Incazelo kanye nenqubo yokusebenza kwamawindi kagesi

Wonke umenzi wezimoto ulwela ukwenza amamodeli abo angagcini nje ephephile futhi enethezekile, kodwa futhi asebenze. Idizayini yanoma iyiphi imoto ifaka izinto eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezikuvumela ukuthi uhlukanise imodeli ethile yemoto kwezinye izimoto.

Yize kunomehluko omkhulu wokubuka nobuchwepheshe, ayikho imoto eyakhiwe ngaphandle kwamawindi ohlangothini ahlehlekayo. Ukwenza kube lula ngomshayeli ukuvula / ukuvala amawindi, kwasungulwa umshini ongaphakamisa noma wehlise ngawo ingilazi emnyango. Inketho yesabelomali kakhulu isilawuli sewindi lomshini. Kepha namuhla, kumamodeli amaningi wesigaba sesabelomali, amawindi kagesi avame ukutholakala ekucushweni okuyisisekelo.

Ake sicabangele isimiso sokusebenza kwale ndlela, ukwakheka kwayo, kanye nezinye izici zayo. Kepha okokuqala, ake singene kancane emlandweni wokudalwa kwewindi lamandla.

Umlando wokuvela kwewindi lamandla

Ophakamisa amawindi wokuqala owakhiwe wenziwa onjiniyela benkampani yaseJalimane iBrose ngo-1926 (ilungelo lobunikazi labhaliswa, kepha insimbi yafakwa ezimotweni eminyakeni emibili kamuva). Abakhiqizi bezimoto abaningi (abangaphezu kuka-80) babengamakhasimende ale nkampani. Umkhiqizo usaqhubeka nokwenza izinto ezahlukahlukene zezihlalo zemoto, izicabha nemizimba.

Uhlobo lokuqala oluzenzakalelayo lwesilawuli sewindi, esasinogesi, savela ngo-1940. Uhlelo olunjalo lufakwe kumamodeli we-American Packard 180. Umgomo womshini wawususelwa kuma-electrohydraulics. Vele, ukwakhiwa kwentuthuko yokuqala kwakungaphezulu futhi hhayi yonke iminyango evumela ukuthi uhlelo lufakwe. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umshini wokuphakamisa ngokuzenzakalela wanikezwa ngohlobo lweFord njengenketho.

I-Lincoln premium limousines nama-seans 7-seans sedans, akhiqizwa kusukela ngo-1941, nawo afakelwe lolu hlelo. ICadillac ingenye futhi inkampani enikeze abathengi bayo bezimoto ophakamisa ingilazi kuyo yonke iminyango. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, lo mklamo waqala ukutholakala ngokuguquguqukayo. Kulokhu, ukusebenza komshini kwavumelaniswa nedrayivu yophahla. Lapho phezulu kwehliswa, amafasitela aseminyango ayefihlwa ngokuzenzekelayo.

Ekuqaleni, ama-cabriolets afakwa idrayivu eqhutshwa yi-vacuum amplifier. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, yathathelwa indawo yi-analogue esebenza kahle, enikwa amandla yiphampu yokubacindezela. Ngokuhambisana nokwenza ngcono kohlelo olukhona, onjiniyela abavela ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene benze ezinye izinguquko zezindlela eziqinisekisa ukuphakanyiswa noma ukwehliswa kwengilazi eminyango.

Ngo-1956, kwaqhamuka iLincoln Continental MkII. Kule moto, kufakwe amawindi kagesi, aqhutshwa yinjini kagesi. Lolo hlelo lwakhiwa onjiniyela bohlobo lweFord auto ngokubambisana nochwepheshe benkampani yakwaBrose. Uhlobo lukagesi lwabaphakamisi bengilazi luzimise njengenketho elula nethembeke kakhulu yezimoto zabagibeli, ngakho-ke, lokhu kuguqulwa okuthile kusetshenziswa emotweni yanamuhla.

