Yini umjovo: ithuluzi, ukuhlanza nokuhlola

Ama-injection enjini yezimoto angenye yezinto eziyinhloko zomjovo kanye nesistimu yamandla enjini ye-diesel. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ama-nozzles ayavaleka, ageleze, ahluleke. Qhubeka ufunde ukuze uthole imininingwane eyengeziwe.

Uyini umbhobho

I-nozzle iyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yamafutha enjini, enikezela uphethiloli kumasilinda ngesikhathi esithile ngenani elithile. Ama-injection kaphethiloli asetshenziswa ku-diesel, injector, kanye namayunithi amandla e-mono-injector. Kuze kube manje, kunezinhlobo eziningana zama-nozzles ezihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. 

Indawo nenqubo yokusebenza

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwephethiloli, umjovo ungatholakala ezindaweni eziningana, okungukuthi:

• Umjovo ophakathi nendawo i-mono-injector, okusho ukuthi i-nozzle eyodwa kuphela esetshenziswa ohlelweni lukaphethiloli, efakwe ku-manifold yokudonsa, ngokushesha ngaphambi kwe-throttle valve. Kuyisixhumanisi esiphakathi phakathi kwe-carburetor kanye nomjovo ogcwele ngokugcwele;
• umjovo osakaziwe - umjovo. I-nozzle ifakwe ku-multifold intake, ixutshwe nomoya ongena kusilinda. Kuyaziwa ngokusebenza okuzinzile, ngenxa yokuthi uphethiloli ugeza i-valve yokungena, ayithinteki kakhulu ekungcoleni kwe-carbon;
• umjovo oqondile - ama-nozzles afakwe ngqo ekhanda le-cylinder. Ngaphambilini, uhlelo lwalusetshenziswa kuphela ezinjinini zikadizili, kwathi ngeminyaka yawo-90s ekhulwini elidlule onjiniyela bezimoto baqala ukuhlola umjovo oqondile kumjovo besebenzisa iphampu kaphethiloli enengcindezi ephezulu (iphampu kaphethiloli enengcindezi ephezulu), okwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukwanda. amandla nokusebenza kahle okuhlobene nomjovo osabalalisiwe. Namuhla, umjovo oqondile usetshenziswa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ezinjinini ezine-turbocharged.

Inhloso nezinhlobo zemibhobho

Umjovo yingxenye ejova uphethiloli egumbini lomlilo. Ngokwesakhiwo, yi-valve ye-solenoid elawulwa yiyunithi yokulawula injini ye-elektroniki. Kumephu kaphethiloli we-ECU, amanani asethwe, kuya ngezinga lomthwalo wenjini, isikhathi sokuvula, isikhathi lapho inaliti ye-injector ihlala ivulekile, nenani likaphethiloli elifakiwe linqunyiwe. 

Imibhobho esemzimbeni

Ama-injection Mechanical asetshenziswa kuphela ezinjini zedizili, kwaba kanye nabo lapho kwaqala khona inkathi yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi yedizili. Ukuklanywa kwe-nozzle enjalo kulula, njengesimiso sokusebenza: lapho ukucindezela okuthile kufinyelelwa, inaliti iyavuleka.

"Uphethiloli kadizili" unikezwa kusuka ethangini likaphethiloli kuye empomeni wokujova. Epompo kaphethiloli, kwakhiwa ingcindezi bese kusatshalaliswa udizili kulayini, ngemuva kwalokho ingxenye "yedizili" engaphansi kwengcindezi ingena egumbini lokushisa ngomlomo wombhobho, ngemuva kwengcindezi yamaconsi wenaliti yombhobho, iyavalwa. 

Umklamo wombhobho ulula ngokweqile: umzimba, ngaphakathi lapho kufakwa khona inaliti ene-spray, iziphethu ezimbili.

