayelekile. Lapho ishaja inqanyuliwe, isakhiwo sepuleti sibuyela endaweni yaso yasekuqaleni futhi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuyashintsha.

I-electrolyte ithelwa embizeni ngayinye. Kuyinto engamanzi equkethe i-asidi namanzi. I-liquid ibangela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwamapuleti, lapho kukhishwa khona i-current.

Wonke amaseli webhethri abekwe endlini. Yenziwe ngohlobo olukhethekile lwepulasitiki olumelana nokuchayeka njalo endaweni esebenzayo ene-asidi.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwebhethri yokugcina (i-accumulator)

Ibhethri lemoto lisebenzisa ukuhamba kwezinhlayiya ezikhokhisiwe ukukhiqiza ugesi. Izinqubo ezimbili ezihlukene zenzeka ebhethri, ngenxa yokuthi umthombo wamandla ungasetshenziswa isikhathi eside:

• Ibhethri eliphansi. Kuleli qophelo, into esebenzayo ihlanganisa ipuleti (anode), okuholela ekukhululweni kwama-electron. Lezi zinhlayiya ziqondiswe kupuleti lesibili - i-cathode. Ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali, kukhishwa ugesi;
• Ukushaja ibhethri. Kulesi sigaba, inqubo ephikisanayo iyenzeka - ama-electron aguqulwa abe ama-proton futhi into iwadlulisela emuva - ukusuka ku-cathode kuya ku-anode. Ngenxa yalokho, amapuleti ayabuyiselwa, okuvumela inqubo elandelayo yokukhishwa.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zamabhethri

Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamabhethri kulezi zinsuku. Zihlukile komunye nomunye kokuqukethwe kwamacwecwe kanye nokwakheka kwe-electrolyte. Izinhlobo ze-acid zomthofu zendabuko ziyasetshenziswa ezimotweni, kepha sekuvele kunamacala amaningi okusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukile. Nazi ezinye zezici zalokhu nezinye izinhlobo zebhethri.

Okwesiko ("antimony")

Ibhethri ye-lead-acid, amapuleti ayo angamaphesenti ama-5 noma ngaphezulu we-antimony. Le nto yanezelwa ekwakhiweni kwama-electrode ukukhulisa amandla awo. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Electrolysis ngamandla anjalo kuqala. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani elanele lamandla likhishwa, kodwa amapuleti abhujiswa ngokushesha (inqubo iqala kakade ngo-12 V).

Ububi obukhulu bamabhethri anjalo ukukhishwa okukhulu komoya-mpilo kanye ne-hydrogen (ama-bubble womoya), okwenza amanzi asemathinini aqhume. Ngalesi sizathu, wonke amabhethri e-antimony ayasebenza - okungenani kanye ngenyanga, udinga ukubheka izinga nobukhulu be-electrolyte. Ukugcinwa kubandakanya ukufaka amanzi acolisisiwe, uma kunesidingo, ukuze amapuleti angavezwa.

Amabhethri anjalo awasasetshenziswa ezimotweni ukwenza ukuthi kube lula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuthi umshayeli ayigcine kahle imoto. Ama-analogs aphansi we-antimony afake esikhundleni samabhethri anjalo.

I-antimony ephansi

Inani le-antimony ekwakhiweni kwamapuleti liyancishiswa ukunciphisa inqubo yokuhwamuka kwamanzi. Elinye iphuzu elihle ukuthi ibhethri ayikhiphi ngokushesha okukhulu ngenxa yesitoreji. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kubhekwa njengezinhlobo zokunakekelwa okuphansi noma okungezona zesondlo.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi umnikazi wemoto akadingi ukuhlola ukuminyana kwevolumu ye-electrolyte njalo ngenyanga. Noma kungenakubizwa ngokuthi akunasondlo ngokuphelele, ngoba amanzi akubo abila noma kunjalo, futhi ivolumu kufanele igcwaliswe kabusha.

Inzuzo yamabhethri anjalo ukungathobeki kwawo ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla. Kwinethiwekhi yezimoto, ama-voltage surges namaconsi kungenzeka, kepha lokhu akuphazamisi umthombo wamandla, njengoba kunjalo nge-calcium noma i-gel analogue.

