Indlela yokusebenza yenjini: idivaysi, inhloso, ukuthi isebenza kanjani
Okuqukethwe
Ezinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi, kunezinqubo ezimbili ezenza sikwazi ukuhambisa izimoto. Ukusatshalaliswa kwegesi kanye ne-crank. Ake sigxile enjongweni ye-KShM nokwakheka kwayo.
Uyini umshini we-crank engine
I-KShM isho iqoqo lezingxenye ezisele ezakha iyunithi elilodwa. Kuwo, inhlanganisela kaphethiloli nomoya osesilinganisweni esithile kusha futhi kudedele amandla. Umshini uqukethe izigaba ezimbili zezingxenye ezihambayo:
- Ukwenza ukunyakaza okuqondile - i-piston iya phezulu / phansi ku-cylinder;
- Ukwenza ukunyakaza kokujikeleza - i-crankshaft nezingxenye ezifakiwe kuyo.
Ifindo elixhuma zombili izinhlobo zezingxenye liyakwazi ukuguqula uhlobo oluthile lwamandla lube olunye. Lapho imoto isebenza ngokuzimela, ukusatshalaliswa kwamandla kusuka enjinini yomlilo yangaphakathi kuya ku-chassis. Ezinye izimoto zivumela amandla ukuthi aqondiswe emuva abuyele emasondweni aye emotweni. Isidingo salokhu singavela, ngokwesibonelo, uma kungenakwenzeka ukuqala injini kusuka ebhethri. Ukudluliswa kwemishini kukuvumela ukuthi uqale imoto kusuka ku-pusher.
Iyini imishini yenjini yenjini?
I-KShM ibeka ezinye izindlela, ngaphandle kwayo bekungeke kwenzeke ukuthi imoto ihambe. Ezimotweni zikagesi, imoto kagesi, ngenxa yamandla eyithola ebhetri, ngokushesha yakha ukujikeleza okuya kushaft yokudlulisa.
Okungahambi kahle kwamayunithi kagesi ukuthi anendawo yokugcina amandla encane. Yize abakhiqizi abahamba phambili bezimoto zikagesi benyuse le bar yaba ngamakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa, iningi labashayeli bezimoto alinakho ukufinyelela kulezi zimoto ngenxa yezindleko zazo eziphakeme.
Okuwukuphela kwesixazululo esishibhile, ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuhamba amabanga amade nangejubane elikhulu, imoto enenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi. Isebenzisa amandla wokuqhuma (noma kunalokho ukunwetshwa ngemuva kwayo) ukusetha izingxenye zeqembu le-cylinder-piston.
Inhloso ye-KShM ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleza okufanayo kwe-crankshaft ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwe-rectilinear yama-piston. Ukujikeleza okuhle akukatholakali, kepha kukhona ukuguqulwa kwezinqubo ezinciphisa ukuqubuka okubangelwa ukuqhuma okungazelelwe kwama-piston. Izinjini ezingama-12-cylinder ziyisibonelo salokhu. I-engeli yokufuduka kwama-crank kuzo incane, futhi ukusebenza kwalo lonke iqembu lamasilinda kusatshalaliswa ngaphezulu kwezikhathi eziningi.
Isimiso sokusebenza komshini we-crank
Uma uchaza isimiso sokusebenza kwale ndlela, khona-ke ingafaniswa nenqubo eyenzeka ngenkathi ugibela ibhayisikili. Umgibeli webhayisikili ucindezela ezinye izinyawo, ushayela idrocket sprocket.
Ukuhamba komugqa kwe-piston kunikezwa ngomlilo we-BTC ku-cylinder. Ngesikhathi se-microexplosion (i-HTS icindezelwe ngokunamandla okwamanje lapho kusetshenziswa inhlansi, ngakho-ke kwakhiwa i-push ebukhali), amagesi ayanwebeka, asunduza ingxenye iye endaweni ephansi kakhulu.
Induku yokuxhuma ixhunywe kwi-crank ehlukile ku-crankshaft. I-Inertia, kanye nenqubo efanayo kumasilinda aseduze, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-crankshaft iyajikeleza. I-piston ayiqhwa ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu nangaphezulu.
I-crankshaft ejikelezayo ixhunywe ku-flywheel lapho kuxhunyaniswa khona indawo yokukhubazeka kokudlulisa.
