Izinhlobo zamafutha edizili

Izici zobuntu diesel fuel

Enqubweni yokuhlukanisa, uphethiloli we-diesel uhlukaniswa izici ezilandelayo:

• inombolo ye-cetane, ebhekwa njengesilinganiso sokulula ukuthungela;
• ukuhwamuka kwamandla;
• ukuminyana;
• i-viscosity;
• izinga lokushisa lokuqina;
• okuqukethwe kokungcola okuyisici, ikakhulukazi isibabule.

Inombolo ye-cetane yamabanga esimanje kanye nezinhlobo zikaphethiloli wedizili isuka ku-40 iye ku-60. Amabanga kaphethiloli anenombolo ephezulu ye-cetane yakhelwe izinjini zezimoto namaloli. Uphethiloli onjalo yiwona oguquguqukayo kakhulu, unquma ukwanda kokushelela kokuthungela nokuzinza okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokusha. Izinjini ezinejubane elincane (ezigibele umkhumbi) zisebenzisa amafutha anenombolo ye-cetane engaphansi kuka-40. Lawa maphethiloli anokushintshashintshashintsha okuphansi kakhulu, ashiya ikhabhoni eningi, futhi anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule.

Isibabule siwukungcola okubalulekile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lukaphethiloli wedizili, ngakho iphesenti laso lilawulwa ngokuqinile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemithetho ye-European Union, inani lesulfure kubo bonke abakhiqizi be-diesel fuel alizange lidlule izinga lezingxenye ezingu-10 ngesigidi. Okuqukethwe kwesibabule esiphansi kunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezinhlanganisela zesulfure ezihambisana nemvula ene-asidi. Njengoba ukwehla kwephesenti lesulfure kuphethiloli we-diesel kuhlanganisa nokuncipha kwenombolo ye-cetane, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezithasiselo zisetshenziswa ezinkampanini zanamuhla ezithuthukisa izimo zokuqalisa injini.

Ukwakheka kwephesenti likaphethiloli kuncike kakhulu ekushayweni kwawo. Imithombo eyinhloko yokungcola kukaphethiloli we-diesel umhwamuko wamanzi, okuthi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukwazi ukujiya emathangeni. Ukugcinwa isikhathi eside kukaphethiloli we-diesel kubangela ukwakheka kwesikhunta, ngenxa yalokho izihlungi zikaphethiloli nama-nozzles angcolile.

Kukholelwa ukuthi izinhlobo zanamuhla zamafutha e-diesel ziphephile kunophethiloli (kunzima kakhulu ukuthungela), futhi ziphinde zidlule ngokusebenza kahle, ngoba zivumela ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yevolumu yamafutha.

Imithombo yokukhiqiza

Ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kakhulu kophethiloli we-diesel kungenziwa ngokuya ngohlobo lwe-feedstock yokukhiqizwa kwayo. Ngokwesiko, uwoyela osindayo ube yimpahla yokukhiqiza uphethiloli we-diesel, ngemuva kokuthi izingxenye ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kukaphethiloli noma uphethiloli werokhethi yendiza sezikhishiwe kuzo. Umthombo wesibili yizinhlobonhlobo zokwenziwa, ukukhiqizwa kwazo okudinga amalahle, kanye ne-gas distillate. Lolu hlobo lukaphethiloli lukadizili luthathwa njengolubalulekile kakhulu.

Ukuphumelela kweqiniso kwezobuchwepheshe kubuchwepheshe bamafutha edizili kwakuwumsebenzi wokukhiqizwa kwawo emikhiqizweni yezolimo: lokho okubizwa nge-biodiesel. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi injini yokuqala ye-diesel emhlabeni yayisebenza ngamafutha e-peanut, futhi ngemva kokuhlolwa kwezimboni, u-Henry Ford wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wemifino njengomthombo oyinhloko wokukhiqiza uphethiloli kufanelekile. Manje iningi lezinjini ze-diesel zingasebenza engxubeni esebenzayo, ehlanganisa i-25 ... 30% ye-biodiesel, futhi lo mkhawulo uqhubeka ukhuphuka kancane kancane. Ukukhula okuqhubekayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-biodiesel kudinga ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesistimu yomjovo we-elekthronikhi. Isizathu salokhu kuhlelwa kabusha ukuthi i-biodiesel iyahluka kwezinye izici zayo zokusebenza, nakuba ungekho umehluko obalulekile phakathi kwenjini kadizili nenjini ye-biodiesel.