Inhloso yefasitela lamandla

Njengoba igama lalo mshini lisho, inhloso yalo ukuthi umshayeli noma umgibeli emotweni azishintshe ngokuzimela ukuma kwengilazi yomnyango. Njengoba i-analogue ye-classical mechanical ihlangabezana ngokuphelele nalo msebenzi, inhloso yokuguqulwa kukagesi ukuhlinzeka ngokulula okuphelele kuleli cala.

Kwezinye izinhlobo zezimoto, le nto ingafakwa njengenketho eyengeziwe yokududuza, kanti kwezinye ingafakwa kuphakheji eyisisekelo yemisebenzi. Ukulawula idrayivu kagesi, kunenkinobho ekhethekile esangweni lesibambo sekhadi lomnyango. Ngaphansi kokujwayelekile, lokhu kulawulwa kutholakala emhubheni ophakathi nendawo phakathi kwezihlalo zangaphambili. Kuhlobo lwesabelomali, umsebenzi wokulawula wonke amawindi emoto unikezwa umshayeli. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ibhulokhi yezinkinobho ifakiwe kwisibambo sekhadi lomnyango, ngalinye elibhekele iwindi elithile.

Umgomo wesilawuli sewindi

Ukufakwa kwanoma yisiphi isilawuli sewindi sanamuhla senziwa engxenyeni engaphakathi yomnyango - ngaphansi kwengilazi. Ngokuya ngohlobo lomshini, idrayivu ifakwa ku-subframe noma ngqo ekheyini lomnyango.

Isenzo samawindi kagesi asihlukile kozakwabo bemishini. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi kukhona ukuphazamiseka okuncane ekushayeleni ukukhulisa / ukwehlisa ingilazi. Kulokhu, kwanele ukucindezela inkinobho ehambisanayo kwimodyuli yokulawula.

Kumklamo wakudala, idizayini iyi-trapezoid, efaka u-gearbox, isigubhu nenxeba lekhebula elizungeze i-gearbox shaft. Esikhundleni sesibambo, esisetshenziswa kunguquko yemishini, u-gearbox uqondaniswe ne-shaft yemoto kagesi. Sisebenza njengesandla ukushintshanisa indlela yokuhambisa ingilazi iye mpo.

Enye into ebalulekile ohlelweni lwamawindi wamanje wamandla imodyuli yokulawula i-microprocessor (noma i-block), kanye nokudluliswa. Iyunithi yokulawula ngogesi ithola amasiginali asenkinobho bese ithumela umfutho ohambisanayo ku-actuator ethile.

Ngemuva kokuthola isiginali, imoto kagesi iqala ukunyakaza ihambise ingilazi. Lapho inkinobho icindezelwe kafushane, isinali liyamukelwa ngenkathi licindezelwe. Kepha lapho le ngxenye ibanjelwe phansi, iyunithi yokulawula iyasebenza ngemodi ezenzakalelayo, lapho imoto iqhubeka nokusebenza khona lapho inkinobho ikhishwa. Ukuvimbela idrayivu ukuthi ingashi lapho ingilazi ihlezi engxenyeni engenhla yekhothamo, uhlelo lucisha ugesi kunjini. Okufanayo kusebenza endaweni ephansi kakhulu yengilazi.

Idizayini yokulawula amawindi

Isilawuli sefasitela esijwayelekile siqukethe:

• I-Glass isekela;
• Imihlahlandlela eme mpo;
• I-Rubber damper (etholakala ezansi komzimba womnyango, futhi umsebenzi wayo ukuvimbela ukuhamba kwengilazi);
• Iwindi sealant. Le elementi itholakala phezulu kohlaka lwefasitela noma uphahla, uma iguquka (funda ngezici zalolu hlobo lomzimba kokunye ukubuyekeza) noma i-hardtop (isici salolu hlobo lomzimba siyabhekwa lapha). Umsebenzi wayo uyefana nowesiphambuki senjoloba - ukunciphisa ukuhamba kwengilazi endaweni ephezulu ephezulu;
• Shayela. Lokhu kungaba uhlobo lomshini (kulokhu, kuzofakwa isibambo ekhadini lomnyango ukuze uzungezise igiya lesigubhu, lapho kufakwa khona ikhebula) noma uhlobo lukagesi. Esimweni sesibili, ikhadi lomnyango ngeke libe nazibambo zokunyakaza kwengilazi. Esikhundleni salokho, kufakwa imoto kagesi eguqulwayo emnyango (ingazungeza ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene kuye ngezigxobo zamanje);
• Indlela yokuphakamisa lapho ingilazi ihanjiswa khona ohlangothini oluthile. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinqubo. Sizohlola izici zabo kamuva.

Idivayisi yewindi yamandla

Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, amawindi amaningi kagesi anokuklanywa okufanayo nozakwabo bemishini. Okuhlukile yimoto kagesi nokulawula izinto zikagesi.

Isici sokuklanywa kwamawindi kagesi anenjini kagesi ubukhona be:

• Imoto kagesi eguqulwayo, ekhipha imiyalo yeyunithi yokulawula, futhi ifakiwe ekwakhiweni kwedrayivu noma imodyuli;
• Izintambo zikagesi;
• Iyunithi yokulawula eqhuba amasiginali (kuya ngohlobo lwe-wiring: ugesi noma i-elektroniki) evela kumodyuli yokulawula (izinkinobho), bese kuphuma umyalo oya ku-actuator womnyango ohambisanayo;
• Izinkinobho zokulawula. Indawo yabo incike ku-ergonomics yesikhala sangaphakathi, kepha ezimweni eziningi lezi zinto zizofakwa kwizibambo zeminyango yangaphakathi.

Izinhlobo zamakheshi

Ekuqaleni, indlela yokuphakamisa amawindi yayiwuhlobo olufanayo. Kwakuyindlela eguquguqukayo eyayisebenza kuphela ngokuguqula isibambo sefasitela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, onjiniyela abavela ezinkampanini ezahlukahlukene bakhiqize ukuguqulwa okuningana kwe-hoists.

Isilawuli sewindi se-electromechanical sesimanje singafakwa nge:

• ITrosov;
• Rack;
• I-lever lift.

Ake sicabangele izici ngamunye wabo ngokwehlukana.

Intambo

Lokhu ukuguqulwa okuthandwa kakhulu kwezindlela zokuphakamisa. Ekwenziweni kwalolu hlobo lokwakha, kudingeka izinto ezimbalwa, futhi indlela uqobo ihlukile kwezinye izifanekiselo ekusebenzeni kwayo okulula.

Idizayini inama-roller amaningi lapho kufakwa khona ikhebula. Kwezinye izinhlobo, kusetshenziswa iketanga, elandisa insiza yokusebenza yomshini. Enye into kulo mklamo idramu yokushayela. Lapho imoto iqala ukugijima, iphotha isigubhu. Njengomphumela walesi senzo, ikhebula lilinyaziwe lizungeze le nto, linyusa / lehlisa ibha okugxilwe kuyo ingilazi. Lesi siqeshana sihamba kuphela esiqondisweni esime mpo ngenxa yemihlahlandlela ebekwe ezinhlangothini zengilazi.

Ukuvimbela ukugoqwa kwengilazi, abenzi benza isakhiwo esinjalo esingunxantathu (kwezinye izinhlobo, ngesimo se-trapezoid) Ibuye inamashubhu amabili womhlahlandlela okufakwa kuwo ikhebula.

Lo mklamo unenkinga enkulu. Ngenxa yokusebenza okusebenzayo, ikhebula eliguquguqukayo liwohloka ngokushesha ngenxa yokuwohloka kwemvelo, futhi libuye linwebe noma lisonteke. Ngalesi sizathu, ezinye izimoto zisebenzisa uchungechunge esikhundleni sekhebula. Futhi, isigubhu sedrayivu asiqinile ngokwanele.