Ngemuva kokuphela kokushaywa unhlangothi kokusebenza, kokwenza eminye imivimbo yemoto, i-piston isivele iqale ukusebenza ngenxa yezinguquko zendlela shaft. Kungenzeka ngenxa yokwenziwa kokushaywa unhlangothi kokusebenza kumasilinda aseduze. Ukuze unciphise ukujeqeza, omagazini abampofu basuswe komunye nomunye (kukhona ukuguqulwa ngamajenali aku-inthanethi).
Idivayisi ye-KShM
Umshini crank kuhlanganisa inqwaba izingxenye. Ngokujwayelekile, kungabikwa ngezigaba ezimbili: labo abenza ukunyakaza nalabo abahlala bemile endaweni eyodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Abanye benza ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene (ukuhumusha noma ukujikeleza), kanti abanye basebenza njengendlela lapho kuqoqwa khona amandla adingekayo noma ukusekelwa kwalezi zinto.
Le yimisebenzi eyenziwa yizo zonke izakhi zomshini we-crank.
Vimba i-crankcase
Sakaza ngensimbi ehlala isikhathi eside (ezimotweni zesabelomali - insimbi yensimbi, nasezimotweni ezibiza kakhulu - i-aluminium noma enye ingxubevange). Izimbobo ezidingekayo neziteshi zenziwa kuwo. Amafutha apholisayo nenjini ajikeleza eziteshini. Izimbobo zobuchwepheshe zivumela izinto ezibalulekile zemoto ukuthi zixhunywe kwisakhiwo esisodwa.
Izimbobo ezinkulu kunawo wonke amasilinda ngokwawo. Kufakwa ama-piston. Futhi, i-block design inezisekeli zamabhere we-crankshaft support. Umshini wokusabalalisa igesi utholakala ekhanda lesilinda.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-cast iron noma i-aluminium alloy kungenxa yokuthi le nto kufanele imelane nemithwalo ephezulu yemishini nokushisa.
Ngezansi kwekhrikhathi kunesigaxa lapho uwoyela unqwabelana khona ngemuva kokuthi zonke izakhi sezigcotshisiwe. Ukuvimbela ukucindezelwa ngokweqile kwegesi ekwakheni emgodini, isakhiwo sinamapayipi wokungenisa umoya.
Kukhona izimoto ezinesigaxa esimanzi noma esomile. Esimweni sokuqala, uwoyela uqoqwa esampini bese uhlala kuwo. Le nto iyichibi lokuqoqwa nokugcinwa kwamafutha. Kwisimo sesibili, uwoyela ugelezela esumpini, kodwa iphampu liwampompela ngaphandle ethangini elihlukile. Lo mklamo uzovimbela ukulahleka okuphelele kukawoyela uma kwenzeka kuphazamiseka isump - ingxenye encane kuphela yesithambisi eyovuza ngemuva kokuthi injini icishiwe.
Isilinda
Isilinda kungenye into engaguquki yemoto. Eqinisweni, lena imbobo ene-geometry eqinile (i-piston kufanele ilingane kahle kuyo). Futhi bangabeqembu le-cylinder-piston. Kodwa-ke, kumshini we-crank, amasilinda asebenza njengabaqondisi. Banikezela ngokunyakaza okuqinisekisiwe kwama-piston.
Ubukhulu balesi sici buxhomeke kuzici zemoto nobukhulu bama-piston. Izindonga ezingenhla kwesakhiwo zibhekene nokushisa okuphezulu okungenzeka enjinini. Futhi, egumbini elibizwa ngokuthi amandla omlilo (ngaphezu kwesikhala se-piston), kukhona ukunwetshwa okubukhali kwamagesi ngemuva kokushiswa kwe-VTS.
Ukuvimbela ukugqokwa ngokweqile kwezindonga zesilinda emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (kwezinye izimo kungakhuphuka ngokucijile kuze kufike kuma-degree ayi-2 500) nengcindezi ephezulu, ziyathanjiswa. Ifilimu elincanyana lamafomu kawoyela phakathi kwama-O-rings kanye nesilinda ukuvikela ukuxhumana kwensimbi nensimbi. Ukwehlisa amandla wokushayisana, indawo yangaphakathi yamasilinda iphathwa ngenhlanganisela ekhethekile futhi ipholishiwe ibe sezingeni elifanele (ngakho-ke, indawo ibizwa ngokuthi isibuko).