Ama-injector kagesi

Imijovo enjalo isetshenziswe ezinjinini zomjovo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Ngokuya ngokuguqulwa, umjovo kaphethiloli wenziwa ngokuqonde ngqo noma usatshalaliswa ngaphezu kwesilinda. Ukwakhiwa kulula kakhulu:

• izindlu ezinesixhumi sokuxhuma kusekethe kagesi;
• valve excitation emazombezombe;
• ihange le-electromagnet;
• entwasahlobo uvala;
• inaliti, ne spray kanye umlomo wombhobho;
• uphawu indandatho;
• isihlungi mesh.

Umgomo wokusebenza: I-ECU ithumela i-voltage ekushayweni komoya ngenjini, yakha insimu kagesi esebenza enalithini. Okwamanje, amandla entwasahlobo anciphile, ingalo ihoxisiwe, inaliti iphakama, ikhulula umbhobho. I-valve yokulawula iyavula bese uphethiloli ungena enjini ngokucindezela okuthile. I-ECU ibeka umzuzu wokuvula, isikhathi lapho i-valve ihlala ivulekile, nesikhathi lapho inaliti ivala khona. Le nqubo iphinda konke ukusebenza kwenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, okungenani imijikelezo engama-200 yenzeka ngomzuzu.

Imibhobho yamandla kagesi kagesi

Ukusetshenziswa kwezijovo ezinjalo kwenziwa ezinjinini zedizili ezinesistimu yakudala (ipompo yomjovo) kanye ne-Common Rail. Umbhobho we-electro-hydraulic uqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• umlomo wombhobho ngenaliti yokuvala;
• entwasahlobo nge-piston;
• ikamelo lokulawula nge-throttle yokudla;
• khama uminyanise;
• ukuheha okuxhuma ngesixhumi;
• okufaka uphethiloli;
• khipha isiteshi (buyela).

Isikimu sokusebenza: umjikelezo we-injector uqala nge-valve evaliwe. Kukhona ipiston egunjini lokulawula, lapho kusebenza khona ukucindezela kukaphethiloli, kuyilapho inaliti yokuvala "ihlala" ngokuqinile esihlalweni. I-ECU iphakela amandla we-voltage kokufaka insimu kanye nophethiloli ku-injector. 

Imibhobho ye-piezoelectric

Isetshenziswa kuphela kumayunithi kadizili. Namuhla, idizayini iyinqubekela phambili kakhulu, ngoba umlomo wombhobho we-piezo uhlinzeka ngomthamo onembile kunazo zonke, i-spray angle, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokuphalaza okuningi kumjikelezo owodwa. Umbhobho uqukethe izingxenye ezifanayo ne-electro-hydraulic one, kodwa futhi unezici ezilandelayo:

• isici se-piezoelectric;
• ama-piston amabili (i-valve yokushintsha ngentwasahlobo ne-pusher);
• valve;
• ipuleti lokugoqa.

Umgomo wokusebenza usetshenziswa ngokuguqula ubude bento ye-piezoelectric lapho kusetshenziswa i-voltage kuyo. Lapho kushaywa i-pulse, i-piezoelectric element, iguqula ubude bayo, isebenza ku-piston ye-pusher, i-valve yokuvula ivuliwe futhi uphethiloli unikezwa kudreyini. Inani likaphethiloli ofuthwe ngodizili linqunywa yisikhathi samandla kagesi avela ku-ECU.

Izinkinga nokungasebenzi kahle kwama-injection enjini        

Ukuze injini isebenze ngokuzinzile futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ingathathi uphethiloli owengeziwe nge-dynamics eyandayo, kuyadingeka ukuhlanza i-atomizer ngezikhathi ezithile. Ochwepheshe abaningi batusa ukwenza inqubo enjalo yokuvimbela ngemva kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20-30. Nakuba lo mthethonqubo uthonywa kakhulu inani lamahora kanye nekhwalithi kaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe.

Emotweni evame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, ihamba ngethofi, futhi ifaka uphethiloli nomaphi lapho ifika khona, imibhobho idinga ukuhlanzwa kaningi - ngemva kwamakhilomitha angaba yizinkulungwane ezingu-15.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni lwe-nozzle, indawo yalo ebuhlungu kakhulu ukwakheka kwe-plaque ngaphakathi kwengxenye. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka uma kusetshenziswa uphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi. Ngenxa yalolu qwembe, i-atomizer yokujova iyayeka ukusabalalisa uphethiloli ngokulinganayo kulo lonke isilinda. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi uphethiloli uvele uqhume. Ngenxa yalokhu, ayihlangani kahle nomoya.

