Isebenza kanjani imoto kagesi?

Khohlwa ngama-pistons, ama-gearbox namabhande: imoto kagesi ayinawo. Lezi zimoto zisebenza kalula kakhulu kunemoto esebenza ngodizili noma enenjini kaphethiloli. I-Automobile-Propre ichaza imishini yabo ngokuningiliziwe.

Ngokubukeka, imoto kagesi ifana nanoma iyiphi enye imoto. Kufanele ubheke ngaphansi kwe-hood, kodwa futhi ngaphansi kwephansi, ukuze ubone umehluko. Lapho injini evuthayo yangaphakathi isebenzisa ukushisa njengamandla, isebenzisa ugesi. Ukuze siqonde isinyathelo ngesinyathelo ukuthi imoto kagesi isebenza kanjani, sizolandela indlela kagesi ukusuka kugridi yomphakathi ukuya esondweni.

Iyashaja

Konke kuqala ngokushajwa kabusha. Ukuze kufakwe uphethiloli, imoto kagesi kufanele ixhunywe endaweni yokuphuma, ibhokisi lodonga noma esiteshini sokushaja. Ukuxhumana kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ikhebula elinezixhumi ezifanele. Kuneziningana zazo, ezihambisana nemodi yokushaja oyifunayo. Ukuze ushaje ekhaya, emsebenzini noma kumatheminali amancane omphakathi, uvamise ukusebenzisa ikhebula lakho ngezixhumi zoHlobo 2. Ikhebuli efinyelela izindinganiso ezimbili inamathiselwe kumatheminali akhishwa ngokushesha: “I-Combo CCS” YaseYurophu kanye “Ne-Chademo”. Kungase kubonakale kunzima ekuqaleni, kodwa empeleni kuzoba lula uma usujwayele. Abukho ubungozi bephutha: izixhumi zinemimo ehlukene ngakho azikwazi ukufakwa kusokhethi okungalungile.

Uma usuxhunyiwe, i-alternating electrical current (AC) ezungeza kunethiwekhi yokusabalalisa idlula kukhebula exhunywe emotweni. Uhlola uchungechunge lwekhompyutha yakhe esebhodini. Ikakhulukazi, iqinisekisa ukuthi i-current ingeyekhwalithi enhle, ilungiswe kahle nokuthi isigaba saphansi sanele ukuqinisekisa ukushajwa kabusha okuphephile. Uma konke kuhamba kahle, imoto idlulisa ugesi ngento yokuqala esebhodini: isiguquli, esibizwa nangokuthi "ishaja esebhodini".

Imbobo yokushaja ejwayelekile yakwaRenault Zoé Combo CCS.

Isiguquli

Lo mzimba uguqula i-alternating current yenethiwekhi ibe yamanje eqondile (DC). Ngempela, amabhethri agcina amandla kuphela ngendlela yamanje eqondile. Ukuze ugweme lesi sinyathelo futhi usheshise ukushajwa kabusha, amanye amatheminali ngokwawo aguqula ugesi ukuze unikeze amandla e-DC ngqo ebhethrini. Lezi yiziteshi zokushaja ze-DC "ezisheshayo" kanye "nezokushesha kakhulu", ezifana nalezo ezitholakala eziteshini zezimoto. Lezi zindawo ezibiza kakhulu nezinkulu azihloselwe ukufakwa endlini yangasese.

Ibhetri

Kubhethri, i-current isakazwa ngaphakathi kwezakhi zayo. Ziza ngendlela yezitaki ezincane noma amaphakethe aqoqwe ndawonye. Inani lamandla agcinwe yibhethri livezwa ngama-kilowatt-amahora (kWh), elilingana "nelitha" lethangi likaphethiloli. Ukugeleza kukagesi noma amandla kuvezwa ngama-kilowatts "kW". Abakhiqizi bangase babike umthamo "osebenzisekayo" kanye/noma "nomthamo" wokuzisholo. Kulula kakhulu: umthamo osebenzisekayo umele inani lamandla asetshenziswa yimoto. Umehluko phakathi kokusebenziseka nokubizayo uhlinzeka ngemajini yokwelula impilo yebhethri.

Isibonelo sokuqonda: ibhethri elingu-50 kWh elishajwa ngo-10 kW lingashajwa kabusha emahoreni angu-5. Kungani "nxazonke"? Ngaphezu kuka-80%, amabhethri ehlisa ngokuzenzakalelayo isivinini sokushaja. Njengebhodlela lamanzi oligcwalisa empompini, kufanele unciphise ukugeleza ukuze ugweme ukuchaphazeka.