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zamasilinda:
- Uhlobo olomile. Lawa masilinda asetshenziswa kakhulu emishinini. Ziyingxenye yebhlokhi futhi zibukeka njengezimbobo ezenziwe kuleli cala. Ukupholisa insimbi, kwenziwa iziteshi ngaphandle kwamasilinda okusakazwa kwesipholisi (ijakhethi yenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi);
- Uhlobo olumanzi. Kulokhu, amasilinda azokwenziwa imikhono ehlukanisiwe efakwa emigodini yebhulokhi. Zivunyelwe ngokuthembekile ukuze kungabi khona ukudlidliza okwengeziwe ngesikhathi sokusebenza kweyunithi, ngenxa yokuthi izingxenye ze-KShM zizohluleka ngokushesha okukhulu. Ama-liners anjalo axhumana nesipholisi esivela ngaphandle. Umklamo ofanayo wemoto uthambekele kakhulu ekulungisweni (ngokwesibonelo, lapho kwakhiwa imihuzuko ejulile, umkhono umane ushintshwe, ungabi nesithukuthezi futhi izimbobo zebhulokhi ziyagaywa ngesikhathi sokwenza imali kufinyeleleke).
Ezinjini ezimise okwe-V, amasilinda kaningi awabekeki ngokulingana ngokulingana komunye nomunye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi induku eyodwa yokuxhuma isebenza ngesilinda esisodwa, futhi inendawo ehlukile ku-crankshaft. Kodwa-ke, kukhona nokuguqulwa ngezinduku ezimbili zokuxhuma ku-journal rod eyodwa yokuxhuma.
Isilinda block
Le yingxenye enkulu kunazo zonke ekwakhiweni kwezimoto. Phezulu kwalesi sici, kufakwa ikhanda lesilinda, futhi phakathi kwabo kukhona i-gasket (kungani idingeka nokuthi unganquma kanjani ukungasebenzi kwayo, funda ngokubuyekezwa okuhlukile).
Amakhefu enziwa ekhanda lesilinda ukwakha umgodi okhethekile. Kuwo, ingxube ecindezelwe yomoya-uphethiloli iyashiswa (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi ikamelo lomlilo). Ukulungiswa kwama-motor apholile ngamanzi kuzofakwa ekhanda elinemigudu yokujikeleza kuketshezi.
Amathambo enjini
Zonke izingxenye ezihleliwe ze-KShM, ezixhunywe kwisakhiwo esisodwa, zibizwa ngamathambo. Le ngxenye ibona umthwalo omkhulu wamandla ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwezingxenye ezihambayo zomshini. Ngokuya ngokuthi injini ifakwe kanjani egumbini lenjini, amathambo abuye adonse imithwalo emzimbeni noma ohlakeni. Ngenkathi yokuhamba, le ngxenye iphinde ishayisane nethonya lokudlulisa kanye ne-chassis yomshini.
Ukuvimbela injini yomlilo yangaphakathi ekuhambeni ngesikhathi sokusheshisa, ukunciphisa amandla noma ukuhambisa, ifreyimu iboshelwe ngokuqinile engxenyeni esekelayo yemoto. Ukuqeda ukudlidlizela ejoyintini, kusetshenziswa izintaba zenjini zenjoloba. Isimo sabo sincike ekuguqulweni kwenjini.
Lapho umshini uqhutshwa emgwaqweni ongalingani, umzimba ubhekana nengcindezi ye-torsional. Ukuvimbela imoto ekuthatheni imithwalo enjalo, ivame ukunamathiselwa ezindaweni ezintathu.
Zonke ezinye izingxenye zomshini ziyasuswa.
Piston
Kuyingxenye yeqembu le-KShM piston. Ukuma kwama-piston nakho kungahluka, kepha iphuzu eliyisihluthulelo ukuthi enziwe ngesimo sengilazi. Ingaphezulu le-piston libizwa ngekhanda kuthi elingezansi libizwe ngesiketi.
Ikhanda le-piston liyingxenye ejiyile, njengoba kuthatha ukucindezelwa okushisayo nokwenziwa lapho uphethiloli ushiswa. Ukuphela kwaleso sakhi (ngezansi) kungaba nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene - isicaba, i-convex noma i-concave. Le ngxenye yakha ubukhulu bekamelo lomlilo. Ukuguqulwa okunokuvezwa kwezimo ezahlukahlukene kuvame ukuhlangana nakho. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zezingxenye zincike kumodeli we-ICE, umgomo wokuphakelwa kukaphethiloli, njll.