Ngalesi sizathu, la mabhethri afaneleka kakhulu ezimotweni ezifuywayo ezingakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokuba nemishini esebenzisa amandla esitebeleni. Futhi zilungele abashayeli abanemali engenayo emaphakathi.

I-calcium

Lokhu ukuguqulwa kwebhethri eliphansi le-antimony. Esikhundleni sokuqukethe i-antimony, i-calcium yengezwa emapuletini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nto iyingxenye yama-electrode azo zombili izigxobo. I-Ca / Ca iboniswa kwilebula lalelo bhethri. Ukwehlisa ukumelana kwangaphakathi, ubuso bamapuleti asebenzayo kwesinye isikhathi bugcotshwe ngesiliva (ingxenyana encane kakhulu yokuqukethwe).

Ukwengezwa kwe-calcium kuqhubeke kunciphise i-gassing ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwebhethri. Ubuningi nevolumu ye-electrolyte ekuguqulweni okunjalo kuyo yonke inkathi yokusebenza akudingeki ihlolwe nhlobo, ngakho-ke zibizwa nangokuthi ayinasondlo.

Lolu hlobo lokuphakelwa kwamandla lungaphansi kwamaphesenti angama-70 (uma kuqhathaniswa nokuguqulwa kwangaphambilini) kuncike ekuzikhipheni ngokwakho. Ngenxa yalokhu, zingagcinwa isikhathi eside, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sokugcina imishini ebusika.

Enye inzuzo ukuthi abesabi ukushaja ngokweqile, ngoba i-electrolysis kuzo iqala ukungasekho ku-12, kepha ngo-16 V.

Yize kunezici eziningi ezinhle, amabhethri e-calcium anokuncipha okubalulekile:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwehla uma kukhishwe ngokuphelele amahlandla ambalwa bese kuvuselelwa kabusha kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le parameter yehla kakhulu kangangokuba ibhethri idinga ukushintshwa, ngoba amandla ayo akwanele ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwemishini exhunywe kunethiwekhi yemoto;
• Ikhwalithi ekhuphukile yomkhiqizo idinga imali ephakeme, okwenza kungafinyeleleki kubasebenzisi abanemali engenayo yesilinganiso;
• Inkambu enkulu yokufaka isicelo yizimoto zakwamanye amazwe, ngoba imishini yazo izinze ngokwengeziwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla (ngokwesibonelo, amalambu asemacaleni ezimweni eziningi azicisha ngokuzenzakalela, noma ngabe ngephutha umshayeli ukhohlwe ukuwacisha, okuvame ukuholela ekukhishwe ngokuphelele kwebhethri);
• Ukusebenza kwebhethri kudinga ukunakekelwa okwengeziwe, kepha ngokunakekelwa okufanele kwemoto (ukusetshenziswa kwemishini esezingeni eliphakeme nokunaka ukukhipha okugcwele), leli bhethri lizohlala isikhathi eside kakhulu kunozakwabo we-antimony ephansi.

I-Hybrid

Lawa mabhethri abhalwe ukuthi Ca +. Amapuleti ayingxube kulokhu kuguqulwa. Okuhle kungabandakanya i-antimony, ne-negative - calcium. Ngokusebenza kahle, amabhethri anjalo aphansi kunalawo we-calcium, kepha amanzi akubo abila kancane kakhulu kunalawo aphansi we-antimony.

Amabhethri anjalo awahlushwa kakhulu ukukhishwa okugcwele, futhi awesabi ukugcwalisa ngokweqile. Inketho enhle kakhulu uma inketho yesabelomali ingagculisi ngokwezobuchwepheshe, futhi ayikho imali eyanele ye-analogue ye-calcium.

Ijeli, i-AGM

Lawa mabhethri asebenzisa i-gel electrolyte. Isizathu sokwakhiwa kwamabhethri anjalo bekuyizinto ezimbili:

• I-electrolyte ewuketshezi yamabhethri ajwayelekile izophuma ngokushesha lapho icala licindezelekile. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokulimala kwempahla (umzimba wemoto uzokonakala ngokushesha), kepha futhi kungadala ingozi enkulu empilweni yabantu ngenkathi umshayeli ezama ukwenza okuthile;
• Ngemuva kwesikhashana, amapuleti, ngenxa yokusebenza budedengu, ayakwazi ukuwa (kuchitheke).

