Okuqukethwe komlotha kawoyela
Okuqukethwe
Okuqukethwe komlotha kawoyela ebonakala ngemiqondo emibili: okuqukethwe komlotha wamafutha esisekelo kanye nokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate. Ngamafuphi, okuqukethwe komlotha okuvamile kubonisa ukuthi isisekelo sesisekelo sahlanzwa kahle kangakanani, lapho amafutha okugcina azokwenziwa khona esikhathini esizayo (okungukuthi, ukuba khona kwamasawoti ahlukahlukene futhi angenakuvutha, kuhlanganise nensimbi, ukungcola kuwo). Ngokuqondene nokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate, kubonisa uwoyela ophelile, oqukethe inani elithile lezithasiselo, futhi ubonisa ngokunembile ubuningi nokwakheka kwawo (okungukuthi, ukuba khona kwe-sodium, i-potassium, i-phosphorus, isulfure nezinye izakhi kuwo).
Uma okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate kuphezulu, khona-ke lokhu kuzoholela ekwakhekeni kwesendlalelo se-abrasive ezindongeni zenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi, futhi, ngokufanele, ukuguga okusheshayo kwemoto, okungukuthi, ukwehla kwensiza yayo. Izinga eliphansi lokuqukethwe komlotha ojwayelekile liqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu yokukhipha i-exhaust aftertreatment ivikelekile ekungcoleni. Ngokuvamile, izinkomba zokuqukethwe komlotha ziwumqondo oyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa othakazelisayo, ngakho-ke sizozama ukubeka yonke into ngohlelo.
Kuyini okuqukethwe komlotha nokuthi kuthinta ini
Okuqukethwe komlotha kuyinkomba yenani lokungcola okungashi. Kunoma iyiphi injini yomlilo yangaphakathi, inani elithile lamafutha agcwalisiwe liya "ukumosha", okungukuthi, liyahwamuka ekushiseni okuphezulu lapho lingena kumasilinda. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhiqizo evuthayo, noma umlotha nje, oqukethe izakhi zamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene, yakha ezindongeni zayo. Futhi kungenxa yokwakheka komlotha kanye nenani lawo lapho umuntu angahlulela khona umlotha odumile wamafutha. le nkomba ithinta ikhono le-carbon deposits ukwakha ezingxenyeni zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, kanye nokusebenza kwezihlungi zezinhlayiya (phela, i-soot engenamlilo ivala ama-honeycombs). Ngakho-ke, ayikwazi ukudlula u-2%. Njengoba kunezinhlobo ezimbili zomlotha, sizozicabangela ngokulandelana.
Okuqukethwe komlotha wamafutha esisekelo
Ake siqale ngomqondo wokuqukethwe komlotha ojwayelekile, njengolula. Ngokuvumelana nencazelo esemthethweni, okuqukethwe komlotha isilinganiso senani lokungcola okungaphili okusele kusukela ekushisweni kwesampula kawoyela, okuvezwa njengephesenti lesisindo samafutha ahlolwayo. Lo mqondo uvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuveza uwoyela ngaphandle kwezithasiselo (okuhlanganisa uwoyela wesisekelo), kanye noketshezi oluhlukahlukene lokugcoba olungasetshenziswa ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi noma kubuchwepheshe bomshini ngokujwayelekile. ngokuvamile, inani lengqikithi yomlotha lisebangeni elisuka ku-0,002% liye ku-0,4%. Ngakho-ke, lapho le nkomba iphansi, ihlanza amafutha ahloliwe.
Yini ethonya okuqukethwe komlotha? Okuqukethwe komlotha okuvamile (noma okuyisisekelo) kuthinta ikhwalithi yokuhlanza uwoyela, nayo engenazo izithasiselo. Futhi njengoba okwamanje ekhona cishe kuwo wonke amafutha emoto asetshenzisiwe, umqondo wokuqukethwe komlotha ojwayelekile awusetshenziswa kabanzi, kodwa kunalokho umqondo wokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate usetshenziswa ngomqondo obanzi. asiqhubekele kuyo.