Ama-Grooves enziwa ezinhlangothini zepiston ukufakwa kwama-O-rings. Ngezansi kwalezi zindawo kunamakhefu okuphuma kukawoyela engxenyeni. Isiketi sivame ukuma okweqanda, kanti ingxenye yaso eyinhloko iyisiqondisi esivimbela i-piston wedge ngenxa yokwanda okushisayo.
Ukunxephezela amandla we-inertia, ama-piston enziwe ngezinto zokwakha i-alloy elula. Ngenxa yalokhu, alula. Phansi kwengxenye, kanye nezindonga zekamelo lomlilo, kuhlangana nokushisa okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, le ngxenye ayipholi ngokujikeleza kokupholisa kujeketi. Ngenxa yalokhu, into ye-aluminium ingaphansi kokunwetshwa okuqinile.
I-piston i-oyela selehlile ukuvikela ukuquleka. Kumamodeli amaningi ezimoto, i-lubrication ihlinzekwa ngokwemvelo - inkungu kawoyela ihlala ngaphezulu bese ibuyela emuva esampeni. Kodwa-ke, kunezinjini lapho uwoyela unikezwa khona ngaphansi kwengcindezi, okunikeza ukushisa okungcono kokushisa okuvela endaweni evuthayo.
Izindandatho zepiston
Iringi ye-piston yenza umsebenzi wayo kuya ngokuthi iyiphi ingxenye yekhanda le-piston efakwe kuyo:
- Ukuminyanisa - okuphezulu kakhulu. Banikeza uphawu phakathi kwezindonga zesilinda ne-piston. Inhloso yabo ukuvimbela amagesi avela esikhaleni se-piston ukuba angene ekhrankcase. Ukwenza lula ukufakwa kwengxenye, ukusikwa kuyenziwa kuyo;
- Isisusa uwoyela - qinisekisa ukususwa kukawoyela omningi ezindongeni zamasilinda, futhi kuvimbele ukungena kokugcoba esikhaleni esingenhla kwepiston. Lezi zindandatho zinemisele ekhethekile yokuhambisa amanzi ku-piston drain grooves.
Ububanzi bamasongo buhlala bukhudlwana kunobubanzi besilinda. Ngenxa yalokhu, banikeza uphawu eqenjini le-cylinder-piston. Ukuze kungangeni amagesi noma uwoyela phakathi kwezingidi, amasongo abekwa ezindaweni zawo lapho kutholakala khona ama-slots ahlobene.
Okusetshenziswayo ukwenza amasongo kuncike ekusetshenzisweni kwawo. Ngakho-ke, izinto zokucindezelwa zivame ukwenziwa ngensimbi ephezulu yensimbi kanye nokuqukethwe okuncane kokungcola, nezinto zokwengeza uwoyela zenziwe ngensimbi ephezulu ene-alloy.
Iphini lepiston
Le ngxenye ivumela i-piston ukuthi inamathiselwe endukwini yokuxhuma. Kubukeka njengeshubhu elingenalutho, elibekwa ngaphansi kwekhanda le-piston kubaphathi futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngembobo ekhanda lenduku yokuxhuma. Ukuvimbela umunwe ekuhambeni, ulungiswa ngamasongo wokugcina ezinhlangothini zombili.
Lokhu kulungiswa kuvumela iphini ukuthi ijikeleze ngokukhululeka, okunciphisa ukumelana nokunyakaza kwe-piston. Lokhu futhi kuvimbela ukwakheka kokusebenza kuphela endaweni yokunamathisela ku-piston noma induku yokuxhuma, enweba kakhulu impilo yokusebenza kwengxenye.
Ukuvimbela ukugqoka ngenxa yamandla okuxabana, ingxenye yenziwe ngensimbi. Futhi ukumelana okukhulu nokucindezela okushisayo, kuqala kuqinisiwe.
Ukuxhuma induku
Induku yokuxhuma iyinduku ewugqinsi enezimbambo eziqinisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inekhanda le-piston (imbobo lapho kufakwa khona iphini le-piston), kuthi ngakolunye, inekhanda elukiwe. Into yesibili iyagoqeka ukuze ingxenye isuswe noma ifakwe kumagazini we-crankshaft crank. Inesembozo esinamathiselwe ekhanda ngamabhawodi, futhi ukuvikela ukugqokwa kwezingxenye ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kufakwa khona okufakwayo okunezimbobo zokuthambisa.
