Lisebenza kanjani ibhethri lemoto kagesi?

Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion inika amandla noma yiluphi uhlobo lwemoto kagesi. Kusukela ekuqaleni, izenzele njengobuchwepheshe bokubhekisela emakethe yezimoto zikagesi. Isebenza kanjani? Ochwepheshe benethiwekhi ye-IZI by EDF bazokunikeza ulwazi olusha mayelana nokusebenza, izici, izinzuzo kanye nobubi bebhethri lemoto kagesi.

Isifingqo

Lisebenza kanjani ibhethri lemoto kagesi?

Uma i-locomotive isebenzisa uphethiloli noma idizili njengamandla, lokhu akusebenzi ezimotweni zikagesi. Afakwe ibhethri elinokuzimela okuhlukile, okumele lishajwe esiteshini sokushaja.

Noma iyiphi imoto kagesi ifakwe amabhethri amaningana:

• Ibhethri eyengeziwe;
• Nebhethri lokudonsa.

Iyini indima yabo nokuthi basebenza kanjani?

Ibhethri elengeziwe

Njengesithombe esishisayo, imoto kagesi inebhethri elengeziwe. Leli bhethri le-12V lisetshenziselwa ukunika amandla izisekeli zemoto.

Leli bhethri liqinisekisa ukusebenza okufanele kwemishini kagesi ehlukahlukene, njenge:

• Amawindi kagesi;
• Umsakazo ;
• Izinzwa ezihlukahlukene zemoto kagesi.

Ngakho, ukungasebenzi kahle kwebhethri elisizayo lemoto kagesi kungabangela ukuwohloka okuthile.

Ibhethri yokudonsa

Isici esimaphakathi semoto kagesi, ibhethri elidonsayo, lidlala indima ebalulekile. Ngempela, igcina amandla ashajiwe esiteshini sokushaja futhi inikeza amandla enjini kagesi ngenkathi ihamba.

Ukusebenza kwebhethri elidonsayo kuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke le nto ingenye yezingxenye ezibiza kakhulu zemoto kagesi. Lezi zindleko nazo okwamanje ziphazamisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-electromobility emhlabeni jikelele. Abanye abathengisi banikeza isivumelwano sokuqasha ibhethri elidonsayo uma uthenga imoto kagesi.

Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion iwuhlobo lwebhethri olusetshenziswa kakhulu ezimotweni zikagesi. Ngenxa yokuqina kwayo, ukusebenza kanye nezinga lokuphepha, iwubuchwepheshe bereferensi kubakhiqizi abaningi.

Nokho, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi:

• Ibhethri ye-nickel cadmium;
• ibhethri ye-nickel-metal hydride;
• Ibhethri ye-lithium;
• Ibhethri ye-Li-ion.

Ithebula elifingqiwe lezinzuzo zamabhethri ahlukene ezimoto zikagesi

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri	Izinzuzo
I-Cadmium nickel	Ibhethri elingasindi elinempilo yesevisi enhle kakhulu.
I-Nickel metal hydride	Ibhethri elilula elinokungcola okuphansi kanye nomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amandla.
Lithium	Ukushaja okuzinzile nokukhipha. I-voltage elinganiselwe ephezulu. Isisindo esibalulekile kanye ne-volumetric energy density.
I-lithium ion	Amandla athile aphezulu kanye nevolumu.

Ithebula elifingqiwe lokungalungi kwamabhethri ahlukahlukene ezimotweni zikagesi

Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamabhethri	amaphutha
I-Cadmium nickel	Njengoba izinga lobuthi be-cadmium liphezulu kakhulu, le nto ayisasetshenziswa.
I-Nickel metal hydride	Impahla iyabiza. Isistimu yokupholisa iyadingeka ukunxephezela ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa ngokulingana nomthwalo.
Lithium	Ukugaywa kabusha kwe-lithium akukabi yingcweti ngokugcwele. Kufanele kube nokuphathwa kwamandla okuzenzakalelayo.
I-lithium ion	Inkinga yokuvutha.

