Amasistimu wokujova amafutha enjini

Umsebenzi wanoma iyiphi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isuselwa ekushiseni kwephethiloli, uphethiloli kadizili noma olunye uhlobo lukaphethiloli. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi uphethiloli uxubene kahle nomoya. Kulesi simo kuphela, ukubuyisa okuphezulu kuzovela kumoto.

Ama-carburetor motors awanakho ukusebenza okufana ne-analogue yesimanje yomjovo. Imvamisa, iyunithi efakwe i-carburetor inamandla amancane kunenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ene-injection system ephoqelelwe, ngaphandle kwevolumu enkulu. Isizathu silele kwikhwalithi yokuxubana kukaphethiloli nomoya. Uma lezi zinto zixubeka kabi, ingxenye kaphethiloli izosuswa iye ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya, lapho izosha khona.

Ngaphezu kokuhluleka kwezinye izinto zohlelo lokukhipha, isibonelo, i-catalyst noma ama-valve, injini ngeke isebenzise amandla ayo aphelele. Ngalezi zizathu, kufakwa injini yesimanje yokuphoqa uphethiloli. Ake sicabangele ukuguqulwa kwayo okuhlukile kanye nenqubo yokusebenza kwayo.

Luyini uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli

Uhlelo lokujova ngophethiloli lubhekisa kumshini wokugeleza okuphoqiwe kwemitha kukaphethiloli kumasilinda wenjini. Uma ucabanga ukuthi ngomlilo omubi we-BTC, ukuqeda kuqukethe izinto eziningi eziyingozi ezingcolisa imvelo, izinjini lapho kwenziwa khona umjovo oqondile zinobungani bemvelo.

Ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokuxuba, inqubo yokulawula i-elekthronikhi. I-elektroniki ilinganisa kangcono ingxenye kaphethiloli, futhi ikuvumela ukuthi uyihambise ezingxenyeni ezincane. Ngemuva kwesikhashana sizoxoxa ngokuguqulwa okuhlukile kwezinhlelo zokujova, kepha zinemigomo efanayo yokusebenza.

Isimiso sokusebenza nedivayisi

Uma ngaphambili ukunikezwa okuphoqiwe kukaphethiloli kwakwenziwa kuphela ngamayunithi kadizili, injini yesimanje kaphethiloli nayo ifakwe uhlelo olufanayo. Idivayisi yayo, kuya ngohlobo, izofaka izinto ezilandelayo:

• Iyunithi yokulawula eqhuba amasiginali atholakele avela kuzinzwa. Ngokususelwa kule datha, unikeza umyalo kubaculi mayelana nesikhathi sokufafazwa kukaphethiloli, inani likaphethiloli nenani lomoya.
• Izinzwa ezifakwe eduze kwe-valve mpintsha, ezungeze i-catalyst, ku-crankshaft, camshaft, njll. Banquma inani kanye nokushisa komoya ongenayo, inani lawo kumagesi okukhipha, futhi baqophe nemingcele yokusebenza ehlukile yeyunithi yamandla. Izimpawu ezivela kulezi zinto zisiza iyunithi yokulawula ukulawula ukujova kukaphethiloli nokunikezwa komoya ku-cylinder oyifunayo.
• Ama-injectors afutha uphethiloli kungena ezininginingi zokudla noma ngqo egumbini lesilinda, njengakwinjini kadizili. Lezi zingxenye zitholakala ekhanda lesilinda eduze kwama-spark plugs noma kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla.
• Iphampu kaphethiloli ephezulu edala ingcindezi edingekayo kulayini kaphethiloli. Kokunye ukuguqulwa kohlelo lwamafutha, le pharamitha kufanele ibe phezulu kakhulu kunokucindezelwa kwamasilinda.

Uhlelo lusebenza ngokuya ngomgomo ofana ne-carburetor analog - okwamanje lapho ukugeleza komoya kungena kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla, umbhobho (ezimweni eziningi, inani labo lifana nenani lamasilinda ebhulokini). Intuthuko yokuqala yayingeyohlobo lomshini. Esikhundleni se-carburetor, kwafakwa umbhobho owodwa, owafutha uphethiloli ezinhlwini zokudla, ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yasha kahle.

Kwakuwukuphela kwento eyayisebenza kusuka ku-elekthronikhi. Zonke ezinye izinto ezenziwa ngama-actuator bezenziwe ngomshini. Izinhlelo eziningi zesimanje zisebenza kumgomo ofanayo, kuphela zihlukile kune-analogue yasekuqaleni enanini lama-actuator nendawo yokufakwa kwazo.

Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo zinikeza inhlanganisela ehambelana kakhulu, ukuze imoto isebenzise amandla aphelele kaphethiloli, futhi ihlangabezane nezidingo ezinzima zemvelo. Ibhonasi emnandi emsebenzini wokujova ngogesi ukusebenza kahle kwemoto ngamandla asebenzayo eyunithi.

