Ngabe ama-supercapacitors angawabuyisela amabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi?

Izimoto zikagesi nezinhlamvu ezixutshiwe zigxile ngokuqinile ezingqondweni zomshayeli wesimanje njengomjikelezo omusha ekuguqukeni kwezimoto. Uma ziqhathaniswa namamodeli ahlonyiswe nge-ICE, lezi zimoto zinezinzuzo nezinkinga zazo.

Izinzuzo zihlala zifaka ukusebenza buthule, kanye nokungabikho kokungcola ngesikhathi sokushayela (yize namuhla, ukwenza ibhethri elilodwa lemoto kagesi kungcolisa imvelo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yokusebenza kwenjini eyodwa kadizili).

Ububi obukhulu bezimoto zikagesi yisidingo sokushaja ibhethri. Mayelana nalokhu, abakhiqizi bezimoto abahamba phambili bathuthukisa izinketho ezahlukahlukene zendlela yokwandisa impilo yebhethri nokwandisa isikhawu phakathi kwamashaji. Enye yalezi zinketho ukusetshenziswa kwama-supercapacitors.

Cabanga ngalobu buchwepheshe usebenzisa isibonelo somkhakha omusha wezimoto - iLamborghini Sian. Ziyini izinzuzo nobubi bale ntuthuko?

Kusha emakethe yemoto kagesi

Lapho iLamborghini iqala ukukhipha i-hybrid, ungaqiniseka ukuthi ngeke nje ibe yinguqulo enamandla kakhulu yeToyota Prius.

USian, owokuqala wenkampani kagesi yase-Italy, uyimoto yokuqala yokukhiqiza eyi-hybrid (eyi-whopping 63) ukusebenzisa ama-supercapacitors esikhundleni samabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Ososayensi abaningi nonjiniyela bakholelwa ukuthi babambe ukhiye wokuhamba kwamandla kagesi amaningi, kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion. USian usebenzisa lokhu ukugcina ugesi futhi, uma kunesidingo, awunikeze imoto yakhe encane kagesi.

Izinzuzo zama-supercapacitors

Ama-supercapacitors akhokhisa futhi akhulule amandla ngokushesha okukhulu kunamabhethri amaningi anamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingamelana nokushaja okukhulu nokukhipha imijikelezo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumthamo.

Endabeni kaSian, umphathi omkhulu ushayela imoto kagesi eyi-25 kilowatt eyakhelwe ku-gearbox. Inganikeza umfutho owengeziwe ku-6,5 horsepower 12-litre injini yangaphakathi yomlilo, noma izishayele yona imoto yezemidlalo ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngejubane eliphansi njengokupaka.

Njengoba ukushaja kushesha kakhulu, le hybrid ayidingi ukuthi ixhunywe esitolo esidayisa udonga noma esiteshini sokushaja. Ama-supercapacitors akhokhiswa ngokugcwele njalo lapho amabhuleki emoto. Ama-hybrids ebhetri nawo ane-braking energy recovery, kepha ahamba kancane futhi asiza kancane ukunweba uhla lukagesi.

I-supercapacitor inelinye ikhadi lecilongo elikhulu kakhulu: isisindo. Ku-Lamborghini Sian, lonke uhlelo - injini kagesi kanye ne-capacitor - yengeza amakhilogremu angu-34 kuphela esisindweni. Kulokhu, ukwanda kwamandla 33,5 amahhashi. Uma kuqhathaniswa, ibhethri le-Renault Zoe iyodwa (enamahhashi angu-136) inesisindo esingama-400kg.

Okubi ngama-supercapacitors

Vele, ama-supercapacitor nawo anemibi uma kuqhathaniswa namabhethri. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, baqoqa amandla okubi kakhulu - uma uSian engazange agibele isonto lonke, awekho amandla asele ku-capacitor. Kodwa zikhona nezixazululo ezingenzeka kule nkinga. U-Lamborghini usebenzisana ne-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ukwakha imodeli kagesi kuphela esekelwe kuma-supercapacitor, umqondo odumile we-Terzo Milenio (Inkulungwane Yesithathu).