Ngakho, ngokomthombo wokukhiqiza, uphethiloli we-diesel ungaba:

• Kusukela yemifino izinto zokusetshenziswa.
• Kusukela zokwenziwa zokusetshenziswa.
• Kusuka ku-hydrocarbon izinto zokusetshenziswa.

Ukumiswa kwamafutha edizili

Ukuguquguquka kwemithombo nobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uphethiloli kadizili kungesinye sezizathu zenani elikhulu lamazinga asekhaya alawula ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Ake sizicabangele.

I-GOST 305-2013 ichaza imingcele kaphethiloli wedizili etholakala kuwoyela negesi izinto zokusetshenziswa. Izinkomba ezilawulwa yileli zinga zihlanganisa:

1. Inombolo ye-Cetane - 45.
2. I-kinematic viscosity, mm²/ isiqephu - 1,5… 6,0.
3. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ – 833,5…863,4.
4. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC - 30 ... 62 (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwenjini).
5. thela iphuzu, ^ºC, hhayi ngaphezulu kuka -5.

Isici esiyinhloko samafutha edizili ngokusho kweGOST 305-2013 izinga lokushisa lesicelo, ngokusho ukuthi uphethiloli uhlukaniswe ehlobo L (ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphandle kusuka ku-5^ºC nangaphezulu), off-season E (ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphandle angekho ngaphansi kuka -15^ºC), ubusika Z (ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphandle angekho ngaphansi kuka -25 ... -35^ºC) kanye ne-arctic A (ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa angaphandle ukusuka ku -45^ºC nangezansi).

I-GOST 1667-68 ibeka izidingo zamafutha ezimoto zokufakwa kukadizili wasolwandle onejubane eliphakathi neliphansi. Umthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa zamafutha anjalo amafutha anephesenti eliphezulu lesulfure. I-Fuel ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili zikaphethiloli wedizili kanye ne-DM (eyakamuva isetshenziswa kuphela ezinjinini zedizili ezinejubane eliphansi).

Izici eziyinhloko zokusebenza kwe-diesel fuel:

1. I-Viscosity, cSt - 20 ... 36.
2. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ - 930.
3. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC - 65… 70.
4. thela iphuzu, ^ºC, hhayi ngaphansi kuka -5.
5. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi, %, akukho ngaphezu kuka-0,5.

Izici eziyinhloko zokusebenza kwe-DM fuel:

1. I-Viscosity, i-cSt - 130.
2. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ - 970.
3. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC-85.
4. thela iphuzu, ^ºC, hhayi ngaphansi kuka -10.
5. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi, %, akukho ngaphezu kuka-0,5.

Kuzo zombili izinhlobo, izinkomba zokubunjwa kwezingxenyana zilawulwa, kanye nephesenti lokungcola okuyinhloko (isulfure nezinhlanganisela zayo, ama-acids nama-alkali).

I-GOST 32511-2013 ichaza izimfuneko zikaphethiloli wedizili oguquliwe ohlangabezana nezinga le-European EN 590:2009+A1:2010. Isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwakuyi-GOST R 52368-2005. Izinga lichaza izimo zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqizwa kwezibaseli ezinobungani bemvelo ezinokuqukethwe okulinganiselwe kwezingxenye eziqukethe isulfure. Izinkomba ezijwayelekile zokukhiqizwa kwalesi siphethiloli sikadizili zisethwe kanje:

1. Inombolo ye-Cetane - 51.
2. I-viscosity, mm²/ isiqephu - 2… .4,5.
3. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ – 820…845.
4. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC-55.
5. thela iphuzu, ^ºC, hhayi ngaphansi kuka -5 (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lukaphethiloli).
6. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi, %, akukho ngaphezu kuka-0,7.