Umugqa

Olunye uhlobo lwelift, olungajwayelekile, yi-rack ne-pinion. Ubuhle balo mklamo yintengo yayo ephansi, kanye nokulula kwayo. Esinye isici esivelele salokhu kuguqulwa ukusebenza kwayo okubushelelezi nokuthambile. Idivayisi yalesi siphakamisi ifaka i-rack mpo enamazinyo ohlangothini olulodwa. Ubakaki onqamulelayo onengilazi egxiliswe kuwo ulungiswa ekugcineni kwesitimela. Ingilazi uqobo ihamba ngemikhombandlela, ukuze ingabhidliki ngesikhathi sokuqhutshwa komshini owodwa.

Imoto igxiliswe kwenye ibakaki elijikayo. Kukhona igiya kushaft yemoto kagesi, ebambelela emazinyeni e-rack eqondile, futhi iyise endaweni oyifunayo.

Ngenxa yokuthi isitimela segiya asivikelwe noma yiziphi izembozo, uthuli nezinhlamvu zesihlabathi kungangena phakathi kwamazinyo. Lokhu kuholela ekugqokeni kwegiya ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Okunye okubi ukuthi ukuphuka kwezinyo elilodwa kuholela ekusebenzeni okungalungile komshini (ingilazi ihlala endaweni eyodwa). Futhi, kufanele kubhekwe isimo sesitimela segiya - ngezikhathi ezithile sithanjiswe. Futhi into ebaluleke kakhulu, ngenxa yokuthi akunakwenzeka ukufaka indlela enjalo ezimotweni eziningi, ubukhulu bayo. Isakhiwo esikhulu nje asingeni esikhaleni seminyango emincane.

Isigwedlo

Amakheshi wokuxhumanisa asebenza ngokushesha nangokuthembekile. Idizayini yedrayivu nayo inezinto ezinamazinyo, iyajika kuphela ("idwebe" isiyingi), futhi ayikhuphuki mpo, njengasesimweni esedlule. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinketho, le modeli inomklamo oyinkimbinkimbi, oqukethe ama-levers amaningi.

Kulesi sigaba, kukhona ama-subspecies amathathu wezindlela zokuphakamisa:

1. Ngesibindi esisodwa... Lo mklamo uzoba nengalo eyodwa, amagiya namapuleti. Isigwedlo uqobo silungiswe esondweni legiye, kuthi kwisigwedlo kukhona amapuleti okugxilwe kuwo ingilazi. Isilayidi sizofakwa ohlangothini olulodwa lwesigwedlo, lapho kuzothuthwa khona amapuleti anengilazi. Ukujikeleza kwe-cogwheel kunikezwa ngegiya elibekwe kushaft yenjini kagesi.
2. Ngama-levers amabili... Akukho mehluko oyisisekelo kulo mklamo ngokuqhathanisa ne-analog eyodwa-lever. Eqinisweni, lokhu ukuguqulwa okuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe kwendlela edlule. Isigwedlo sesibili sifakwe kwesikhulu, esinomklamo ofanayo nokuguqulwa kwesibhande esisodwa. Ukuba khona kwento yesibili kuvimbela ingilazi ekuthambekeni ngesikhathi iphakama.
3. Ingalo ezimbili, amasondo... Lo mshini unezisondo ezimbili zamagiya ezinamazinyo afakwe ezinhlangothini zesondo eliphambili. Idivayisi injalo ukuthi ngasikhathi sinye ishayela womabili amasondo okunamathiselwe kuwo amapuleti.

Lapho umyalo uthunyelwa enjinini, igiya, eligxiliswe kushaft, liguqula umphini we-ekseli onamazinyo. Yena-ke, ngosizo lwe-levers, uphakamisa / wehlisa ingilazi ebekwe kubakaki oguqukayo. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abakhiqizi bezimoto bangasebenzisa isakhiwo se-lever esihlukile, ngoba imodeli ngayinye yemoto ingaba nosayizi bezicabha ezihlukile.