Lezi zinkinga zisuswe ngokusebenzisa i-gelled electrolyte.

Ekuguqulweni kwe-AGM, kungezwa into enesibindi kudivayisi, ephethe ijeli eduze kwamapuleti, evimbela ukwakheka kwamabhamuza amancane ezindaweni eziseduze.

Izinzuzo zamabhethri anjalo yilezi:

• Abasabi ama-tilts - lokhu ngeke kutholakale kumamodeli ane-electrolyte ewuketshezi, ngoba ekusebenzeni kwawo, umoya usakhiwa kuleli cala, okuthi, lapho liphenduka, liveze amapuleti;
• Ukugcinwa kwebhethri lesikhathi eside kuvunyelwe, ngoba banomkhawulo ophansi kakhulu wokuzikhulula;
• Kuwo wonke umjikelezo ophakathi kwamacala, kukhiqiza umsinga ozinzile;
• Abesabi ukukhishwa okuphelele - umthamo webhethri awulahleki ngasikhathi sinye;
• Impilo yokusebenza yalezo zinto ifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi.

Ngaphezu kwezinzuzo, amabhethri anjalo ezimoto anezithiyo eziningi ezinkulu ezidida abasebenzisi abaningi abafuna ukuzifaka emotweni yabo:

• I-whimsical kakhulu ukukhokhisa - lokhu kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwamashaja akhethekile ahlinzeka ngokushaja okuzinzile nokuphansi;
• Ukushaja okusheshayo akuvunyelwe;
• Esimweni sezulu esibandayo, ukusebenza kahle kwebhethri kwehla kakhulu, ngoba ijeli inciphisa izakhiwo zayo zomqhubi lapho selehlile;
• Imoto kumele ibe ne-generator ezinzile, ngakho-ke ukuguqulwa okunjalo kusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikanokusho;
• Intengo ephezulu kakhulu.

I-Alkaline

Amabhethri ezimoto angagcwaliswa nge-acid ene-acid kuphela kepha ne-alkaline electrolyte. Esikhundleni sokuhola, amapuleti kulokhu kuguqulwa enziwe nge-nickel ne-cadmium noma i-nickel nensimbi. I-potassium hydroxide isetshenziswa njengomqhubi osebenzayo.

I-electrolyte emabhethri anjalo ayidingi ukugcwaliswa kabusha, ngoba ayibilisi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo be-asidi, lezi zinhlobo zamabhethri zinezinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• Ungesabi ukukhokhiswa ngokweqile;
• Ibhethri ingagcinwa isesimweni sokukhishwa, futhi ngeke ilahlekelwe yimpahla yayo;
• Ukushaja akubalulekile kubo;
• Kuzinze kakhudlwana emazingeni okushisa aphansi;
• Ngaphansi kokuthambekela kokuzikhulula;
• Azikhiphi umhosha onobungozi, ozivumela ukuthi zikhokhiswe endaweni yokuhlala;
• Bagcina amandla amaningi.

Ngaphambi kokuthenga ukuguqulwa okunjalo, umnikazi wemoto kumele anqume ukuthi ukulungele yini ukwenza ukuyekethisa okunjalo:

• Ibhethri le-alkaline likhiqiza amandla kagesi amancane, ngakho-ke amathini amaningi adingeka kunomlingani we-asidi. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu kuzothinta ubukhulu bebhethri, obuzohlinzeka ngamandla adingekayo kunethiwekhi ethile ebhodini;
• Intengo ephezulu;
• Ilungele ukudonsa kakhulu kunemisebenzi yokuqala.

Li-ion

Okuthuthuke kakhulu okwamanje yizinketho ze-lithium-ion. Kuze kube sekupheleni, lobu buchwepheshe abukakaqedwa - ukwakheka kwamapuleti asebenzayo kuhlala kushintsha, kepha into okwenziwa ngayo izivivinyo yi-lithium ions.

Izizathu zalezi zinguquko ukwandiswa kokuphepha kokusebenza (ngokwesibonelo, insimbi ye-lithium kuvele ukuthi iyaziqhuma), kanye nokwehla kobuthi (ukuguqulwa okuphendula ukuphendula kwe-manganese ne-lithium oxide bekunezinga eliphakeme lobuthi, yingakho izimoto zikagesi ezintweni ezinjalo bezingabizwa ngokuthi "luhlaza" ezokuthutha).