Uma entuthukweni yokuqala kwakukhona into eyodwa kuphela ye-elekthronikhi, futhi zonke ezinye izingxenye zohlelo lwamafutha zaziwuhlobo lomshini, izinjini zesimanje zifakwe imishini ye-elekthronikhi ngokuphelele. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi usabalalise ngokunemba kakhudlwana uphethiloli omncane ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu kusuka emlilweni wawo.

Abashayeli abaningi balazi leli gama njengenjini esemkhathini. Kulokhu kuguqulwa, uphethiloli ungena kokuphindaphindwayo kokungenisa kanye namasilinda ngenxa ye-vacuum eyenziwe lapho i-piston isondela ezansi ekufeni kohlangothi. Onke ama-carburetor ICE asebenza ngokuya ngalesi simiso. Iningi lezinqubo zesimanje zomjovo zisebenza kumgomo ofanayo, i-atomization kuphela eyenziwa ngenxa yengcindezi edalwa yimpompo kaphethiloli.

Umlando omfushane wokubukeka

Ekuqaleni, zonke izinjini zikaphethiloli zazihlonyelwe kuphela abakhiqizi, ngoba isikhathi eside kwakuwukuphela kwendlela lapho uphethiloli wawuhlanganiswa nomoya futhi wamunca amasilinda. Ukusebenza kwale divayisi ukuthi ingxenye encane kaphethiloli imunzwa emfudlaneni womoya odlula egumbini lomshini ungene ezinhlwini eziningi zokudla.

Sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100 idluliselwe le divayisi, ngenxa yokuthi amanye amamodeli ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokusebenza kwezimoto. Vele, i-elekthronikhi yenza lo msebenzi kangcono kakhulu, kepha ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuphela kwendlela, ukucwengwa kwayo okwenza ukuthi imoto ikwazi ukonga noma ukushesha. Ezinye izinhlobo zemidlalo yezemidlalo zaze zafakwa ne-carburetors ehlukile, eyakhulisa kakhulu amandla emoto.

Maphakathi no-90s wekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwathathelwa indawo kancane kancane wuhlobo olusebenzayo kakhulu lwezinhlelo zikaphethiloli, ezingasasebenzi ngenxa yemingcele yemibhobho (mayelana nokuthi iyini nokuthi usayizi wabo uthinta kanjani ukusebenza kwenjini , funda ku isihloko esihlukile) kanye nevolumu yamakamelo e-carburetor, futhi ngokususelwa kwizimpawu ezivela ku-ECU.

Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu kufakwa esikhundleni:

1. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze-carburetor azibizi kakhulu kune-analogue ye-elekthronikhi, okusho ukuthi inamandla aphansi okusebenza kukaphethiloli;
2. Ukusebenza kwe-carburetor akubonakali kuzo zonke izindlela zokusebenza kwenjini. Lokhu kungenxa yemingcele ebonakalayo yezingxenye zayo, ezingashintshwa kuphela ngokufaka ezinye izinto ezifanele. Ngenqubo yokushintsha izindlela zokusebenza zenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, ngenkathi imoto iqhubeka nokuhamba, lokhu akunakwenziwa;
3. Ukusebenza kweCarburetor kuya ngokuthi ifakwe kuphi enjinini;
4. Njengoba uphethiloli ku-carburetor uxubana kancane kunalapho ufuthwe nge-injector, uphethiloli ongashiswanga ngaphezulu ungena ohlelweni lokukhipha, okwandisa izinga lokungcola kwemvelo.

Uhlelo lokujova uphethiloli luqale lwasetshenziswa ezimotweni zokukhiqiza emuva ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80s yekhulu lamashumi amabili. Kodwa-ke, kwezindiza, ama-injectors aqala ukufakwa eminyakeni engama-50 ngaphambili. Imoto yokuqala eyayinemishini yokujova eqondile evela enkampanini yaseJalimane iBosch kwakuyiGoliath 700 Sport (1951).

Imodeli eyaziwayo ebizwa nge "Gull Wing" (Mercedes-Benz 300SL) ibinokushintshwa okufanayo kwemoto.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engama-50 - ekuqaleni kweminyaka engama-60. kwasungulwa izinhlelo ezizosebenza kusuka ku-microprocessor, hhayi ngenxa yamadivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi. Kodwa-ke, le ntuthuko yahlala ingafinyeleleki isikhathi eside kwaze kwaba yilapho kuthengwa ama-microprocessors ashibhile.

Ukwethulwa okukhulu kwezinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi kuqhutshwe yimithetho eqinile yezemvelo nokutholakala okukhulu kwama-microprocessor. Imodeli yokuqala yokukhiqiza ukuthola umjovo we-elekthronikhi kwaba yiNash Rambler Rebel yango-1967. Ukuze uqhathanise, i-carbureted 5.4-litre engine yathuthukisa amandla amahhashi angama-255, futhi imodeli entsha enesistimu ye-electrojector nomthamo ofanayo usuvele une-290 hp.

Ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kakhulu nokusebenza kahle okwandisiwe, ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwezinhlelo zokujova kuye kwashintsha kancane kancane ama-carburetors (yize amadivayisi anjalo asasetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ezimotweni ezincane ezinomshini ngenxa yezindleko zawo eziphansi).

Namuhla, iningi lezimoto zabagibeli lifakwe umjovo wamafutha kagesi ovela eBosch. Intuthuko ibizwa ngokuthi yi-jetronic. Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kwesistimu, igama layo lizonikezwa ngeziqalo ezihambisanayo: iMono, K / KE (uhlelo lokulinganisa imishini / elekthronikhi), i-L / LH (umjovo osatshalaliswa ngokulawulwa kwesilinda ngasinye), njll. Uhlelo olufanayo lwakhiwa enye inkampani yaseJalimane, i-Opel, futhi ibizwa ngeMultec.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobo zezinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli

Zonke izinhlelo zesimanje zokujova eziphoqelelwe ngogesi ziwela ezigabeni ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Isifutho se-over-throttle (noma umjovo ophakathi);
• I-collector spray (noma isatshalaliswa);
• I-atomization eqondile (i-atomizer ifakwa ekhanda lesilinda, uphethiloli uxubene nomoya ngqo kusilinda).

Iskimu sokusebenza kwazo zonke lezi zinhlobo zemijovo sicishe sifane. Inikeza uphethiloli emgodini ngenxa yengcindezi eyeqile kulayini wohlelo lwamafutha. Lokhu kungaba yichibi elihlukile elitholakala phakathi kokuphindaphindeka kokudla nepompo, noma ulayini wokucindezela uqobo.

Umjovo ophakathi nendawo (umjovo owodwa)

I-Monoinjection kwakuwukuqala kokuthuthuka kwezinhlelo ze-elektroniki. Kufana nozakwabo we-carburetor. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi esikhundleni sedivayisi yemishini, kufakwa i-injector kokuphindaphindwayo kokudla.

Uphethiloli uya ngqo ezininginingi, lapho uxubana nomoya ongenayo bese ungena emkhonweni ohambisanayo, lapho kwenziwa khona i-vacuum. Lokhu okusha kwandisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kwama-motor ajwayelekile ngenxa yokuthi uhlelo lungaguqulwa kumamodi wokusebenza we-motor.

Inzuzo enkulu yomjovo we-mono ilele ekulula kohlelo. Ingafakwa kunoma iyiphi injini esikhundleni se-carburetor. Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi izolawula i-injector eyodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo se-firmware eyinkimbinkimbi ye-microprocessor.

Kuhlelo olunjalo, izinto ezilandelayo zizobakhona:

• Ukuze ugcine ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kwephethiloli kulayini, kufanele ifakwe isilawuli sengcindezi (ukuthi sisebenza kanjani nokuthi sifakwe kuphi kuchaziwe lapha). Lapho injini ivaliwe, le nto igcina ingcindezi yomugqa, yenze kube lula ukuthi ipompo lisebenze lapho iyunithi iqala kabusha.
• I-atomizer esebenza ngamasiginali avela ku-ECU. I-injector ine-valve ye-solenoid. Inikeza umfutho we-atomization wephethiloli. Imininingwane eminingi mayelana nedivayisi yama-injectors nokuthi ingahlanzwa kanjani ichaziwe lapha.
• Ivalve mpintsha ye-motor ilawula umoya ongena kokuphindaphindiwe.
• Izinzwa eziqoqa imininingwane edingekayo ukunquma inani likaphethiloli nokuthi lifuthwa nini.
• Iyunithi yokulawula i-microprocessor icubungula amasiginali avela kuzinzwa, futhi, ngokuhambisana nalokhu, ithumela umyalo wokusebenzisa i-injector, i-throttle actuator nepompo kaphethiloli.

Yize le ntuthuko entsha izibonakalise kahle, inezithiyo ezithile ezibucayi:

1. Lapho umjovo wehluleka, umisa ngokuphelele yonke imoto;
2. Njengoba ukufafaza kwenzeka engxenyeni eyinhloko yezinhlobonhlobo, uphethiloli othile uhlala ezindongeni zamapayipi. Ngenxa yalokhu, injini izodinga uphethiloli omningi ukufeza amandla aphezulu (yize le parameter iphansi ngokubonakalayo uma iqhathaniswa ne-carburetor);
3. Okubi okubalwe ngenhla kumise ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kohlelo, yingakho imodi yokufafaza yamaphoyinti amaningi ingatholakali ngomjovo owodwa (kungenzeka kuphela ngomjovo oqondile), futhi lokhu kuholela ekushiseni okungaphelele kwengxenye kaphethiloli. Ngenxa yalokhu, imoto ayihlangabezani nezidingo ezikhula njalo zobungani bemvelo bezimoto.