Umsinga ogcinwe ebhethrini ube usuthunyelwa emothini kagesi eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ukujikeleza kwenziwa yi-motor rotor ngaphansi kwethonya lensimu kazibuthe eyenziwe ku-stator (ikhoyili emile yemoto). Ngaphambi kokufinyelela emasondweni, ukunyakaza kuvame ukudlula ku-fixed-ratio gearbox ukuze kwandiswe isivinini sokuzungeza.

Ukudluliswa kokutheleleka

Ngakho-ke, imoto kagesi ayinawo u-gearbox. Lokhu akudingekile ngoba injini kagesi ingasebenza ngesivinini esingafika emashumini ambalwa ezinkulungwane zama-revolution ngomzuzu ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ihlinzeka ngokuzungezisa ngokuqondile, ngokungafani nenjini yokushisa, okufanele iguqule ukunyakaza okuqondile kwamapiston kube ukunyakaza okuyindilinga ku-crankshaft. Kunengqondo ukuthi imoto kagesi inezingxenye ezihambayo ezimbalwa kakhulu kunesitimela sikadizili. Ayidingi uwoyela wenjini, alikho ibhande lesikhathi ngakho idinga ukulungiswa okuncane kakhulu.

I-Regenerative braking

Okunye okuhle ngezimoto ezisebenza ngamabhethri ukuthi ziyakwazi ukuphehla ugesi. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi "i-regenerative braking" noma "imodi B". Ngempela, lapho injini kagesi izungeza “ku-vacuum” ngaphandle kokunikeza umshini wamanje, iyawukhiqiza. Lokhu kwenzeka njalo uma ususa unyawo lwakho ku-accelerator noma ku-brake pedal. Ngale ndlela, amandla atholiwe angeniswa ngqo ebhethrini.

Izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi zakamuva zinikeza ngisho nezindlela zokukhetha amandla ale brake yokuvuselela kabusha. Kwimodi ephezulu, ibhuleka kakhulu imoto ngaphandle kokulayisha ama-disc nama-pads, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo igcina amakhilomitha amaningana okugcina amandla. Ezitimeleni zikadizili, la mandla avele amosheke futhi asheshise ukuguga kusistimu yamabhuleki.

Ideshibhodi yemoto kagesi ivamise ukuba nemitha ekhombisa amandla okubhuleka okuvuselelayo.

Ukuphuka

Ngakho-ke, ukuwohloka kobuchwepheshe bezimoto zikagesi akuvamile. Nokho, kungase kwenzeke ukuthi uphelelwe amandla ngemva kokulinda kabi umshayeli, njengasemotweni kaphethiloli noma ekadizili. Kulokhu, imoto ixwayisa kusengaphambili lapho izinga lebhethri liphansi, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka-5 no-10% osele. Umlayezo owodwa noma ngaphezulu uboniswa kudeshibhodi noma esikrinini esimaphakathi ukuze wazise umsebenzisi.

Ngokuya ngemodeli, ungahamba amashumi amaningana amakhilomitha engeziwe ukuya endaweni yokushaja. Amandla enjini kwesinye isikhathi anomkhawulo ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa ngakho-ke andise ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, "imodi ye-turtle" icushwa ngokuzenzakalelayo: imoto iyancipha kancane kancane ize ime ngokuphelele. Amasignali kudeshibhodi anxusa umshayeli ukuthi athole indawo yokuma ngesikhathi elinde iloli elidonsayo.

Isifundo esifushane kubukhenikha emotweni kagesi

Ukuze wenze izinto zibe lula, zitshele ukuthi esikhundleni senjini yokushisa, imoto yakho inenjini kagesi. Lo mthombo wamandla usebhethrini.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ubonile ukuthi imoto kagesi ayinayo i-clutch. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uthole okwamanje njalo, umshayeli udinga kuphela ukucindezela i-accelerator pedal. I-Direct current iguqulwa ibe yamanje eshintshanayo ngesenzo sesiguquli. Yiyo futhi ekhiqiza inkambu ye-electromagnetic edlula ikhoyili yethusi ehambayo yemoto yakho.

Injini yakho iqukethe uzibuthe oyedwa noma ngaphezulu. Baphikisana nensimu yabo kazibuthe emkhakheni wekhoyili, okubabeka ukuba banyakaze futhi yenze injini isebenze.