Izinzuzo zokuphakanyiswa kwengalo zifaka ukwakhiwa okulula nokusebenza ngokuthula. Kulula ukufaka futhi ukwakheka kwawo okuyizinhlobonhlobo kuvumela ukufakwa kunoma yimuphi umshini. Njengoba isitimela segiya sisetshenziswa lapha, njengokuguqulwa kwangaphambilini, sinokubi okufanayo. Izinhlamvu zesihlabathi zingangena kulo mshini, ocekela phansi amazinyo kancane kancane. Futhi idinga ukuthanjiswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umshini uphakamisa ingilazi ngejubane elihlukile. Ukuqala kokunyakaza kushesha impela, kepha ingilazi ilethwa endaweni ephezulu kancane kakhulu. Kukhona imvamisa lapho kuhamba ingilazi.

Izici zokusebenza nokulawulwa kwamawindi kagesi

Njengoba iwindi lamandla lisuselwa ekwakhiweni kwe-analogue yemishini, ukusebenza kwayo kunesimiso esilula futhi akudingi amakhono akhethekile noma ubuhlakani. Kumnyango ngamunye (kuya ngemodeli yemoto) kudingeka idrayivu eyodwa. Imoto kagesi ithola umyalo ovela kwiyunithi yokulawula, yona ethatha isignali kusuka kunkinobho. Ukuphakamisa ingilazi, inkinobho ivame ukuphakanyiswa (kepha kunezinye izinketho, njengaleyo ekhonjiswe esithombeni esingezansi). Ukuhambisa ingilazi phansi, cindezela inkinobho.

Ezinye izinhlelo zesimanje zisebenza kuphela lapho injini isebenza. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuphepha, okuvimbela ukuthi ibhethri lingakhishwa ngokuphelele ngenxa yemodi yokulinda ye-elekthronikhi (yokuthi uyiqala kanjani imoto uma ibhethri likhishwe ngokuphelele, funda kwesinye isihloko). Kodwa izimoto eziningi zinamawindi kagesi angenziwa asebenze lapho injini yomlilo yangaphakathi icishiwe.

Izinhlobo eziningi zezimoto zinemishini ye-elekthronikhi ethokomele. Isibonelo, lapho umshayeli eshiya imoto ngaphandle kokuvula iwindi, uhlelo luyakwazi ukukuqaphela lokhu futhi lenze umsebenzi uqobo. Kukhona ukuguqulwa kwezinhlelo zokulawula ezikuvumela ukuthi wehlise / uphakamise ingilazi ukude. Ngenxa yalokhu, kunezinkinobho ezikhethekile ku-fob yokhiye ovela emotweni.

Ngokuqondene nohlelo lwe-elekthronikhi, kunezinguquko ezimbili. Esokuqala sihilela ukuxhuma inkinobho yokulawula ngqo kwisekethe lezimoto. Uhlelo olunjalo luzoba namasekhethi ahlukene azosebenza ngokuzimela. Ubuhle baleli lungiselelo ukuthi uma kwenzeka kuphazamiseka idrayivu ngayinye, uhlelo lungasebenza.

Njengoba idizayini ingenayo iyunithi yokulawula, uhlelo alusoze lwahluleka ngenxa yokulayishwa ngokweqile kwe-microprocessor, njalonjalo. Noma kunjalo, lo mklamo unenkinga enkulu. Ukukhuphula noma ukwehlisa ingilazi ngokugcwele, umshayeli kufanele abambe inkinobho, ephazamisa nokushayela njengoba kunjalo nge-analogue yemishini.

Ukuguqulwa kwesibili kwesistimu yokulawula kungobuchwepheshe. Kule nguqulo, uhlelo luzoba ngale ndlela elandelayo. Onke ama-motors kagesi axhunywe kuyunithi yokulawula lapho izinkinobho nazo zixhunywe khona. Ukuvimbela injini ukuthi ingashi ngenxa yokumelana okuphezulu, lapho ingilazi ifinyelela esikhungweni sayo esifile ngokwedlulele (phezulu noma phansi), kukhona ukuvimba ku-elekthronikhi.