Kusatshalaliswa umjovo

Ukuguqulwa okulandelayo okusebenzayo kakhudlwana kohlelo lokujova kuhlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa kwezijovo ngazinye zesilinda esithile. Idivayisi enjalo yenza kube lula ukubeka ama-athomu eduze kwamaphayiphu okungena, ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ukulahleka okuncane kwephethiloli (akusalanga kangako ezindongeni ezininginingi).

Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo lomjovo lufakwe into eyengeziwe - irempu (noma idamu lapho uphethiloli unqwabelana khona ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu). Lo mklamo uvumela umjovo ngamunye ukuthi unikezwe ingcindezi efanele kaphethiloli ngaphandle kwezilawuli eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Lolu hlobo lomjovo luvame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zesimanje. Uhlelo lukhombise ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ngakho-ke namuhla kunezinhlobo zalo eziningi:

• Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kufana kakhulu nomsebenzi we-mono injection. Kuhlelo olunjalo, i-ECU ithumela isignali kuwo wonke ama-injectors ngasikhathi sinye, futhi aqala ukwenziwa kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isilinda esidinga ingxenye entsha ye-BTC. Inzuzo ngaphezu komjovo owodwa yikhono lokulungisa ngamunye ukunikezwa kwephethiloli kusilinda ngasinye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuguqulwa kunokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kakhulu kukaphethiloli kunabalingani banamuhla.
• Umjovo wamapheya afanayo. Isebenza ngokufana neyangaphambilini, hhayi kuphela ukuthi ama-injectors asebenza kanjani, kepha axhumene ngababili. Okucacile kwalolu hlobo lwedivayisi ukuthi ziyafana ukuze isifutho esisodwa sivuleke ngaphambi kokuba i-piston yenze i-stroke stroke, kanti enye okwamanje ifafaza uphethiloli ngaphambi kokuqala ukukhishwa komunye u-cylinder. Lolu hlelo alucishe lufakwe ezimotweni, kodwa-ke, imijovo eminingi ye-elekthronikhi lapho ushintshela kwimodi yezimo eziphuthumayo isebenza ngokwalo mgomo. Imvamisa iyasebenza lapho inzwa ye-camshaft ihluleka (ekuguqulweni kwe-injection ngezigaba).
• Ukuguqulwa ngezigaba komjovo osatshalalisiwe. Lokhu ukuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kakhulu kwezinhlelo ezinjalo. Inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kulesi sigaba. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa inani elifanayo lemibhobho njengoba kunamasilinda enjinini, ukufafaza kuphela okuzokwenziwa ngaphambi nje kokuvula amaphayiphu okudla. Lolu hlobo lomjovo lusebenza kahle kakhulu kulesi sigaba. Uphethiloli awufuthwanga kukho konke okuphindaphindiwe, kodwa kuphela engxenyeni lapho kuthathwa khona ingxube kaphethiloli womoya. Ngenxa yalokhu, injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ikhombisa ukusebenza kahle kakhulu.

Umjovo oqondile

Uhlelo lokujova ngqo luhlobo lohlobo olusatshalalisiwe. Umehluko kuphela kuleli cala kuzoba indawo yemibhobho. Afakwe ngendlela efanayo nama-spark plugs - phezulu kwenjini ukuze i-atomizer inikeze uphethiloli ngqo egumbini lesilinda.

Uhlelo olunjalo lusetshenziswa ezimotweni zesigaba se-premium, ngoba yiyona ebiza kakhulu, kepha namuhla iyona esebenza kahle kakhulu. Lezi zinhlelo zisondeza ukuxubana kukaphethiloli nomoya kuseduze kokuhle, futhi ekusebenzeni kweyunithi yamandla, kusetshenziswa wonke amaconsi amancane kaphethiloli.

Umjovo oqondile ukuvumela ukuthi ulawule ngokunembile ukusebenza kwe-motor ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yezici zokuklama (ngaphezu kwama-valve namakhandlela, kufanele kufakwe umjovo ekhanda lesilinda), awasetshenziswanga ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ezinamandla amancane, kepha kuphela kuma-analogs anamandla anomsindo omkhulu.

Esinye isizathu sokusebenzisa uhlelo olunjalo ezimotweni ezibizayo kuphela ukuthi injini ye-serial idinga ukwenziwa ngcono kakhulu ukuze ifakwe umjovo oqondile kuyo. Uma esimweni samanye ama-analogs ukukhuphula okunjalo kungenzeka (inqwaba yokudla idinga ukuguqulwa futhi kufakwe i-elekthronikhi edingekayo), kulokhu, ngaphezu kokufaka iyunithi elifanele lokulawula nezinzwa ezidingekayo, ikhanda lesilinda futhi idinga ukwenziwa kabusha. Kumayunithi kagesi wesabelomali, lokhu akunakwenziwa.