Abashayeli abanolwazi kungenzeka ukuthi babonile ukuthi no-gearbox awukho. Emotweni kagesi, lena i-eksisi yenjini, ngaphandle komxhumanisi ehlanganisa ama-axles amasondo okushayela. Ngakho-ke, imoto ayidingi pistons.

Okokugcina, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi wonke lawa "madivayisi" avunyelaniswa kahle namanye, ikhompuyutha esebhodini ihlola futhi ilungise amandla athuthukiswayo. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngesimo, injini yemoto yakho ilungisa amandla ayo ngokwesilinganiso se-RPM. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kwezimoto ezivuthayo zangaphakathi.

Ukushaja: lapho konke kuqala khona

Ukuze imoto yakho ishayele, udinga ukuyixhuma endaweni yokuphuma noma esiteshini sokushaja. Lokhu kungenziwa ngokusebenzisa ikhebula elinezixhumi ezifanele. Kunamamodeli ahlukene ahambisana nezindlela zokushaja ezihlukene. Uma ufuna ukuthola imoto yakho entsha ekhaya, emsebenzini noma eziteshini zokushaja zomphakathi, uzodinga ikhebuli enezixhumi zohlobo 2. Sebenzisa izintambo ze-"Combo CCS" noma "Chedemo" ukuze usebenzise amatheminali asheshayo.

Ngesikhathi sokushaja, i-electric current eshintshayo idlula kukhebula. Imoto yakho ihlolwa kaningi:

• Udinga umsinga osezingeni eliphezulu futhi ocushwe kahle;
• Ukubeka phansi kufanele kuqinisekise ukushajwa kabusha okuphephile.

Ngemva kokuhlola la maphuzu amabili, imoto inikeza imvume yokuthi ugesi ugeleze kusiguquli.

Indima ebalulekile ye-inverter emotweni ye-plug-in

Isiguquli "siguqula" isimanje esishintshayo esiza ngetheminali sibe esamanje esiqondile. Lesi sinyathelo siyadingeka ngoba amabhethri e-EV angagcina kuphela i-DC yamanje. Kodwa-ke, khumbula ukuthi ungathola amatheminali aguqula ngokuqondile i-AC ibe yi-DC. Bathumela “umkhiqizo” wabo ngqo ebhethrini lemoto yakho. Lezi ziteshi zokushaja zihlinzeka ngokushaja okusheshayo noma okushesha kakhulu kuye ngemodeli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubuzozihlomisa ngala matheminali ukushaja imoto yakho entsha kagesi, yazi ukuthi kubiza kakhulu futhi kuyabiza, ngakho-ke afakwe, noma kunjalo, okwamanje kuphela ezindaweni zomphakathi (ngokwesibonelo. , izindawo zokuphumula emigwaqweni yezimoto).

Izinhlobo ezimbili zenjini yemoto kagesi

Imoto kagesi ingafakwa izinhlobo ezimbili zamamotho: i-synchronous motor noma i-asynchronous motor.

I-asynchronous motor idala insimu kazibuthe lapho ijikeleza. Ukuze wenze lokhu, incike ku-stator, ethola ugesi. Kulokhu, i-rotor ijikeleza njalo. I-asynchronous motor ifakwe ikakhulukazi ezimotweni ezihamba amabanga amade futhi ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.

Ku-motor asynchronous, indima ye-electromagnetic ithathwa yi-rotor ngokwayo. Ngakho-ke, idala insimu kazibuthe ngenkuthalo. Isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-rotor sincike emvamisa yamanje etholwe yi-motor. Lolu uhlobo lwenjini olufanele lokushayela edolobheni, uhambo lokuma nokuhamba kanye nokuhamba kancane.

Ibhethri, ugesi wemoto kagesi

Ibhethri aliqukethe amalitha ambalwa kaphethiloli, kodwa amahora angama-kilowatt (kWh). Ukugeleza okunganikezwa yibhethri kuvezwa ngama-kilowatts (kW).

Ibhethri lazo zonke izimoto zikagesi liqukethe izinkulungwane zamaseli. Lapho okwamanje idlula kuzo, isakazwa phakathi kwalezi zinkulungwane zezingxenye. Ukukunikeza umbono ophathekayo walawa maseli, cabanga ngawo njengenqwaba noma amaphakethe axhumene kwelinye.