I-bushing yekhanda engezansi ibizwa ngokuthi induku yokuxhuma. Yenziwe ngamapuleti amabili ensimbi anezintambo ezigobile zokulungiswa ekhanda.
Ukwehlisa amandla wokuxabana engxenyeni engaphakathi yekhanda elingenhla, kucindezelwa isihlahla sobhedu kuso. Uma igugile, yonke induku yokuxhuma ngeke idinge ukushintshwa. Isihlahla sinemigodi yokuphakelwa kukawoyela kuphini.
Kukhona ukuguqulwa eziningana izinduku yokuxhuma:
- Izinjini zikaphethiloli zivame ukufakwa ngezinduku zokuxhuma ezinesixhumi sekhanda ema-engele angakwesokudla ku-axis yenduku yokuxhuma;
- Izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi zikadizili zinezinti zokuxhuma ngesixhumi sekhanda le-oblique;
- Ama-V-injini avame ukufakwa amawele amabili okuxhuma. Induku yokuxhuma yesibili yomugqa wesibili imiswe kolukhulu ngepini ngokuya ngomgomo ofanayo nopiston.
I-Crankshaft
Le nto iqukethe ama-cranks amaningi ane-offset yokuhlelwa kwamajenali enduku okuhlobene ne-axis yamaphephabhuku amakhulu. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-crankshafts nezici zawo ukubuyekeza okuhlukile.
Inhloso yale ngxenye ukuguqula ukunyakaza kokuhumusha kusuka kupiston kuye ekujikelezeni. Iphini le-crank lixhunywe enhlokweni engezansi yokuxhuma. Kunama-bearings amakhulu ezindaweni ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ku-crankshaft ukuvimbela ukudlidlizela okubangelwa ukujikeleza okungalingani kwemikhonto.
Iningi le-crankshafts linama-counterweights wokumunca amandla we-centrifugal asebenza kuma-bearings amakhulu. Ingxenye yenziwa ngokusakaza noma ngokuvula ama-lathes kusuka kokungenalutho okukodwa.
Kuxhunywe i-pulley ezinzwaneni ze-crankshaft, eqhuba indlela yokusabalalisa igesi kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza, njengephampu, i-generator ne-air conditioning drive. Kukhona i-flange ku-shank. Ifreyimu enanyathiselwe kuyo.
Flywheel
Ingxenye emise okwediski. Amafomu nezinhlobo zama-flywheels ahlukene nokwehluka kwawo nawo anikelwe isihloko esihlukile... Kuyadingeka ukunqoba ukumelana kokucindezelwa kumasilinda lapho i-piston isesimweni sokucindezelwa. Lokhu kungenxa ye-inertia yediski yensimbi ejikelezayo.
Irimu yegiya ilungisiwe ekugcineni kwengxenye. Igiya le-starter bendix lixhunywe kulo ngesikhathi injini iqala. Ehlangothini olubhekene ne-flange, ubuso be-flywheel buxhumana ne-clutch disc yebhasikidi lokudlulisa. Amandla amakhulu okuxabana phakathi kwalezi zinto aqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwe-torque ku-gearbox shaft.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, i-crank mechanism inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, ngenxa yokuthi ukulungiswa kweyunithi kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngabachwepheshe. Ukunweba impilo yenjini, kubaluleke kakhulu ukunamathela kulondolozo olujwayelekile lwemoto.
Ngokwengeziwe, bukela ukubuyekezwa kwevidiyo mayelana ne-KShM:
Imibuzo nezimpendulo:
Yiziphi izingxenye ezifakwe kumshini we-crank? Izingxenye ezimile: ibhulokhi yesilinda, ikhanda lebhulokhi, ama-cylinder liners, omalayini namabheringi amakhulu. Izingxenye ezihambayo: ipiston enezindandatho, iphinikhodi, induku yokuxhuma, i-crankshaft ne-flywheel.
Ithini igama lale ngxenye ye-KShM? Lena indlela ye-crank. Iguqula ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe kwamapiston kumasilinda kube ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwe-crankshaft.
Uyini umsebenzi wezingxenye ezingashintshi ze-KShM? Lezi zingxenye zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqondisa ngokunembile izingxenye ezihambayo (isibonelo, ukunyakaza okuqondile kwamapiston) nokuzilungisa ngokuphephile ukuze zijikeleze (isibonelo, ama-bearings ayinhloko).