Umlotha oshubile
Ukungcola emafutheni
Ngakho-ke, okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate (elinye igama lezinga noma inkomba ye-sulfate slags) kuyinkomba yokunquma izithasiselo ezihlanganisa i-organic metal compounds (okungukuthi, usawoti wabo we-zinc, i-potassium, i-magnesium, i-calcium, i-barium, i-sodium nezinye izakhi) . Lapho amafutha anezithako ezinjalo eshiswa, kwakhiwa umlotha. Ngokwemvelo, uma kukhona okuningi emafutheni, kuzoba nomlotha omningi. Yona-ke, ixubene ne-resinous deposits enjinini yangaphakathi evuthayo (lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma injini yomlilo yangaphakathi indala futhi / noma uwoyela ungakaze ushintshwe kuwo isikhathi eside), ngenxa yalokho i-abrasive. ungqimba lwakhiwe ezingxenyeni zokuhlikihla. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ziyaklwebha futhi ziguge, ngaleyo ndlela zinciphise insiza yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi.
Okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulphated nakho kuvezwa njengephesenti lesisindo sikawoyela. Kodwa-ke, ukuze uyinqume, kuyadingeka ukwenza inqubo ekhethekile ngokushisa nokubala isisindo sokuhlola. Futhi iphesenti ithathwa ebhalansi eqinile. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-sulfuric acid isetshenziswa emsebenzini ukuze ihlukanise ama-sulfate esixukwini. Lapha yilapho igama elithi sulfate ash livela khona.. Sizocubungula i-algorithm eqondile yokwenza izilinganiso ngokuya nge-GOST ngezansi.
Umthelela wokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate
Manje ake siqhubekele embuzweni othi yini i-sulfate ash ithinta. Kodwa ngaphambi kwalokho, kufanele kucaciswe ukuthi umqondo walo uhlobene ngokuqondile nomqondo wenombolo yesisekelo samafutha enjini. Leli nani likuvumela ukuthi usethe inani le-carbon deposits ekamelweni elivuthayo. Ngokuvamile amafutha afika lapho ngamasongo e-piston, ehla ezindongeni zamasilinda. Inani lomlotha oshiwoyo lithinta ngqo ukusebenza kwesistimu yokuthungela, kanye nokuqala kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngenkathi ebandayo.
Ukuncika kwenombolo yesisekelo ngesikhathi
Ngakho, okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate kuhambisana ngokuqondile nenani lokuqala lenombolo yesisekelo sawoyela ongasetshenzisiwe (noma ogcwaliswe kuphela). Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi inombolo yesisekelo ayiyona inkomba ephelele yekhono lokungathathi hlangothi le-lubricating fluid, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi iyawa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kwesibabule nezinye izingxenye eziyingozi kuphethiloli. Futhi lapho uphethiloli umpofu (lapho isulfure eningi kuwo), inani lesisekelo liwa ngokushesha.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate kuthinta ngokuqondile iphuzu le-flash lamafutha enjini, okungukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba izithasiselo ekubunjweni kwazo zivutha, inani lokushisa okukhulunywe ngakho liyancipha. Iphinde inciphise ukusebenza kwamafutha ngokwawo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinga eliphezulu kangakanani.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha omlotha ophansi "kunezinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuyafaneleka, ngoba lezi zinhlanganisela zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa ngokushesha kwezinhlelo zokuqeda amandla (okungukuthi, afakwe ama-catalysts, izihlungi ze-particle, izinhlelo ze-EGR). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amafutha omlotha ophansi awanikezi (anciphise) izinga elidingekayo lokuvikela izingxenye zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Futhi lapha, lapho ukhetha amafutha, udinga ukukhetha "incazelo yegolide" futhi uqondiswe izincomo zomkhiqizi wemoto. Okungukuthi, bheka ukubaluleka kokuqukethwe komlotha kanye nenombolo ye-alkaline!
Indima yesibabule ekwakhekeni komlotha
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi okuqukethwe umlotha evamile amafutha motor akuhlangene nezinga lesulfure kuzo. Okungukuthi, amafutha omlotha ophansi ngeke abe nesulfure ephansi, futhi le nkinga idinga ukucaciswa ngokwehlukana. Kuyafaneleka ukungeza ukuthi okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate nakho kuthinta ukungcola kanye nokusebenza kwesihlungi sezinhlayiya (amathuba okuvuselelwa kabusha). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphosphorus ikhubaza kancane kancane i-catalyst ye-afterburning carbon monoxide, kanye nama-hydrocarbon angashisiwe.
