Indlela ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo kusebenza ngayo

I-automatic transmission, noma i-automatic transmission, iyi-transmission eqinisekisa ukukhethwa kwesilinganiso segiya elifanele ngokuhambisana nezimo zokushayela ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komshayeli. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwemoto kanye nokunethezeka kokushayela kumshayeli.

Abashayeli abaningi bezimoto abakwazi ukuqonda “imishini” kanye nobunkimbinkimbi bokushintshwa kwamagiya nganoma iyiphi indlela, ngakho bashintshela ezimotweni ezine-“automatic” ngaphandle kokungabaza. Kodwa lapha kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amabhokisi othomathikhi ahlukile futhi ngayinye yawo inezici zayo.

Izinhlobo zokudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa eziyinhloko zokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo - i-robotic mechanics, i-variator kanye ne-hydromechanical transmission.

I-gearbox ye-Hydromechanical. Uhlobo oludumile lwama-gearbox, lwaziwa kusukela kumamodeli amadala wezimoto zokuqala ezinemishini ezishintshayo. Izici ezihlukile zaleli bhokisi zihlanganisa iqiniso lokuthi amasondo nenjini ayinakho uxhumano oluqondile futhi "uketshezi" lwesiguquli se-torque lubhekene nokudluliselwa kwe-torque.

Izinzuzo zomshini othomathikhi onjalo ukuthambile kokushintsha, ikhono "lokugaya" i-torque yezinjini ezinamandla kakhulu kanye nokusinda okuphezulu kwamabhokisi anjalo. I-Cons - ukusetshenziswa okuphezulu kukaphethiloli, ukwanda kwenani eliphelele lemoto, ukungathandeki ngokweqile kokudonsa imoto ngebhokisi elinjalo.

I-Variator (CVT). Leli bhokisi linomehluko omkhulu kunelijwayelekile elithi "othomathikhi". Ngobuchwepheshe, ayikho into enjengokuthi "ukushintsha" kuyo, yingakho leli bhokisi libizwa nangokuthi "ukudluliselwa okuguquguqukayo okuqhubekayo". Izinga legiya emshinini oshintshashintshayo onjalo lishintsha ngokuqhubekayo nangokushelela, likuvumela ukuthi "ucime" amandla aphezulu enjinini.

Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwe-variator yi-monotony ye "sound". Ukusheshisa okukhulu kwemoto kwenzeka ngomsindo ofanayo wenjini, okungebona bonke abashayeli abakwazi ukumelana. Kumamodeli amasha, bazama ukuxazulula le nkinga ngokudala amagiya "engamanga", lapho i-variator ifuna ukulingisa ukusebenza kwamabhokisi azenzakalelayo ajwayelekile. Izinzuzo ze-variator zihlanganisa isisindo esiphansi, ukusebenza kahle kanye nokuguquguquka okuhle. Okubi wukulungiswa okumba eqolo ko gearbox ozishintshayo, kanye nokungakwazi ukusebenza ngezinjini ezinamandla.

Imishini yamarobhothi. Ngokwesakhiwo, ibhokisi elinjalo lifana kakhulu nebhokisi lemishini evamile. Ine-clutch (noma eminingana) kanye nezinsimbi zokudlulisa amandla ezivela enjinini. Endabeni ye-pair of clutches, enye yazo inesibopho ngisho namagiya, kanti eyesibili yinqaba. Ngokushesha lapho i-electronics iphetha ngokuthi kuyadingeka ukushintsha, i-disc ye-clutch eyodwa ivula kahle, kanti okwesibili, ngokuphambene nalokho, ivala. Umehluko omkhulu osuka ebhokisini lezandla uwukulawula okuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele. Isitayela sokushayela asishintshi futhi, okuhlala kufana nokushayela "okuzenzakalelayo".

Izinzuzo zihlanganisa ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, intengo ethengekayo, isivinini esikhulu sokushintsha igiya kanye nesisindo esiphansi sika-gearbox. Leli bhokisi libuye libe nezihibe. Kwezinye izindlela zokushayela, ukuguquka kungase kuzwakale kunamandla (ikakhulukazi izinguqulo zokuqala zamabhokisi alolu hlobo zazingaphansi kwalokhu). Kuyabiza futhi kunzima ukulungisa uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka.

*Ochwepheshe bakwaVolkswagen benze irobhothi elisha, eliyingqayiziveleth preselective ibhokisiу igiya lesizukulwane sesibili - I-DSG (I-Direct Shift Gearbox). Lokhu Ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo ihlanganisa bonke ubuchwepheshe bokudlulisa besimanje bezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ukushintsha amagiya kwenziwa mathupha, kodwa ama-electronics nezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezizenzakalelayo zinesibopho sayo yonke le nqubo.

I-automatic transmission yenziwe ngani?