Yize inkinobho ehlukile ingasetshenziselwa umnyango ngamunye, abagibeli abasemuva bangasebenzisa umnyango wabo kuphela. Imodyuli eyinhloko, okungenzeka ukuthi isebenze ngayo ingilazi drive kunoma yimuphi umnyango, isesandleni somshayeli kuphela. Ngokuya ngemishini yemoto, le nketho ingahle itholakale kumgibeli wangaphambili. Ukwenza lokhu, abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto bafaka ibhathini lokuvimba phakathi kwezihlalo zangaphambili emhubheni wesikhungo.

Kungani ngidinga umsebenzi wokuvimba

Cishe yonke imodeli yesimanje yewindi likagesi inokukhiya. Lo msebenzi uvimbela ingilazi ukuba ihambe ngisho nalapho umshayeli ecindezela inkinobho kwimodyuli yokulawula enkulu. Lolu khetho lwandisa ukuphepha emotweni.

Lesi sici sizosiza ngokukhethekile kulabo abahamba nezingane. Yize ngokuya ngezidingo zamazwe amaningi, abashayeli kudingeka ukuthi bafake izihlalo zezingane ezikhethekile, iwindi elivulekile eduze kwengane liyingozi. Ukusiza abashayeli bezimoto abafuna isihlalo semoto yengane, sincoma ukuthi ufunde le ndatshana mayelana nezihlalo ezinengalo enohlelo lwe-Isofix... Futhi kulabo asebethengile ingxenye enjalo yohlelo lokuphepha, kepha abazi ukuthi bangayifaka kanjani kahle, kukhona okunye ukubuyekeza.

Lapho umshayeli eshayela imoto, akakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukulandela konke okwenzeka kule ndlwana ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka emgwaqweni. Ukuze ingane ingahlushwa ukuhamba komoya (ngokwesibonelo, ingahle ibanjwe umkhuhlane), umshayeli uphakamisa ingilazi iye ekuphakameni okudingekayo, ivimbe ukusebenza kwamawindi, futhi izingane ngeke zikwazi ukuvula amawindi bebodwa.

Umsebenzi wokukhiya usebenza kuzo zonke izinkinobho ezisezicabheni zabagibeli ezingemuva. Ukuyisebenzisa, kufanele ucindezele inkinobho yokulawula ehambisanayo kwimodyuli yokulawula. Ngenkathi inketho isebenza, amakheshi angemuva ngeke athole isignali kusuka kuyunithi yokulawula ukuhambisa ingilazi.

Esinye isici esiwusizo samasistimu wamanje wewindi lamandla ukusebenza okubuyela emuva. Lapho, lapho uphakamisa ingilazi, uhlelo lubona ukwehla kokuzungeza kwe-motor shaft noma isitobhi sayo esiphelele, kepha ingilazi ayikafiki ezingeni eliphezulu ngokwedlulele, iyunithi yokulawula iyalela imoto kagesi ukuthi ijikeleze iye kolunye uhlangothi. Lokhu kuvimbela ukulimala uma ingane noma isilwane sibuka ngewindi.

Yize kukholakala ukuthi amawindi kagesi awanawo umthelela kwezokuphepha ngenkathi ushayela, lapho umshayeli engaphazamiseki kangako ekushayeleni, kuzogcina wonke umuntu osemgwaqweni ephephile. Kepha, njengoba besishilo ngaphambili, ukubukeka kwemishini yezilawuli zamawindi kuzobhekana kahle nalo msebenzi. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuba khona kwedrayivu kagesi kufakiwe kunketho yenduduzo yemoto.

Ekupheleni kokubuyekezwa, sinikela ngevidiyo emfushane yokuthi uwafaka kanjani amawindi wamandla kagesi emotweni yakho:

S05E05 Faka amawindi kagesi [BMIRussian]