Ngokuqondene nesulfure, iphazamisa ukusebenza kwe-nitrogen oxide neutralizer. Ngeshwa, izinga likaphethiloli eYurophu nasesikhaleni se-post-Soviet lihluke kakhulu, hhayi ukusizuzisa. okungukuthi, kunesulfure eningi kuphethiloli wethu, eyingozi kakhulu ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ngoba, lapho ixutshwa namanzi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, yakha ama-asidi ayingozi (ikakhulukazi e-sulfuric), agqwalisa izingxenye zenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kungcono emakethe yaseRussia ukukhetha amafutha anenombolo yesisekelo esiphezulu. Futhi njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, emafutheni lapho kunenombolo ephezulu ye-alkaline, kunomlotha omningi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi awekho uwoyela wendawo yonke, futhi kufanele akhethwe ngokuhambisana nophethiloli osetshenzisiwe kanye nezici zenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. Okokuqala, udinga ukwakha phezu izincomo umenzi imoto (okungukuthi, injini yayo yangaphakathi amandla omlilo).
Iyini imfuneko yokuqukethwe komlotha kawoyela
Umlotha ophuma ekushisweni kwamafutha
Okuqukethwe komlotha ophansi wamafutha anamuhla kunqunywa yizidingo zemvelo ze-Euro-4, Euro-5 (engasasebenzi) kanye ne-Euro-6, esebenzayo eYurophu. Ngokuvumelana nabo, uwoyela wanamuhla akufanele uvale kakhulu izihlungi zezinhlayiya kanye nama-catalysts emoto, futhi ukhulule ubuncane bezinto eziyingozi emvelweni. futhi zenzelwe ukunciphisa ukufakwa kwe-soot kuma-valve namasilinda. Nokho, eqinisweni, le ndlela kunciphisa kakhulu insiza yezinjini zesimanje ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, kodwa futhi kunenzuzo kubakhiqizi bezimoto, njengoba kuholela ngokuqondile ukushintshwa njalo kwemoto ngabanikazi bezimoto eYurophu (isidingo sabathengi).
Ngokuqondene nabashayeli bezimoto ezifuywayo (nakuba lokhu kusebenza kakhulu kuphethiloli wasekhaya), ezimweni eziningi, uwoyela omlotha omncane uzophazamisa ama-liner, iminwe, futhi abe nomthelela ekuqhumeni iziketi enjinini yangaphakathi evuthayo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuqukethwe komlotha ophansi wamafutha, inani lediphozi emasongweni e-piston lizoba lincane.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izinga lokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate emafutheni aseMelika (izindinganiso) liphansi kunalawo aseYurophu. Lokhu kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamafutha esisekelo aphezulu eqembu 3 kanye / noma 4 (enziwe ngesisekelo se-polyalphaolefins noma kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe be-hydrocracking).
Amaseli e-Catalyst ambozwe umule
Amagama ambalwa mayelana nezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zamamodeli amasha, lapho amabhulokhi we-cylinder enziwe nge-aluminium ene-coating eyengeziwe (izimoto eziningi zanamuhla ezivela ku-VAG ukukhathazeka nezinye "zamaJapane"). Ku-inthanethi, babhala okuningi mayelana nokuthi ama-motor anjalo ayesaba isulfure, futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso. Kodwa-ke, emafutheni enjini, inani lalesi sici lincane kakhulu kuneliphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, okokuqala, kunconywa ukusebenzisa uphethiloli standard Euro-4 nangaphezulufuthi usebenzise amafutha anesulphur ephansi. Kodwa, khumbula ukuthi amafutha anesulfure ephansi akuwona amafutha omlotha ophansi njalo! Ngakho-ke hlola njalo okuqukethwe komlotha embhalweni ohlukile ochaza izici ezijwayelekile zamafutha enjini ethile.
Ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha omlotha ophansi
isidingo sokwenziwa kwamafutha omlotha ophansi saphakama kakhulu ngenxa yezidingo zemvelo (izindinganiso ezidumile ze-Euro-x). Ekwenziweni kwamafutha emoto, aqukethe (ngobuningi obuhlukahlukene, kuye ngezinto eziningi) isibabule, i-phosphorus nomlotha (iba yi-sulfate kamuva). Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali alandelayo kuholela ekubukeni kwezinto ezishiwo ekubunjweni kwamafutha:
- i-zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (okubizwa ngokuthi i-multifunctional additive ene-antioxidant, i-antiwear kanye nezakhiwo zengcindezi enkulu);
- I-calcium sulfonate iyi-detergent, okungukuthi, isithasiselo sokuhlanza.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, abakhiqizi bathole izixazululo eziningana zokunciphisa okuqukethwe komlotha wamafutha. Ngakho, okulandelayo kuyasetshenziswa okwamanje:
- ukwethulwa kwezithasiselo zokuhlanza hhayi emafutheni, kodwa kuphethiloli;
- ukusetshenziswa kwama-antioxidants angenamlotha aphezulu;
- ukusetshenziswa kwe-dialkyldithiophosphates engenamlotha;
- ukusetshenziswa kwe-low-ash magnesium sulfonates (noma kunjalo, ngamanani alinganiselwe, ngoba lokhu kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamadiphozi enjini yangaphakathi yomlilo), kanye nezithasiselo ze-alkylphenol zokuhlanza;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zokwenziwa ekwakhiweni kwamafutha (isibonelo, ama-esters kanye nezithasiselo eziqinile ezimelana nokuwohloka, okudingekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe izici ezifiselekayo ze-viscosity-temperature kanye nokuguquguquka okuphansi, okungukuthi, uwoyela wesisekelo kusuka kumaqembu ama-4 noma ama-5).
Ubuchwepheshe bamakhemikhali besimanje benza kube lula ukuthola amafutha nganoma yikuphi okuqukethwe komlotha. Udinga nje ukukhetha ukwakheka okufanele kakhulu imoto ethile.
Izindinganiso zezinga lomlotha
Umbuzo olandelayo obalulekile uwukunquma izindinganiso zokuqukethwe komlotha. Kuyafaneleka ukusho zisuka nje ukuthi ngeke kuncike kuphela ohlotsheni injini amandla omlilo yangaphakathi (uphethiloli, diesel izinjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, kanye nezinjini omlilo zangaphakathi nge gas-balloon imishini (GBO), lezi zinkomba zizohluka), kodwa. futhi ezindinganisweni zamanje zezemvelo (Euro-4, Euro-5 kanye ne-Euro-6). Emafutheni amaningi ayisisekelo (okungukuthi, ngaphambi kokwethulwa kwezithasiselo ezikhethekile ekubunjweni kwazo), okuqukethwe komlotha akubalulekile, futhi cishe ku-0,005%. Futhi ngemva kokwengezwa kwezithasiselo, okungukuthi, ukukhiqizwa kwamafutha e-motor esenziwe ngomumo, leli xabiso lingafinyelela ku-rook 2% evumela i-GOST.
Izindinganiso zokuqukethwe komlotha kawoyela wezimoto zivezwe ngokucacile kumazinga e-European Association of Auto Manufacturers ACEA, futhi ukuphambuka kuwo akwamukelekile, ngakho-ke bonke abakhiqizi bamafutha emoto besimanje (abanelayisense) bahlala beqondiswa yile mibhalo. Sethula idatha ngendlela yetafula yezinga elivamile lezemvelo i-Euro-5, elihlanganisa amanani ezithasiselo zamakhemikhali namazinga akhona ngamanye.
| Izidingo ze-API | SL | SM | I-SN-RC/ILSAC GF-5 | I-CJ-4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus,% | I-0,1 max | 0,06-0,08 | 0,06-0,08 | I-0,12 max |
| Okuqukethwe kwesibabule, % | - | 0,5-0,7 | 0,5-0,6 | I-0,4 max |
| Umlotha one-sulphated, % | - | - | - | I-1 max |
| Izidingo ze-ACEA zezinjini zikaphethiloli | I-C1-10 | I-C2-10 | I-C3-10 | I-C4-10 |
| - | I-LowSAPS | MidSAPS | MidSAPS | I-LowSAPS |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus,% | I-0,05 max | I-0,09 max | 0,07-0,09 ubuningi | I-0,09 max |
| Okuqukethwe kwesibabule, % | I-0,2 max | I-0,3 max | I-0,3 max | I-0,2 max |
| Umlotha one-sulphated, % | I-0,5 max | I-0,8 max | I-0,8 max | I-0,5 max |
| Inombolo yesisekelo, mg KOH/g | - | - | 6 amaminithi | 6 amaminithi |
| Izidingo ze-ACEA zezinjini zikadizili zezentengiselwano | I-E4-08 | I-E6-08 | I-E7-08 | I-E9-08 |
| Okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus,% | - | I-0,08 max | - | I-0,12 max |
| Okuqukethwe kwesibabule, % | - | I-0,3 max | - | I-0,4 max |
| Umlotha one-sulphated, % | I-2 max | I-1 max | I-1 max | I-2 max |
| Inombolo yesisekelo, mg KOH/g | 12 amaminithi | 7 amaminithi | 9 amaminithi | 7 amaminithi |
Njengoba kungabonakala etafuleni elingenhla, kunzima ukwahlulela okuqukethwe komlotha ngokwezinga le-American API, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi okuqukethwe komlotha akunaki kangako eZweni Elisha. okungukuthi, abonisa nje ukuthi yimaphi amafutha asemathinini - umlotha ogcwele, ophakathi (MidSAPS). Ngakho-ke, abanawo umlotha ophansi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha uwoyela owodwa noma omunye, udinga ukugxila kakhulu ekumaka kwe-ACEA.