Uma i-current idlula kumabhethri ebhethri, ithunyelwa emotweni kagesi wemoto yakho. Kulesi sigaba, i-stator ibona insimu kazibuthe idakayo. Iyona yokugcina eshayela i-rotor yenjini. Ngokungafani nenjini yokushisa, iphrinta ukunyakaza kwayo ngamasondo. Kuya ngohlobo lwemoto, ikwazi ukudlulisa ukunyakaza kwayo emasondweni ngo-gearbox. Inombiko owodwa kuphela, okwandisa isivinini sayo sokuzungeza. Nguye othola ubudlelwano obuhle kakhulu phakathi kwe-torque nesivinini sokujikeleza. Kuhle ukwazi: isivinini se-rotor ngokuqondile sincike kubuningi bamanje obugeleza emotweni.

Ukuze uthole ulwazi, yazi ukuthi amabhethri amasha asebenza ne-lithium. Ibanga lemoto kagesi lihluka ngokwesilinganiso ukusuka ku-150 kuya ku-200 km. Amabhethri amasha (i-lithium-air, i-lithium-sulfur, njll.) azokwandisa kakhulu umthamo webhethri walezi zimoto eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.

Ungashintsha kanjani ukubukeka kwemoto yakho kagesi ngaphandle kokudluliselwa?

Lolu hlobo lwemoto lunenjini ekwazi ukuguquguquka amashumi ezinkulungwane ngomzuzu! Ngakho awudingi u-gearbox ukushintsha ijubane lokuhamba.

Injini yemoto esebenza ngogesi ngokugcwele idlulisa ukuzungeza ngqo emasondweni.

Yini okufanele uyikhumbule ngebhethri ye-lithium-ion?

Uma ucabanga ngokujulile ngokuthenga imoto kagesi, nali ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana namabhethri e-lithium-ion.

Enye yezinzuzo zaleli bhethri izinga layo eliphansi lokuzikhipha. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma ungasebenzisi imoto yakho unyaka wonke, izolahlekelwa ngaphansi kuka-10% womthamo wayo wokuthwala.

Enye inzuzo ebalulekile: lolu hlobo lwebhethri aludingi ukulungiswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele ifakwe ngokuhlelekile ngesekethe yokuvikela nokulawula, i-BMS.

Kuye ngemodeli nomkhiqizi wemoto yakho, izikhathi zokushajwa kwebhethri zingahluka. Ngakho-ke, ukuze uthole ukuthi imoto yakho izohlala isikhathi esingakanani ixhunyiwe, bheka ukuminyana kwebhethri kanye nemodi yokushaja oyikhethayo. Inkokhiso izohlala cishe amahora ayi-10. Hlela kusengaphambili futhi ulindele!

Uma ungafuni noma ungenaso isikhathi sokuhlela kusengaphambili, xhuma imoto yakho esiteshini sokushaja noma ebhokisini lodonga: isikhathi sokushaja sizonqanyulwa phakathi!

Enye enye indlela yalabo abajahile: khetha "ukushaja okusheshayo" phezu kokushajwa kabusha okugcwele: imoto yakho izokhokhiswa kufika ku-80% ngemizuzu engama-30 nje!

Kuhle ukwazi: Ezimweni eziningi, amabhethri emoto atholakala ngaphansi kwesitezi. Amandla azo ahluka kusuka ku-15 kuya ku-100 kWh.

Isici esimangalisayo sokubhuleka kwemoto kagesi

Ungase ukwazi okwamanje, kodwa ukushayela imoto kagesi kukhiqiza ugesi! Abakhiqizi bezimoto banikeze izimoto zabo zikagesi "amandla amakhulu": lapho injini yakho isebenza ngaphandle kukagesi (njengalapho unyawo lwakho lushiya i-accelerator noma lapho ubhuleka), iyakwenza! La mandla angena ngqo ebhethrini lakho.

Zonke izimoto zikagesi zesimanje zinezinhlobo eziningana ezivumela abashayeli bazo ukuba bakhethe amandla okubhuleka avuselelayo.

Ungashajwa kanjani kabusha lezi zimoto ezintsha ze-eco?

Ingabe uhlala endlini? Kulokhu, ungakwazi ukushaja imoto khona kanye ekhaya.