Lawa mabhethri aklanyelwe ukuthi azinze futhi aphephe ngangokunokwenzeka ekulahleni. Izinzuzo zalo msebenzi omusha zifaka:

• Amandla amakhulu kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri alinganayo afanayo;
• Amandla aphakeme kakhulu (ibhange elilodwa linganikezela nge-4 V, ephindwe kabili kunaleyo ye-analog "yakudala");
• Ngaphansi kokuthambekela kokuzikhulula.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zinzuzo, amabhethri anjalo awakakwazi ukuncintisana namanye ama-analogues. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu:

• Zisebenza kabi eqabeni (emazingeni okushisa amabi likhipha ngokushesha okukhulu);
• Imbalwa kakhulu imijikelezo yokukhokhisa / yokukhipha (kuze kufike kumakhulu amahlanu);
• Ukugcinwa kwebhethri kuholela ekulahlekelweni kwamandla - eminyakeni emibili izokwehla ngamaphesenti angama-20;
• Bayesaba ukukhishwa okugcwele;
• Inika amandla abuthakathaka ukuze isetshenziswe njengesiqalo - imishini izosebenza isikhathi eside, kepha awekho amandla anele okuqala imoto.

Kukhona okunye ukuthuthukiswa abafuna ukukusebenzisa ezimotweni zikagesi - i-supercapacitor. Ngale ndlela, izimoto sezivele zakhiwe ezisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwamabhethri, noma kunjalo, zinezinkinga eziningi ezibavimbela ukuthi bancintisane namabhethri ayingozi futhi ayingozi kakhulu. Kuchazwa intuthuko enjalo nemoto kagesi enamandla alo mthombo wamandla kokunye ukubuyekeza.

Impilo yebhethri

Yize namuhla ucwaningo luqhubeka ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle nokuphepha kwamabhethri kunethiwekhi yemoto esemgwaqweni, kuze kube manje okuthandwa kakhulu yizinketho zeasidi.

Izici ezilandelayo zithinta impilo yebhethri:

• Ukushisa lapho kusebenza khona amandla kagesi;
• Idivayisi yebhethri;
• Ukusebenza kahle kwe-generator nokusebenza;
• Ukulungiswa kwebhethri;
• Imodi yokugibela;
• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla lapho okokusebenza kuvaliwe.

Ukugcinwa okufanele kwebhethri okungasetshenziswanga kuchazwe ku- lapha.

Iningi lamabhethri e-asidi anokuphila okuncane okusebenzayo - lawo asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, noma ngabe yonke imithetho yokusebenza iyagcinwa, izosebenza kusukela eminyakeni emihlanu kuya kweyisikhombisa. Ngokuvamile lezi amamodeli ezinganakiwe. Zaziwa ngegama lomkhiqizo - abakhiqizi abaziwayo abalonakalisi idumela labo ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphansi. Futhi, umkhiqizo onjalo uzoba nesikhathi sewaranti ende - okungenani iminyaka emibili.

Inketho yesabelomali izohlala iminyaka emithathu, futhi iwaranti yazo ngeke yeqe ezinyangeni eziyi-12. Akufanele usheshe kule nketho, ngoba akunakwenzeka ukudala izimo ezifanele zokusebenza kwebhethri.

Yize kungenzeki ukucacisa insiza yokusebenza iminyaka, lokhu kuyefana nasesimweni samathayi ezimoto, okuchaziwe kwesinye isihloko... Ibhethri elijwayelekile kufanele limelane nemijikelezo yokukhokha / yokukhipha engu-4.

Imininingwane eminingi ngempilo yebhethri ichazwe kule vidiyo:

Ibhethri yemoto ihlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Lisho ukuthini ibhethri? Ibhethri ye-Accumulator - ibhethri yesitoreji. Lena idivayisi eyenza ngokuzimela ugesi odingekayo ekusebenzeni okuzimele kwemishini kagesi emotweni.

Lenzani ibhethri? Uma ushajwa, ugesi uqala inqubo yamakhemikhali. Uma ibhethri lingashajiwe, inqubo yamakhemikhali iqala ukukhiqiza ugesi.