Isibonelo, ngokusekelwe olwazini oluhlinzekwe ngokuhambisana nezinga le-Euro-5, elivumelekile futhi elifanele ngo-2018 endaweni ye-Russian Federation, emotweni yesimanje kaphethiloli ivunyelwe ukugcwalisa uwoyela we-C3 ngokusho kwe-ACEA (imvamisa I-SN ngokusho kwe-API) - okuqukethwe kwe-sulfate ash akukho ngaphezu kwe-0,8% (umlotha ophakathi). Uma sikhuluma ngezinjini zikadizili ezisebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima, ngokwesibonelo, izinga le-ACEA E4 alikuvumeli ukudlula u-2% wokuqukethwe komlotha one-sulphated kuphethiloli.
Izidingo zokuqukethwe komlotha zezimoto ze-LPG
Ngokuqondene nezimoto ezinemishini ye-gas-cylinder, kungcono ukuyisebenzisa amafutha omlotha aphansi. Lokhu kungenxa yokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kaphethiloli negesi (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-methane, i-propane noma i-butane). Kunezinhlayiya eziqinile kanye nezakhi eziyingozi kuphethiloli, futhi ukuze kungonakalisi lonke uhlelo, kusetshenziswe amafutha akhethekile omlotha ophansi. Abakhiqizi bezinto zokuthambisa banikela ngokukhethekile kubathengi lokho okubizwa ngamafutha “egesi” aklanyelwe i-ICE ehambisanayo.
Kodwa-ke, i-drawback yabo ebalulekile yizindleko zabo eziphezulu, futhi ukuze wonge imali, ungamane ubheke izici nokubekezelela kwamafutha ajwayelekile "kaphethiloli", bese ukhetha ukwakheka komlotha ophansi ofanele. Futhi khumbula ukuthi udinga ukushintsha amafutha anjalo ngokuvumelana nemithethonqubo ecacisiwe, naphezu kokuthi ukucaca kwezimayini kuzoba phezulu kakhulu kunamafutha endabuko!
Indlela yokunquma okuqukethwe komlotha
Kodwa okuqukethwe komlotha kawoyela wenjini kunqunywa kanjani futhi kanjani ukuqonda ukuthi yikuphi okuqukethwe komlotha amafutha ku-canister? Kulula kakhulu kumthengi ukunquma ukuthi umlotha kawoyela wenjini ungakanani ngamagama abhalwe ngelebuli yesiqukathi. Kuzo, okuqukethwe komlotha kuvame ukukhonjiswa ngokwezinga le-ACEA (Indinganiso yaseYurophu yabakhiqizi bezimoto). Ngokuhambisana nayo, wonke amafutha athengisiwe ahlukaniswe abe:
- umlotha ogcwele. Banephakheji eliphelele lezithasiselo. NgesiNgisi, banegama elithi - I-SAPS Egcwele. Ngokwezinga le-ACEA, aqokwe ngezinhlamvu ezilandelayo - A1 / B1, A3 / B3, A3 / B4, A5 / B5. Ukungcola komlotha lapha cishe ku-1 ... 1,1% yenani lesisindo soketshezi lokuthambisa.
- umlotha ophakathi. Banephakheji elincishisiwe lezithasiselo. Ibizwa nge-Middle SAPS noma i-Mid SAPS. Ngokusho kwe-ACEA baqokwe i-C2, C3. Ngokufanayo, emafutheni omlotha aphakathi, umlotha womlotha uzoba ngu-0,6 ... 0,9%.