Uhlobo lokufafaza okukhulunywa ngalo luthandana kakhulu nekhwalithi kaphethiloli, ngoba i-plunger pair izwela kakhulu kuma-abrasives amancane kakhulu futhi idinga ukuthambisa njalo. Kumele ihlangabezane nezidingo zomkhiqizi, ngakho-ke izimoto ezinezinhlelo ezifanayo zikaphethiloli akufanele zifakwe uphethiloli eziteshini zegesi ezingabazekayo noma ezingajwayelekile.

Lapho kufika ukuguqulwa okuthuthukile kakhulu kohlobo oluqondile lwesifutho, kunamathuba aphezulu okuthi izinjini ezinjalo zizongena esikhundleni se-analogs ngomjovo we-mono- nokusatshalaliswa. Izinhlobo eziningi zesimanje zifaka phakathi intuthuko lapho kwenziwa khona i-multipoint noma i-stratified injection. Zombili lezi zinketho zihlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umlilo wephethiloli uphelele ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi umphumela wale nqubo ufinyelela ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kakhulu.

Umjovo wamaphoyinti amaningi unikezwa isici sokufafaza. Kulokhu, ikamelo ligcwele amaconsi amancane kawoyela ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, okuthuthukisa ukuxubana okufanayo nomoya. Umjovo wezendlalelo ungqimba uhlukanisa ingxenye eyodwa ye-BTC izingxenye ezimbili. I-pre-injection yenziwa kuqala. Le ngxenye kaphethiloli ibasa ngokushesha ngoba kunomoya omningi. Ngemuva kokuthungela, ingxenye enkulu kaphethiloli inikezwa, engabe isabasela kusuka enhlanzini, kodwa ithoshi elivele likhona. Lo mklamo wenza injini isebenze ngokushelela ngaphandle kokulahleka kwe-torque.

Indlela ephoqelekile ekhona kuzo zonke izinhlelo zikaphethiloli zalolu hlobo iphampu kaphethiloli enamandla. Ukuze idivaysi ingaphumeleli enqubeni yokwakha ingcindezi edingekayo, ifakwe iphegi yokugeja (ukuthi iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani ichaziwe ngokwehlukana). Isidingo salo mshini singenxa yokuthi ingcindezi esitimeleni kufanele ibe ngaphezulu kaningana kunokucindezela kwenjini, ngoba imvamisa uphethiloli kumele ufuthwe emoyeni osuvele ucindezelwe.

Izinzwa zomjovo we-Fuel

Ngaphezu kwezinto ezibalulekile zohlelo lwamafutha (mpintsha, ukunikezwa kwamandla, ipompo kaphethiloli nemibhobho), ukusebenza kwayo kuxhumeke ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nobukhona bezinzwa ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuya ngohlobo lomjovo, lawa madivayisi afakelwe:

• Ukunqunywa kwenani le-oxygen ekuqothulweni. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa iphenyo le-lambda (ukuthi lingasebenza kanjani lapha). Izimoto zingasebenzisa inzwa eyodwa noma ezimbili zomoya-mpilo (efakwe ngaphambi, noma ngaphambi nangemva kokuvuselelwa);
• Izincazelo zesikhathi seCamshaft (kuyini, funda kusuka ku- okunye ukubuyekeza) ukuze iyunithi yokulawula ikwazi ukuthumela isignali ukuvula isifutho ngaphambi nje kokushaywa unhlangothi. Inzwa yesigaba ifakiwe ku-camshaft futhi isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokujova ngezigaba. Ukwephuka kwalenzwa kushintshela iyunithi yokulawula kumodi yomjovo ohambisana ngazimbili;
• Ukunqunywa kwejubane le-crankshaft. Ukusebenza komzuzu wokuthungela, kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo, kuya nge-DPKV. Le yinzwa ebaluleke kakhulu emotweni. Uma yehluleka, imoto ayikwazi ukuqalwa noma izoma;
• Izibalo zokuthi ungakanani umoya osetshenziswa yinjini. IMisa air flow sensor isiza iyunithi yokulawula ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi i-algorithm yokubala inani likaphethiloli (isikhathi sokuvula sesifutho). Uma kwenzeka ukwehla kwenzwa yokugeleza komoya ngobuningi, i-ECU inemodi yezimo eziphuthumayo, eqondiswa izinkomba zamanye amasensa, ngokwesibonelo, i-DPKV noma ama-algorithms wokulinganisa okuphuthumayo (umenzi ubeka imingcele emaphakathi);
• Ukunqunywa kwezimo zokushisa kwenjini. Inzwa yokushisa ohlelweni lokupholisa ikuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukunikezwa kwephethiloli, kanye nesikhathi sokushisa (ukugwema ukuqhuma ngenxa yokushisa okukhulu kwenjini);
• Bala umthwalo olinganiselwayo noma wangempela ku-powertrain. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa inzwa mpintsha. Inquma ukuthi umshayeli ucindezela kangakanani iphethiloli yegesi;
• Ukuvimbela ukungqongqoza kwenjini. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa inzwa engqongqozayo. Lapho le divayisi ithola ukushaqeka okubukhali nokungakafiki kumasilinda, i-microprocessor ilungisa isikhathi sokusha;
• Ibala ijubane lemoto. Lapho i-microprocessor ithola ukuthi isivinini semoto sidlula isivinini senjini esidingekayo, "ubuchopho" buvala ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli kumasilinda. Lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, lapho umshayeli esebenzisa ukubopha injini. Le modi ikuvumela ukuthi wonge uphethiloli kuma-descents noma lapho usondela ejikeni;
• Ukulinganiselwa kwenani lokudlidliza okuthinta imoto. Lokhu kwenzeka uma izimoto zihamba emigwaqweni engalingani. Ukudlidlizela kungaholela emlilweni ongafanele. Lezi zinzwa zisetshenziselwa izinjini ezihambisana ne-Euro 3 namazinga aphezulu.