Abakhiqizi be-Gearbox bahlala bethuthukisa idizayini yabo ngomzamo wokubenza bonge futhi basebenze. Kodwa-ke, ukudluliswa ngakunye okuzenzakalelayo kuqukethe izinto eziyisisekelo ezilandelayo:

• isiguquli se-torque. Iqukethe amasondo epompo nama-turbine, i-reactor;
• futha kawoyela;
• izinto zeplanethi. Ekwakheni amagiya, amasethi ama-clutches nama-clutches;
• uhlelo lokulawula i-elekthronikhi - izinzwa, umzimba we-valve (ama-solenoids + ama-spool valves), i-lever yokukhetha.

isiguquli se-torque ku-othomathikhi, yenza umsebenzi we-clutch: idlulisa futhi inyuse i-torque isuka enjini iye ku-gearbox weplanethi futhi inqamule kafushane ukuhanjiswa enjini ukuze kushintshe igiya.

Isondo lokumpompa lixhunywe ku-crankshaft yenjini, kanti isondo le-turbine lixhunywe ku-gearbox weplanethi ngokusebenzisa shaft. I-reactor itholakala phakathi kwamasondo. Amasondo kanye ne-reactor ifakwe izindwani zomumo othile. Zonke izakhi zokuguqula i-torque zihlangene endlini eyodwa, egcwele i-ATF fluid.

Isinciphisi seplanethi iqukethe amagiya amaningana amaplanethi. Igiya ngalinye leplanethi lihlanganisa igiya lelanga (elimaphakathi), isithwali seplanethi esinamagiya esathelayithi kanye negiya lomqhele (indandatho). Noma iyiphi into yegiya leplanethi ingajikeleza noma ivimbe (njengoba sibhale ngenhla, ukujikeleza kudluliselwa kusuka kusiguquli se-torque).

Ukushintsha igiya elithile (okokuqala, kwesibili, ukuhlehla, njll.), udinga ukuvimba isici esisodwa noma eziningi zeplanethirium. Ama-friction clutches namabhuleki asetshenziselwa lokhu. Ukuhamba kwama-clutches namabhuleki kulawulwa ngamaphiston ngokucindezela koketshezi olusebenzayo lwe-ATF.

Uhlelo lokulawula ngogesi. Ngokunembayo, i-electro-hydraulic, ngoba. ama-hydraulics asetshenziselwa ukuguqula amagiya ngokuqondile (ukuvula / ukuvala ama-clutch nama-brake band) futhi avimbe injini ye-turbine yegesi, futhi ama-electronics asetshenziselwa ukulungisa ukugeleza koketshezi olusebenzayo. Uhlelo luqukethe:

• i-hydroblock. Kuyipuleti yensimbi eneziteshi eziningi lapho kufakwa khona ama-valve kagesi (solenoids) nezinzwa. Eqinisweni, umzimba we-valve ulawula ukusebenza kokudluliselwa okuzenzakalelayo ngokusekelwe kudatha etholwe ku-ECU. Idlula uketshezi eziteshini kuya ezintweni zemishini zebhokisi - ama-clutches namabhuleki;
• izinzwa - isivinini ekungeneni nasekuphumeni kwebhokisi, izinga lokushisa loketshezi, indawo yesikhethi, indawo yokunyathela igesi. Futhi, iyunithi yokulawula ukudlulisa okuzenzakalelayo isebenzisa idatha evela kuyunithi yokulawula injini;
• isikhethi sesikhethi;
• I-ECU - ifunda idatha yenzwa futhi inquma i-giarshift logic ngokuhambisana nohlelo.

Umgomo wokusebenza kwebhokisi elizenzakalelayo

Lapho umshayeli evula imoto, i-crankshaft yenjini iyazungeza. Iphampu kawoyela iqalwa ku-crankshaft, edala futhi igcine umfutho kawoyela ohlelweni lwe-hydraulic lwebhokisi. Iphampu inikeza uketshezi esondo lepompo le-torque converter, iqala ukujikeleza. Ama-vanes wesondo lepompo lokudlulisa uketshezi esondo le-turbine, nalo elibangela ukuthi lijikeleze. Ukuze uvimbele uwoyela ukuthi ungabuyeli emuva, i-reactor engaguquki enama-blade yokucushwa okukhethekile ifakwe phakathi kwamasondo - ilungisa isiqondiso nobukhulu bokugeleza kwamafutha, ukuvumelanisa womabili amasondo. Lapho isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-turbine namasondo epompo siqondaniswe, i-reactor iqala ukujikeleza nayo. Lesi sikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-anchor point.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhompyutha, umzimba we-valve kanye nebhokisi legiya leplanethi lifakiwe emsebenzini. Umshayeli ususa isikhethi asibeke endaweni ethile. Ulwazi lufundwa inzwa ehambisanayo, idluliselwe ku-ECU, futhi yethula uhlelo oluhambisana nemodi ekhethiwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhi ezithile zegiya leplanethi ziyazungeza, kanti ezinye zilungisiwe. Umzimba we-valve unesibopho sokulungisa izakhi ze-gearbox yeplanethi: I-ATF ihlinzekwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ngamashaneli athile futhi icindezela amapiston aphikisanayo.