Shaja imoto yakho ekhaya

Ukuze ushaje imoto yakho ekhaya, thatha ikhebuli othengiselwe yona ngemoto yakho bese uyixhume endaweni evamile. Leyo oyijwayele ukushaja i-smartphone yakho ngayo izokwenza! Nokho, qaphela ingozi engaba khona yokushisa ngokweqile. Okwamanje kuvame ukukhawulelwa ku-8 noma ku-10A ukuze kugwenywe noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle. Ukwengeza, uma udinga ukushajwa okuphelele ukuze ugcine i-EV yakho encane isebenza, kuhle ukuyihlela ukuthi ivule ubusuku bonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi imiphumela yamanje ephansi ezikhathini zokushaja ezinde.

Esinye isisombululo: faka ibhokisi lodonga. Kubiza phakathi kwama-euro angu-500 no-1200, kodwa ungafuna ikhredithi yentela engu-30%. Uzothola ukushaja okusheshayo namanje okuphezulu (cishe u-16A).

Shaja imoto yakho esikhumulweni somphakathi

Uma uhlala efulethini, awukwazi ukuxhuma imoto yakho ekhaya, noma uhamba, ungakwazi ukuxhuma imoto yakho esiteshini sokushaja somphakathi. Uzothola konke lokhu ezinhlelweni ezikhethekile noma ku-inthanethi. Yazi kusengaphambili: Ungase udinge ikhadi elikunikeza ukufinyelela ku-kiosk, elikhishwe umkhiqizo noma umphakathi ofake ikhiyoski eshiwo.

Kuye ngamadivaysi ahlukene, amandla adlulisiwe ngakho-ke isikhathi sokushaja siyahluka.

Ingabe amamodeli kagesi angahluleka?

Lezi zimoto ezihlanzekile nazo zinenzuzo yokuba mancane amathuba okuthi zibhidlike. Kunengqondo, njengoba zinezakhi ezimbalwa!

Nokho, lezi zimoto zingase zibe nokunqamuka kukagesi. Impela, uma kuziwa ezimotweni zikaphethroli noma zikadizili, uma ungalindele 'i-fuel' eyanele etholakala 'ethangini' lakho, imoto yakho ngeke ikwazi ukuya phambili!

Imoto yakho kagesi wonke izokuthumela umlayezo oyisixwayiso uma ileveli yebhethri iba phansi kakhulu. Yazi ukuthi unamandla angu-5 kuye kwayi-10% asele! Izexwayiso zivela kudeshibhodi noma esikrinini esiphakathi.

Qiniseka ukuthi (akuyona ngempela) oyophelela onqenqemeni lomgwaqo owugwadule. Lezi zimoto ezihlanzekile zingakuthwala ukusuka ku-20 kuya ku-50 km - yisikhathi sokufika lapho ushaja khona.

Ngemuva kwaleli banga, imoto yakho inciphisa amandla enjini futhi kufanele uzwe ukwehla kancane kancane. Uma uqhubeka nokushayela, uzobona ezinye izexwayiso. Bese imodi yoFudu iyakhahlela lapho imoto yakho iphelelwa umoya ngempela. Ijubane lakho eliphezulu ngeke lidlule amakhilomitha ayishumi, futhi ngaphandle uma (ngempela) ufuna ukuphelela onqenqemeni lomgwaqo owugwadule, nakanjani kuzodingeka upake noma ushaje ibhethri.

Kubiza malini ukushaja imoto kagesi?

Izindleko zokugcwalisa zincike ezintweni eziningana. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukushaja imoto yakho ekhaya kuzokubiza ngaphansi kokushaja endaweni yomphakathi. Thatha isibonelo iRenault Zoé. Ukushaja eYurophu kuzobiza cishe ama-euro angu-3,71, noma amasenti angu-4 nje ngekhilomitha!

Ngetheminali yomphakathi, lindela cishe ama-euro ayi-6 ukuhamba amakhilomitha ayi-100.

Uzothola namatheminali angu-22kW mahhala isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuthi ashajwe.

Ezibiza kakhulu, ngokungangabazeki, iziteshi "ezinokuvuselelwa okusheshayo". Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zidinga amandla aphezulu futhi zidinga inani elithile lengqalasizinda ukwenza kanjalo. Uma siqhubeka nesibonelo sethu seRenault Zoé, u-100 km wokuzimela uzokubiza ama-euro angu-10,15.

Okokugcina, yazi ukuthi iyonke imoto kagesi izokubiza ngaphansi kwesitimela sikadizili. Ngokwesilinganiso kubiza ama-euro angu-10 ukuhamba amakhilomitha angu-100.