Ngenxa yalokho, inani elikhulu likaphethiloli alishisi, kodwa liphonswa ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya. Njengoba ingxube yesibaseli somoya ingawakhiphi amandla anele ngesikhathi sokusha, injini ilahlekelwa amandla ayo okusebenza. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umshayeli kufanele acindezele i-gas pedal kakhudlwana, okuholela ekusebenziseni uphethiloli ngokweqile, futhi amandla okuthutha ayaqhubeka nokuwa.

Nazi izimpawu ezimbalwa ezingabonisa izinkinga zomjovo:

1. Ukuqala okunzima kwe-motor;
2. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuye kwanda;
3. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-dynamism;
4. I-exhaust system ikhipha intuthu emnyama nephunga likaphethiloli ongashi;
5. Ukungenzi lutho okuntantayo noma okungazinzile (kwezinye izimo, i-motor stall ngokuphelele ku-XX).

Izimbangela zokuvaleka kwemibhobho

Izimbangela eziyinhloko zokuvala ama-injection kaphethiloli yizi:

• Izinga likaphethiloli elibi (okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule);
• Ukucekelwa phansi kwezindonga zangaphakathi zengxenye ngenxa yokugqwala;
• Ukuguga kwemvelo kwengxenye;
• Ukushintshwa okungazelelwe kwesihlungi sikaphethiloli (ngenxa yesici sokuhlunga esivalekile, i-vacuum ingase ivele ohlelweni oluphula isici, futhi uphethiloli uqala ukugeleza ungcolile);
• Ukwephulwa kokufakwa kwe-nozzle;
• Ukushisa ngokweqile;
• Umswakama ungene ku-nozzle (lokhu kungenzeka ezinjinini zedizili uma umnikazi wemoto engasusi i-condensate ku-sump filter filter).

Indaba kaphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi idinga ukunakwa okukhethekile. Ngokuphambene nenkolelo evamile yokuthi izinhlamvu ezincane zesihlabathi zingavala umlomo womjovo kuphethiloli, lokhu kwenzeka kuyaqabukela kakhulu. Isizathu siwukuthi konke ukungcola, ngisho nezingxenye ezincane kakhulu, zihlungwa ngokucophelela ohlelweni lukaphethiloli kuyilapho uphethiloli unikezwa ku-nozzle.

Ngokuyisisekelo, umlomo wombhobho uvalwe yinhlabathi esuka engxenyeni esindayo kaphethiloli. Ngokuvamile, yakheka ngaphakathi emlonyeni ngemva kokuba umshayeli ecisha injini. Ngenkathi injini isebenza, i-cylinder block ipholiswa yisistimu yokupholisa, futhi umlomo wombhobho wona upholiswa ngokufakwa kukaphethiloli opholile.

Uma injini iyeka ukusebenza, kumamodeli amaningi ezimoto, isipholile siyayeka ukujikeleza (ipompo ixhunywe ngokuqinile ku-crankshaft ngebhande lesikhathi). Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lihlala kumasilinda isikhathi esithile, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo alifinyeleli embundwini wokuthungela kaphethiloli.

Lapho injini isebenza, zonke izingxenyana zikaphethiloli zishiswa ngokuphelele. Kodwa lapho iyeka ukusebenza, izingxenyana ezincane ziyancibilika ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu. Kodwa izingxenye ezisindayo zikaphethiloli noma uphethiloli wedizili azikwazi ukuncibilika ngenxa yokushisa okunganele, ngakho zihlala ezindongeni zombhobho.

Nakuba le plaque ingeqinile, kwanele ukushintsha ingxenye yesiphambano se-valve ku-nozzle. Ingase ingavali kahle ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi lapho ihlukanisiwe, ezinye izinhlayiya zingangena ku-atomizer futhi zishintshe iphethini yesifutho.