Ayikho iyunithi yokulawula esebenza kuphela ngesisekelo sedatha kusuka kunzwa eyodwa. Uma inzwa yalezi zinzwa isesistimeni, i-ECU izosebenza kahle kakhudlwana lapho izobala izici zikaphethiloli zenjini.

Ukwehluleka kwezinye izinzwa kufaka i-ECU kumodi yezimo eziphuthumayo (isithonjana semoto sikhanya kuphaneli yensimbi), kepha injini iyaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokuya ngama-algorithms ahlelwe ngaphambilini. Iyunithi yokulawula ingasuselwa kuzinkomba zesikhathi sokusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, izinga lokushisa kwayo, isikhundla se-crankshaft, njll., Noma ngokumane ngokusho kwetafula elihleliwe elinokuhlukahluka okuhlukile.

Ama-Actuators

Lapho uphiko lokulawula nge-elekthronikhi seluthole idatha evela kuzo zonke izinzwa (inombolo yabo ifakwe kuhlelo lohlelo lwedivayisi), ithumela umyalo ofanele kubacuphi bohlelo. Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa kwesistimu, lawa madivayisi angaba nomklamo wawo.

Izindlela ezinjalo zifaka:

• Izifutho (noma imibhobho). Ngokuyinhloko ifakwe i-valve ye-solenoid, elawulwa yi-algorithm ye-ECU;
• Impompo kaphethiloli. Ezinye izinhlobo zezimoto zinezimbili zazo. Eyodwa ithumela uphethiloli osuka ethangini uya empompini wokujova, opompa uphethiloli esitimeleni ngezingxenyana ezincane. Lokhu kudala ikhanda elanele kulayini wokucindezela okuphezulu. Ukuguqulwa okunjalo kwamaphampu kudingeka kuphela ezinhlelweni zomjovo oqondile, ngoba kwezinye amamodeli umlomo kufanele ufafaze uphethiloli emoyeni ocindezelweyo;
• Imodyuli ye-elekthronikhi yohlelo lokuthungela - ithola isignali yokwakhiwa kwenhlansi ngesikhathi esifanele. Le nto ekuguqulweni kwakamuva kohlelo lwebhodi iyingxenye yeyunithi yokulawula (ingxenye yayo yamandla kagesi aphansi, nengxenye enevolthi ephezulu ikhoyili yokuthungela yesekethe, edala ukukhokhiswa kwepulagi ethize, naku izinhlobo ezibiza kakhulu, kufakwa ikhoyili ngazinye ku-plug plug ngayinye).
• Isilawuli sejubane sokungenzi lutho. Kwethulwa ngendlela yesithuthuthu esilawula inani lokudlula komoya endaweni ye-valve mpintsha. Le ndlela iyadingeka ukugcina ijubane lenjini elingenzi lutho lapho i-throttle ivaliwe (umshayeli akacindezeli i-accelerator pedal). Lokhu kusiza inqubo yokufudumeza injini esehlile - asikho isidingo sokuhlala endlini ebandayo ebusika bese uphefumula ukuze injini ingami;
• Ukuze ulawule izinga lokushisa (le parameter ibuye ithinte ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli kumasilinda), iyunithi yokulawula isebenza ngezikhathi ezithile isilawuli sokupholisa esifakwe eduze ne-radiator eyinhloko. Izizukulwane zakamuva zezinhlobo zeBMW zifakwe i-radiator grille enezimpiko eziguquguqukayo ukugcina izinga lokushisa ngesikhathi ushayela lapho kubanda futhi kusheshisa ukufudumeza injini. (ukuze injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingadluli ngaphezulu, izimbambo zimile ziyaphenduka, zivimba ukungena kokugeleza komoya obandayo egumbini lenjini). Lezi zinto zilawulwa futhi yi-microprocessor ngokususelwa kudatha evela enzwa yokushisa epholisayo.