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Phela, iLamborghini, engaphansi kweVolkswagen Group, akuyona ukuphela kwenkampani ehlola kule ndawo. Izinhlobo zePeugeot hybrid sekuneminyaka zisebenzisa ama-supercapacitor, kanjalo namamodeli e-hydrogen fuel cell akwaToyota neHonda. Abakhiqizi baseShayina nabaseKorea bawafaka emabhasini kagesi namaloli. Futhi ngonyaka odlule, uTesla uthenge i-Maxwell Electronics, omunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu be-supercapacitor emhlabeni, isibonakaliso esiqinisekile sokuthi okungenani u-Elon Musk ukholelwa ekusaseni lobuchwepheshe.

Amaqiniso ayisi-7 wokuqonda ama-supercapacitors

1 Asebenza kanjani amabhethri

Ubuchwepheshe bebhethri bungenye yezinto osekunesikhathi eside siyithatha kalula ngaphandle kokucabanga ukuthi isebenza kanjani. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi uma sishaja, sivele “sithele” ugesi ebhethrini, njengamanzi engilazini.

Kodwa ibhethri aliwugcini ugesi ngokuqondile, kodwa liwukhiqiza kuphela lapho kudingeka ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-electrode amabili noketshezi (oluvame kakhulu) oluwahlukanisayo, olubizwa ngokuthi i-electrolyte. Kulokhu kusabela, amakhemikhali akuwo aguqulwa abe amanye. Phakathi nale nqubo, ugesi ukhiqizwa. Lapho ziguqulwa ngokuphelele, ukusabela kuyama - ibhethri liyakhishwa.

Kodwa-ke, ngamabhethri aphinde ashajwe, ukusabela kungase kwenzeke ngakolunye uhlangothi - uma uyishaja, amandla aqala inqubo ehlehlayo, ebuyisela amakhemikhali okuqala. Lokhu kungase kuphindwe izikhathi ezingamakhulu noma izinkulungwane, kodwa nakanjani kukhona ukulahlekelwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ama-parasites akheka kuma-electrode, ngakho-ke impilo yebhethri inomkhawulo (imvamisa imijikelezo eyi-3000 kuye kweziyi-5000).

2 Kusebenza kanjani ama-capacitors

Akukho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka ku-condenser. Izindleko ezinhle nezimbi zenziwa kuphela ngogesi ongaguquguquki. Ngaphakathi kwe-capacitor kunezingqimba ezimbili zensimbi ezihambayo ezihlukaniswe ngento yokuvikela ebizwa nge-dielectric.

Ukushaja kufana kakhulu nokuhlikihla ibhola kusweta yoboya ukuze inamathele kugesi ongaguquguquki. Izindleko ezinhle nezimbi ziqoqana emapuletini, futhi isihlukanisi phakathi kwabo, esivimbela ukuba bahlangane, empeleni siyindlela yokugcina amandla. I-capacitor ingakhokhiswa futhi idedelwe izikhathi eziyizigidi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngumthamo.

3 Yini ama-supercapacitors

Ama-capacitor avamile mancane kakhulu ukuthi angagcina amandla - ngokuvamile alinganiswa ngama-microfarad (izigidi zama-farads). Yingakho ama-supercapacitor asungulwa ngawo-1950. Ezinhlobonhlobo zabo ezinkulu zezimboni, ezikhiqizwa izinkampani ezifana ne-Maxwell Technologies, umthamo ufinyelela ama-farads ayizinkulungwane ezimbalwa, okungukuthi, i-10-20% yomthamo webhethri ye-lithium-ion.

4 Kusebenza kanjani ama-supercapacitors

Ngokungafani nama-capacitor avamile, ayikho i-dielectric. Esikhundleni salokho, amapuleti amabili acwiliswa ku-electrolyte futhi ahlukaniswe ungqimba oluncane oluvikelayo. Amandla e-supercapacitor empeleni ayakhula njengoba indawo yala mapuleti ikhula futhi nebanga phakathi kwawo lehla. Ukuze kwandiswe indawo engaphezulu, okwamanje ambozwe ngezinto ezinezimbotshana ezifana nama-carbon nanotubes (amancane kakhulu kangangokuthi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-10 awo angena ku-square cm eyodwa). Isihlukanisi singaba yi-molecule eyodwa kuphela enogqinsi lwegraphene.