Izingxenyana ezinzima zikaphethiloli zivame ukwakheka lapho kusetshenziswa izithasiselo ezithile, isibonelo, lezo ezandisa inombolo yayo ye-octane. Futhi, lokhu kungenzeka uma imithetho yokuthutha noma yokugcina uphethiloli emathangeni amakhulu iphulwa.

Kunjalo nje, ukuvaleka kwama-injection kaphethiloli kwenzeka kancane, okwenza kube nzima ngomshayeli ukuthi abone ukwanda kancane kokuminza kwenjini noma ukwehla kwamandla emoto. Imvamisa, inkinga ngama-injection ibonakala ngokucijile ngesivinini esingazinzile senjini noma ukuqala okunzima kweyunithi. Kodwa lezi zibonakaliso nazo ziyisici kwezinye izinkinga zemoto.

Kodwa ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlanza ama-injection, umnikazi wemoto kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi ukusebenza kabi kwenjini akuhlobene nezinye izinhlelo, njengokungasebenzi kahle kwe-ignition noma i-fuel system. Kufanele kuqashelwe imibhobho kuphela ngemva kokuba ezinye izinhlelo sezihloliwe, ukuphuka kwazo okunezimpawu ezifana nalezo zomjovo ovalekile.

Izindlela zokuhlanza izijovo

Abajova kaphethiloli bavinjelwa ngesikhathi kusebenza. Lokhu kungenxa kaphethiloli wekhwalithi ephansi, kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni kwesihlungi sikaphethiloli esihle futhi esibi ngesikhathi esifanele. Kamuva, ukusebenza kombhobho kuncipha, futhi lokhu kugcwele ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa ekamelweni lomlilo, okusho ukuthi ipiston izophela kungekudala. 

Indlela elula yokuhlanza imibhobho yomjovo esatshalalisiwe, ngoba kulula ukuyiqaqa ukuze kuhlanzwe ikhwalithi ephezulu esitendeni, ngenkathi kungenzeka ukuvumelanisa i-throughput ne-spray angle. 

Ukuhlanza ngohlobo lweWynns lokuwasha uketshezi esitendeni. Imibhobho efakwe esitendeni, kuthelwa uketshezi ethangini, okungenani u-0.5 litre, umbhobho wombhobho ngamunye ucwiliswa emabhodleleni ahlukaniswe nge-ml, ekuvumela ukuthi ulawule ukusebenza kwemibhobho. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukuhlanza kuthatha imizuzu engama-30-45, ngemuva kwalokho izindandatho ze-O ezisesibayeni ziyashintshwa futhi zifakwe endaweni yazo. Imvamisa yokuhlanza incike kukhwalithi kaphethiloli kanye nobubanzi bokushintshwa kwesihlungi sikaphethiloli, ngokwesilinganiso njalo ngama-50 km. 

Ukuhlanzwa kuketshezi ngaphandle kokuqaqa. Uhlelo lwamanzi luxhunywe kujantshi kaphethiloli. Ipayipi okuzonikezwa ngalo uketshezi lokuhlanza lixhunywe kujantshi kaphethiloli. Ingxube inikezwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi yama-atmosferi ama-3-6, injini igijima kuwo cishe imizuzu engama-30. Le ndlela iyasebenza futhi, kepha akunakwenzeka ukulungisa i-angle spray nokukhiqiza. 

Ukuhlanza nge-fuel additive. Le ndlela ivame ukugxekwa njengoba ukuphumelela kokuxuba okokuhlanza nophethiloli kuyangabazeka. Eqinisweni, lokhu kusebenza uma ama-nozzles engakavaliwe, njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela - ithuluzi elihle kakhulu. Kanye nama-nozzles, ipompo likaphethiloli liyahlanzwa, izinhlayiya ezincane ziphushwa emgqeni kaphethiloli. 

Ukuhlanzwa kwe-Ultrasonic. Le ndlela isebenza kuphela lapho kukhishwa ama-injectors. Isitendi esikhethekile sinedivayisi ye-ultrasonic, ukusebenza kwayo okufakazelwe. Ngemuva kokuhlanza, kufakwa imali yetiyela, engeke ikhukhulwe yinoma iluphi uketshezi lokuwasha. Into esemqoka ukungakhohlwa ukushintsha i-mesh yesihlungi uma ama-injectors akho eyidizili noma ejova umjovo oqondile. 