Uphiko lokulawula ngogesi nalo luqopha ukuthi ingakanani uphethiloli osetshenziswe yimoto. Lolu lwazi luvumela uhlelo ukuthi lulungise izindlela zenjini ukuze ikhiqize amandla aphezulu esimweni esithile, kepha ngesikhathi esifanayo isebenzisa inani eliphansi likaphethiloli. Ngenkathi iningi labashayeli bezimoto likubona lokhu njengokukhathazeka ngezikhwama zemali zabo, empeleni, ukushisa okungampofu kukhuphula izinga lokungcola kokukhipha ugesi. Bonke abakhiqizi bathembele kakhulu kule nkomba.

I-microprocessor ibala inani lokuvuleka kwemibhobho ukuthola ukusetshenziswa kwephethiloli. Vele, le nkomba ihlobene, ngoba i-elekthronikhi ayikwazi ukubala ngokuphelele ukuthi ungakanani uphethiloli odlulwe emibhobho yabajovo kulezo zingxenyana zomzuzwana ngenkathi zivulekile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimoto zesimanje zifakwe isikhangiso. Le divayisi ifakwe ohlelweni lokusakazwa komphunga kaphethiloli ovaliwe wethangi likaphethiloli. Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi uphethiloli uvame ukushabalala. Ukuvimbela umhwamuko kaphethiloli ungangeni emkhathini, i-adsorber idlulisa la magesi kuwo ngokwawo, iwasefe bese iwathumela kumasilinda ukuze ahlehle ngemuva.

Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi

Alukho uhlelo lukaphethiloli oluphoqelelwe olusebenza ngaphandle kweyunithi yokulawula ngogesi. Le microprocessor lapho uhlelo luthungathwa khona. Isoftware yenziwa yi-automaker yemodeli ethile yemoto. I-microcomputer ihlelelwe inombolo ethile yezinzwa, kanye ne-algorithm yokusebenza ethile uma kwenzeka inzwa yehluleka.

I-microprocessor uqobo iqukethe izinto ezimbili. Eyokuqala igcina i-firmware eyinhloko - ukulungiselelwa komkhiqizi noma isoftware efakwe yinkosi ngesikhathi sokusethwa kwe-chip (ukuthi kungani kudingeka, ichazwa ku- esinye isihloko).

Ingxenye yesibili ye-ECU yindawo yokulinganisa. Lesi isifunda se-alamu esimiswe ngumenzi wezimoto uma kwenzeka ifoni ingabambi isignali kusuka enzwa ethile. Le nto ihlelelwe inani elikhulu lokuguquguqukayo okucushwa lapho kuhlangatshezwana nemibandela ethile.

Njengoba kunikezwe ubunzima bokuxhumana phakathi kweyunithi yokulawula, izilungiselelo zayo nezinzwa, kufanele unake amasiginali avela kuphaneli yensimbi. Ezimotweni zesabelomali, lapho kuvela inkinga, isithonjana semoto sivele sikhanye. Ukuze ubone ukungasebenzi kahle ohlelweni lokujova, kuzodingeka uxhume ikhompyutha kusixhumi sesevisi ye-ECU bese wenza ukuxilongwa.

Ukwenza lula le nqubo, ikhompyutha egibele efakwe ezimotweni ezibiza kakhulu, ezenza ngokuzimela ukuxilonga futhi ikhiphe ikhodi ethile yamaphutha. Ukuchazwa kwemiyalezo yesevisi enjalo kungatholakala encwadini yesevisi yezokuthutha noma kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni yomkhiqizi.

Imuphi umjovo ongcono?

Lo mbuzo uvela phakathi kwabanikazi bezimoto ezinamasistimu wephethiloli abhekwayo. Impendulo yalo incike ezicini ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, uma intengo yombuzo ingumnotho wemoto, ukuhambisana nezindinganiso eziphakeme zemvelo nokusebenza kahle okuphezulu kusuka ekushiseni kwe-VTS, khona-ke impendulo ayicaci: umjovo oqondile ungcono, ngoba useduze kakhulu. Kodwa imoto enjalo ngeke ibe eshibhile, futhi ngenxa yezici zokuklanywa kohlelo, imoto izoba nevolumu enkulu.

Kepha uma umshayeli efuna ukuthuthukisa ezokuthutha zakhe ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi ngokuqaqa i-carburetor nokufaka imijovo, khona-ke kuzofanele ame kwenye yezindlela zokuhlinza ezisatshalalisiwe (umjovo owodwa awucashunwanga, ngoba lokhu yintuthuko yakudala engasebenzi kahle kune-carburetor). Uhlelo olunjalo lukaphethiloli luzoba nentengo ephansi, futhi futhi alusebenzi kangako ngekhwalithi kaphethiloli.

Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-carburetor, umjovo ophoqelelwe unezinzuzo ezilandelayo:

• Umnotho wezokuthutha uyakhula. Ngisho nemiklamo yokuqala yokujova ibonisa ukwehla kokugeleza okungaba amaphesenti angama-40;
• Amandla eyunithi ayakhula, ikakhulukazi ngejubane eliphansi, ngenxa yokuthi kulula kangakanani kubaqalayo ukusebenzisa i-injector ukufunda ukushayela imoto;
• Ukuqala injini, kudingeka izenzo ezimbalwa engxenyeni yomshayeli (inqubo izenzakalelayo ngokuphelele);
• Enjini ebandayo, umshayeli akudingeki alawule ijubane ukuze injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ingami lapho ifudumala;
• Amandla we-motor ayanda;
• Uhlelo lokuphakela uphethiloli aludingi ukulungiswa, ngoba lokhu kwenziwa yi-elekthronikhi, kuya ngemodi yokusebenza yenjini;
• Ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela kuyabhekwa, okwandisa ubungane bemvelo kokungcola;
• Kuze kufike ezingeni le-Euro-3, uhlelo lukaphethiloli aludingi ukugcinwa okuhleliwe (okudingekayo nje ukushintsha izingxenye ezihlulekile);
• Kuyenzeka ukufaka i-immobilizer emotweni (le divayisi yokulwa nokweba ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe ngokwehlukana);
• Kwamanye amamodeli ezimoto, isikhala segumbi le-injini sandiswa ngokususa i- "pan";
• Ukukhishwa kwemiphunga kaphethiloli kusuka ku-carburetor ngejubane eliphansi le-injini noma ngesikhathi sokuma isikhathi eside kukhishiwe, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ubungozi bokushisa kwabo ngaphandle kwamasilinda;
• Kweminye imishini ye-carburetor, ngisho nokugoqeka okuncane (kwesinye isikhathi ukutsheka okungamaphesenti ayi-15 kwanele) kungadala ukuthi injini ime noma ingasebenzi ngokwanele i-carburetor;
• I-carburetor nayo incike kakhulu ekucindezelekeni kwesimo sezulu, okuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kwenjini lapho umshini usebenza ezindaweni ezinezintaba.

Ngaphandle kwezinzuzo ezicacile ngaphezu kwe-carburetors, ama-injectors asenokubi okuthile:

• Kwezinye izimo, izindleko zokugcina uhlelo ziphakeme kakhulu;
• Uhlelo ngokwalo luqukethe izindlela ezengeziwe ezingahluleka;
• Ukuxilongwa kudinga okokusebenza kwe-elekthronikhi, yize olunye ulwazi ludingeka futhi ukushuna kahle i-carburetor;
• Uhlelo luxhomeke ngokuphelele kugesi, ngakho-ke lapho uthuthukisa imoto, udinga futhi ukufaka esikhundleni se-generator;
• Amaphutha kwesinye isikhathi angavela ohlelweni lwe-elektroniki ngenxa yokungahambelani phakathi kwehardware nesoftware.

Ukuqinisa kancane kancane amazinga ezemvelo, kanye nokunyuka kancane kancane kwentengo kaphethiloli, kwenza abashayeli abaningi bashintshele ezimotweni ezinezinjini zomjovo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, siphakamisa ukuthi ubuke ividiyo emfushane ngokuthi luyini uhlelo lukaphethiloli nokuthi isakhi ngasinye sisebenza kanjani:

Uhlelo lwe-Fuel lwemoto. Idivayisi, isimiso sokusebenza nokungasebenzi kahle!

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yiziphi izinhlelo zokujova uphethiloli? Kunamasistimu wokujova uphethiloli amabili kuphela ahlukene. I-Monoinjection (i-analogue ye-carburetor, uphethiloli kuphela ohlinzekwa yi-nozzle). Umjovo we-Multipoint (imibhobho fafaza uphethiloli endaweni eningi yokuthathayo).

Isebenza kanjani isistimu yokujova uphethiloli? Lapho i-valve yokudonsa ivuleka, umjovo ufafaza uphethiloli endaweni eningi yokudonsa, ingxube yesibaseli somoya imuncwa ngokwemvelo noma ngenxa ye-turbocharging.

Isebenza kanjani isistimu yokujova uphethiloli? Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesistimu, ama-injection afafaza uphethiloli endaweni eningi yokudonsa noma ngqo kumasilinda. Isikhathi somjovo sinqunywa i-ECU.

Чyini efaka uphethiloli enjinini? Uma isistimu kaphethiloli isatshalaliswa umjovo, khona-ke i-injector ifakwa epayipini ngalinye lokungenisa, i-BTC idonswa ku-cylinder ngenxa ye-vacuum kuyo. Uma umjovo oqondile, khona-ke uphethiloli unikezwa kusilinda.