Ukuqonda umehluko, kungcono ukucabanga ngogesi njengamanzi. I-capacitor elula izobe ifana nethawula lephepha elikwazi ukuncela inani elilinganiselwe. I-supercapacitor yisiponji sasekhishini esibonelweni.

5 Amabhethri: Ubuhle nobubi bawo

Amabhethri anenzuzo eyodwa ebalulekile - ukuminyana kwamandla aphezulu, okubavumela ukuthi bagcine inani elikhulu lamandla endaweni yokugcina amanzi.

Kodwa-ke, ziphinde zibe nokubi okuningi - isisindo esinzima, impilo elinganiselwe, ukushaja okunensayo kanye nokukhululwa kwamandla kancane uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsimbi ezinobuthi nezinye izinto eziyingozi zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwazo. Amabhethri asebenza kahle kuphela ebangeni lokushisa elincane, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile adinga ukupholiswa noma ukushisisa, okunciphisa ukusebenza kwawo okuphezulu.

6 Ama-Supercapacitors: Ubuhle nobubi bawo

Ama-Supercapacitor alula kakhulu kunamabhethri, impilo yawo yinde ngokungenakuqhathaniswa, ayidingi noma yiziphi izinto eziyingozi, ayashaja futhi akhulule amandla cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Njengoba cishe bengenakho ukumelana kwangaphakathi, abadli amandla ukuze basebenze - ukusebenza kahle kwabo kungu-97-98%. Ama-Supercapacitor asebenza ngaphandle kokuphambuka okubalulekile kulo lonke uhla ukusuka ku--40 kuye ku-+65 degrees Celsius.

Okubi ukuthi bagcina amandla amancane kakhulu kunamabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Okuqukethwe okusha

Ngisho nama-supercapacitors asezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu awakwazi ukuwabuyisela ngokuphelele amabhethri ezimotweni zikagesi. Kepha ososayensi abaningi nezinkampani ezizimele zisebenza ukuzithuthukisa. Isibonelo, e-UK, ama-Superdielectrics asebenza ngento yokuqala eyenzelwe ukukhiqizwa kwama-lens wokuxhumana.

I-Skeleton Technologies isebenza ne-graphene, uhlobo lwe-carbon allotropic. Ungqimba olulodwa oluwugqinsi lwe-athomu luqine izikhathi eziyikhulu kunensimbi enamandla amakhulu, futhi igremu elilodwa nje lalo lingahlanganisa amamitha-skwele angu-100 1. Le nkampani ifake ama-graphene supercapacitor kumaveni ajwayelekile kadizili futhi yazuza ukonga kukaphethiloli okungama-2000%.

Ngaphandle kokuthi ama-supercapacitors awakwazi ukuwabuyisela ngokuphelele amabhethri, namuhla kunomkhuba omuhle ekuthuthukiseni lobu buchwepheshe.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Isebenza kanjani i-supercapacitor? Isebenza ngendlela efanayo ne-capacitance capacitor ephezulu. Kuyo, ugesi uqoqa ngenxa ye-static ngesikhathi se-polarization ye-electrolyte. Nakuba kuyi-electrochemical device, akukho ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okwenzeka kuyo.

Iyini i-supercapacitor? Ama-Supercapacitor asetshenziselwa ukugcina amandla, ukuqala ama-motor, ezimotweni ezixubile, njengemithombo yamanje yesikhashana.

I-supercapacitor ihluke kanjani ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamabhethri? Ibhethri liyakwazi ukuzenzela ugesi ngokwalo ngokusabela kwamakhemikhali. I-supercapacitor igcina kuphela amandla akhululiwe.

I-Ionistor isetshenziswa kuphi? Ama-capacitor asezingeni eliphansi asetshenziswa kumathoshi (aphuma ngokuphelele) nakunoma iyiphi isistimu edinga inani elikhulu lemijikelezo yokukhipha / yokushaja.