Khumbula ukuthi ngemuva kokuhlanza ama-injector, kungakuhle ukuthi ubeke esikhundleni sesihlungi sikaphethiloli, kanye nesihlungi esinamandla esifakwe kupompo yegesi. 

Ukuhlanza imibhobho ye-Ultrasonic

Le ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi isetshenziswa ezimweni ezinganakiwe kakhulu. Ngenqubo yokwenza le nqubo, wonke ama-nozzles akhishwa enjini, afakwe endaweni ekhethekile. Ihlola iphethini yesifutho ngaphambi kokuhlanza futhi iqhathanise umphumela ngemva kokuhlanza.

Ukuma okunjalo kulingisa ukusebenza kwesistimu yomjovo wemoto, kodwa esikhundleni sikaphethiloli noma i-diesel, i-ejenti yokuhlanza ekhethekile idlula emlonyeni. Kuleli qophelo, uketshezi olushaywayo lwakha amabhamuza amancane (cavitation) njengomphumela we-valve oscillations ku-nozzle. Babhubhisa i-plaque eyakhiwe engxenyeni yesiteshi. Esimeni esifanayo, ukusebenza kwama-injection kuyahlolwa futhi kunqunywa ukuthi kunengqondo ukuwasebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo, noma ukuthi kuyadingeka yini ukufaka esikhundleni se-fuel injection.

Nakuba ukuhlanza nge-ultrasonic kungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu, futhi kubiza kakhulu. Okunye okungalungile kokuhlanza i-ultrasonic ukuthi uchwepheshe uzokwenza kahle le nqubo. Uma kungenjalo, umnikazi wemoto uzovele alahle imali.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi ama-injection

Zonke izinjini zanamuhla ifakwe uhlelo fuel umjovo, ngoba uma kuqhathaniswa carburetor, inezinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile:

1. Ngenxa ye-atomization engcono, ingxube ye-air-fuel ivutha ngokuphelele. Lokhu kudinga inani elincane likaphethiloli, futhi amandla amaningi akhululwa kunalapho i-BTS yakhiwe yi-carburetor.
2. Ngokusetshenziswa okuphansi kukaphethiloli (uma siqhathanisa izinjini ezifanayo ne-carburetor kanye ne-injector), amandla weyunithi yamandla aphezulu kakhulu.
3. Ngokusebenza kahle kwama-injection, injini iqala kalula kunoma yiziphi izimo zezulu.
4. Asikho isidingo sokusevisa ama-injection kaphethiloli njalo.

Kodwa noma yibuphi ubuchwepheshe besimanje bunezinkinga ezimbalwa ezingathi sína:

1. Ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezingxenye kumshini kwandisa izindawo zokuphuka okungenzeka.
2. Ama-injection kaphethiloli azwela izinga eliphansi likaphethiloli.
3. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka noma isidingo sokuhlanza, ukufaka esikhundleni noma ukuxosha umjovo ezimweni eziningi kuyabiza.

Ividiyo ngesihloko

Nansi ividiyo emfushane yokuthi ungawasha kanjani ama-injection kaphethiloli ekhaya:

I-Super Flushing Nozzles Eshibhile ye-DIY futhi Ephumelelayo

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Ayini ama-injection enjini? Iyingxenye yesakhiwo sesistimu kaphethiloli yemoto ehlinzeka ngokunikezwa okunemitha kaphethiloli ku-multifold intake noma ngqo kusilinda.

Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-nozzles ezikhona? Ama-injection, kuye ngohlobo lwenjini nohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi, angaba ngomshini, ngogesi, ngogesi we-piezoelectric, we-hydraulic.

Aphi imibhobho emotweni? Kuya ohlotsheni lwesistimu kaphethiloli. Kuhlelo lwamafutha olusatshalalisiwe, afakwe ku-manifold yokuthatha. Ngomjovo oqondile, afakwe ekhanda le-cylinder.