Njengoba sibhale ngenhla, ama-hydraulics asetshenziselwa ukuvula / ukuvala ama-clutches nama-brake band kuma-othomathikhi. Isistimu yokulawula ye-elekthronikhi inquma isikhathi sokushintshwa kwegiya ngesivinini nomthwalo wenjini. Ibanga ngalinye lejubane (izinga lomfutho kawoyela) emzimbeni we-valve lihambisana nesiteshi esithile.

Lapho umshayeli ecindezela igesi, izinzwa zifunda isivinini nomthwalo enjinini bese zidlulisela idatha ku-ECU. Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholiwe, i-ECU iqala uhlelo oluhambisana nemodi ekhethiwe: inquma indawo yamagiya kanye nesiqondiso sokujikeleza kwawo, ibala ukucindezela kwamanzi, ithumela isignali ku-solenoid ethile (valve) kanye nesiteshi. okuhambisana nesivinini esivulekayo emzimbeni we-valve. Ngesiteshi, uketshezi lungena kuma-pistons we-clutches nama-brake band, avimbela amagiya we-gearbox yeplanethi ekucushweni okufunayo. Lokhu kuvula/kucisha igiya olifunayo.

Ukushintsha kwegiya nakho kuncike esimweni sokukhuphuka kwejubane: ngokusheshisa okushelelayo, amagiya akhuphuka ngokulandelana, ngokusheshisa okubukhali, igiya eliphansi lizoqala ukuvula. Lokhu kuhlobene nokucindezela: uma ucindezela ngobumnene i-gas pedal, ingcindezi iyanda kancane kancane futhi i-valve ivula kancane kancane. Ngokusheshisa okubukhali, ingcindezi ikhuphuka kakhulu, ibeka ingcindezi enkulu ku-valve futhi ayivumeli ukuthi ivuleke ngokushesha.

I-elekthronikhi ikhulise kakhulu amandla okuhambisa okuzenzakalelayo. Izinzuzo zakudala zokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo kwe-hydromechanical zengezwe ezintsha: izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ikhono lokuzihlola wena, ukujwayelana nesitayela sokushayela, ikhono lokukhetha imodi ngesandla, nokonga kukaphethiloli.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwama-automatic transmissions?

Abashayeli bezimoto abaningi bayaqhubeka nokubheka ngenkuthalo ekudluliseleni okuzenzakalelayo, futhi kukhona uhlu olubanzi lwezizathu zalokhu. Futhi, omakhenika bendabuko abanyamalala ndawo. I-variator ikhula kancane kancane ubukhona bayo. Ngokuqondene namarobhothi, izinguqulo zokuqala zalawa mabhokisi zilahlekelwa indawo, kodwa zithathelwa indawo yizixazululo ezithuthukisiwe ezifana namabhokisi e-preselective.

Ngokwenhloso, ngisho nama-othomathikhi anokwethenjelwa kakhulu akhona awakwazi ukunikeza izinga elifanayo lokuthembeka nokuqina njengemishini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudluliswa kwe-manual kuphansi ngokuphawulekayo mayelana nokunethezeka, futhi kubhekene nomshayeli nesidingo sokuchitha isikhathi esiningi nokunaka isikhethi se-clutch kanye ne-transmission.

Uma uzama ukubheka isimo ngendlela efanele ngangokunokwenzeka, khona-ke singasho ukuthi esikhathini sethu kungcono futhi kungcono ukuthatha imoto. nge-classic. Amabhokisi anjalo anokwethenjelwa, athengekayo ukulungiswa nokugcinwa, futhi azizwa emuhle ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza.

Ngokuqondene nokuthi iyiphi i-gearbox oyokhululeka kakhudlwana, engcono futhi kujabulise kakhulu ukuyishayela, khona-ke ungakwazi ukubeka ngokuphepha endaweni yokuqala isivinini esiguqukayo.

Omakhenikha berobhothi bazofanela abanikazi bezimoto abakhetha indlela ethule yokunyakaza edolobheni nakuthelawayeka, nalabo abafuna ukonga uphethiloli ngangokunokwenzeka. ibhokisi lokukhetha (isizukulwane sesibili sama-gearbox wamarobhothi) ilungele ukushayela okusebenzayo, isivinini esikhulu kanye nokuqondisa ngesivinini esikhulu.

Yebo, uma sithatha isilinganiso sokwethenjelwa phakathi kokudluliswa okuzenzakalelayo, khona-ke indawo yokuqala mhlawumbe isiguquli se-torque. Ama-CVT namarobhothi abelana ngesikhundla sesibili.

Ngokusekelwe emibonweni yochwepheshe kanye nezibikezelo zabo, ikusasa lisengezama-CVT namabhokisi akhethiwe. Kusenendlela ende okufanele bayihambe ukuze bakhule futhi bathuthuke. Kodwa manje la mabhokisi aba lula, ekhululekile futhi eyonga, ngaleyo ndlela eheha izethameli eziningi zabathengi. Yini ngempela okufanele ukhethe, kukuwe.