- Umlotha ophansi. Okuqukethwe okuncane kwezithasiselo ezinensimbi. I-SAPS ekhethiwe ephansi. Ngokusho kwe-ACEA baqokwe i-C1, C4. Ngomlotha ophansi, inani elihambisanayo lizoba ngaphansi kuka-0,5%.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi kwezinye izimo, amafutha anegama le-ACEA kusuka ku-C1 kuya ku-C5 ahlanganiswa abe yiqembu elilodwa elibizwa ngokuthi "umlotha ophansi". okungukuthi, ulwazi olunjalo lungatholakala ku-Wikipedia. Nokho, lokhu akulungile ngokuphelele, ngoba indlela enjalo imane ibonisa ukuthi konke lokhu izinto zokugcoba ziyahambisana neziguquli ze-catalytic, futhi akukho okunye! Eqinisweni, ukuhlukaniswa okufanele kwamafutha ngokuqukethwe komlotha kunikezwa ngenhla.
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Izindinganiso zomlotha
Ukuhlola amasampula kawoyela ahlukene
Kukhona i-Russian interstate standard standard GOST 12417-94 “Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli. Indlela yokunquma umlotha we-sulfate, ngokusho ukuthi noma ubani angakwazi ukukala okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate wamafutha ahlolwayo, ngoba lokhu akudingi imishini eyinkimbinkimbi nama-reagents. Kukhona nezinye, ezihlanganisa amazwe ngamazwe, izindinganiso zokunquma okuqukethwe komlotha, okungukuthi, ISO 3987-80, ISO 6245, ASTM D482, DIN 51 575.
Okokuqala, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi i-GOST 12417-94 ichaza okuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate njengensalela ngemuva kwe-carbonization yesampula, ephathwa nge-sulfuric acid futhi ibalwa ngesisindo esiqhubekayo. Ingqikithi yendlela yokuqinisekisa ilula kakhulu. Esigabeni saso sokuqala, inqwaba yamafutha ahloliwe iyathathwa futhi ishiswe ensaleni ye-carbonaceous. khona-ke udinga ukulinda ukuthi insalela ewumphumela iphole, futhi uyiphathe nge-concentrated sulfuric acid. kuqhume ukushisa ku-+775 degrees Celsius (ukuchezuka kwama-degree angu-25 ohlangothini olulodwa futhi kuvunyelwe enye) kuze kube yilapho ikhabhoni ikhishwa ngokuphelele nge-oxidized. Umlotha owumphumela unikezwa isikhathi esithile ukuze uphole. Ngemuva kwalokho, iphathwa nge-dilute (ngamavolumu alinganayo namanzi) i-sulfuric acid futhi ibalwa ngokushisa okufanayo kuze kube yilapho inani layo lesisindo lihlala lihlala njalo.
Ngaphansi kwethonya le-sulfuric acid, umlotha ovelayo uzoba sulfate, lapho, empeleni, incazelo yawo ivela khona. bese uqhathanisa isisindo somlotha obangelwayo kanye nesisindo sokuqala samafutha ahloliwe (inqwaba yomlotha ihlukaniswa ngobuningi bamafutha ashisiwe). I-mass ratio ivezwa njengephesenti (okungukuthi, i-quotient ewumphumela iphindaphindwa nge-100). Lokhu kuzoba inani elifiswayo lokuqukethwe komlotha we-sulfate.
Ngokuqondene nokuqukethwe komlotha okujwayelekile (okuyisisekelo), kukhona nezinga lombuso le-GOST 1461-75 elibizwa ngokuthi “Imikhiqizo kawoyela namafutha. Indlela yokunquma okuqukethwe komlotha”, ngokuya ngokuthi uwoyela wokuhlola uhlolwa ukuthi kukhona ukungcola okuhlukahlukene okuyingozi kuwo. Ngenxa yokuthi kuhilela izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene, ngeke sethule ingqikithi yayo kule ndaba. Uma ufisa, le GOST ingatholakala kalula ku-inthanethi.
Kukhona eyodwa Russian GOST 12337-84 "Amafutha Motor izinjini diesel" (uhlelo lokugcina 21.05.2018/XNUMX/XNUMX). Icacisa ngokucacile amanani amapharamitha ahlukahlukene wamafutha emoto, okuhlanganisa nalawo asekhaya asetshenziswa kuma-ICE kadizili wamakhono ahlukahlukene. Ibonisa amanani avumelekile ezingxenye zamakhemikhali ezihlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nenani lemali efakwa umsizi ovumelekile.