Ukwengeza, izinga lokuthambisa, ukusebenza kokugqwala, kanye nephesenti lokuba khona kwama-methyl esters e-organic acid eyinkimbinkimbi kunqunyiwe.

I-GOST R 53605-2009 isungula izidingo zobuchwepheshe zezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-feedstock ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwe-biodiesel fuel. Ichaza umqondo we-biodiesel, ibala izidingo zokuguqulwa kwezinjini ze-diesel, ibeka imingcele ekusetshenzisweni kwe-methyl esters yama-fatty acids, okumele aqukethwe kuphethiloli. I-GOST iguqulelwe ezingeni laseYurophu EN590:2004.

Izidingo eziyisisekelo zobuchwepheshe zamafutha ngokuya nge-GOST 32511-2013:

1. Inombolo yeCetane - 55 ... 80.
2. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ – 860…900.
3. I-viscosity, mm²/ isiqephu - 2… .6.
4. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC-80.
5. thela iphuzu, ^ºC -5… -10.
6. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi, %, akukho ngaphezu kuka-8.

I-GOST R 55475-2013 icacisa izimo zokukhiqiza uphethiloli wedizili wasebusika kanye ne-arctic, okhiqizwa ku-distillate yemikhiqizo kawoyela negesi. Amabanga kaphethiloli we-diesel, ukukhiqizwa kwawo okuhlinzekwe yileli zinga, abonakala ngamapharamitha alandelayo:

1. Inombolo yeCetane - 47 ... 48.
2. Ukuminyana, kg/m³ – 890…850.
3. I-viscosity, mm²/ isiqephu - 1,5… .4,5.
4. iphoyinti elikhanyayo, ^ºC - 30… 40.
5. thela iphuzu, ^ºC, hhayi ngaphezulu kuka -42.
6. Okuqukethwe kwamanzi, %, akukho ngaphezu kuka-0,2.

Ihlola uphethiloli wedizili egalaji likaphethiloli i-WOG/OKKO/Ukr.Avto. Idizili eqhweni -20.

Incazelo emfushane yezinhlobo zamafutha edizili

Amabanga kaphethiloli we-diesel ahlukaniswa yizinkomba ezilandelayo:

Ngokusho kokuqukethwe kwesibabule, okunquma ubungane bemvelo bamafutha:

• ikilasi I (kufika ku-350 mg/kg isulfure);
• isigaba II (kufika ku-50 mg / kg isulfure);
• isigaba III (kufika ku-10 mg / kg isulfure).

Emkhawulweni ophansi wokuhlunga. 6 amamaki amafutha afakiwe:

• A - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga ngu-5ºС;
• B - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga 0^ºC;
• C - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga -5^ºC;
• D - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga -10^ºC;
• E - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga -15^ºC;
• F - umkhawulo ophansi wokuhlunga -20^ºC.

Ukwengeza ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo:

• isigaba 0 (-20^ºC);
• isigaba 1 (-26^ºC);
• isigaba 2 (-32^ºC);
• isigaba 3 (-38^ºC);
• isigaba 4 (-44^ºC).

Ezitshalweni zikadizili ezisetshenziswa ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibandayo, uhlamvu K lufakwa ekuphawuleni, okunquma ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza uphethiloli - i-catalytic dewaxing. Amabhrendi alandelayo afakiwe:

• I-DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) ukuze isetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka -32^ºC;
• I-DT-Z-K3 (K4, K5) ukuze isetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka -38^ºC;
• I-DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) ukuze isetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka -44^ºC;
• I-DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) ukuze isetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka -48^ºC;
• I-DT-A-K3 (K4, K5) ukuze isetshenziswe emazingeni okushisa angekho ngaphansi kuka -52^ºC.

Uhlu oluphelele lwezinkomba lunikezwa ezitifiketini zekhwalithi zenqwaba yamafutha edizili.