Ukusebenza kwebhethri

Amandla enjini kagesi avezwa nge-kilowatt (kW). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihora le-kilowatt (kWh) likala amandla ibhethri lemoto kagesi elingalethwa.

Ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa amandla enjini yokushisa (evezwa ngamandla ehhashi) namandla enjini kagesi evezwe ku-kW.

Kodwa-ke, uma ufuna ukutshala imali emotweni kagesi enempilo ende yebhethri, uzodinga ukuphendukela kumitha ye-kWh.

Impilo yebhethri

Kuye ngemodeli yemoto yakho kagesi, ububanzi bayo bungaba ngokwesilinganiso ukusuka ku-100 kuya ku-500 km. Ngempela, ibhethri eliphansi lanele ukusetshenziswa okulula kwansuku zonke kwemoto kagesi ukushayela izingane esikoleni noma ukusebenza eduze. Lolu hlobo lwezokuthutha lushibhile.

Ngaphandle kwamamodeli e-entry-level noma aphakathi nendawo, akhona namamodeli asezingeni eliphezulu abiza kakhulu. Intengo yalezi zimoto ithonywa kakhulu ukusebenza kwebhethri.

Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwemoto esebenza ngogesi lungahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angu-500 kuye ngokuthi uhamba kanjani, uhlobo lomgwaqo, isimo sezulu, njll.

Ukuze ulondoloze ukuzimela kwebhethri lakho ohambweni olude, ochwepheshe benethiwekhi ye-IZI nge-EDF bakweluleka, ikakhulukazi, ukuthi ukhethe ukushayela okuvumelana nezimo futhi ugweme ukusheshisa kakhulu.

Isikhathi sokushajwa kabusha kwebhethri

Ochwepheshe be-IZI by EDF network bazonakekela, ikakhulukazi, ukufakwa kweziteshi zokushaja izimoto zikagesi ... Zitholele zonke izixazululo ezikhona zokushajwa kwebhethri zemoto yakho kagesi nge:

• Isokhethi yasendlini 220 V;
• I-Wallbox yokushaja isokhethi;
• Nesiteshi sokushaja esisheshayo.

Isokhethi yasendlini 220 V

Ekhaya, ungafaka i-outlet yasendlini ye-220 V. Isikhathi sokushaja sisuka kumahora ayi-10 kuye kwayi-13. Ungakwazi ke ukushaja imoto yakho ubusuku bonke ukuze uyisebenzise usuku lonke.

I-Wallbox yokushaja isokhethi

Uma ukhetha isokhethi yokushaja ngokushesha, ebizwa nangokuthi i-Wallbox, isikhathi sokushaja sizofinyezwa:

• Amahora angu-4 kunguqulo 32A;
• Amahora angu-8 noma angu-10 enguqulweni ye-16A.

Isiteshi sokushaja ngokushesha

Ezindaweni zokupaka ze-condominium noma esitolo esikhulu kanye nezindawo zokupaka zebhizinisi, ungakwazi futhi ukushaja imoto yakho esiteshini sokushaja okusheshayo. Izindleko zale divayisi, yiqiniso, ziphakeme kakhulu.

Nokho, isikhathi sokushaja ibhethri sishesha kakhulu: kuthatha imizuzu engu-30.

Isifinyezo sethebula lezintengo zemishini yokushaja amabhethri ezimoto zikagesi

Uhlobo lwempahla yokushaja ibhethri	Inani (ngaphandle kokufaka)
Isixhumi esisheshayo sokushaja	Cishe ama-euro angama-600
Isiteshi sokushaja ngokushesha	Cishe i-900 €

Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion isebenza kanjani?

Isimiso sokusebenza kwalolu hlobo lwebhethri luyinkimbinkimbi. Ama-electron azungeza ngaphakathi kwebhethri, okwenza umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwama-electrode amabili. I-electrode eyodwa inegethivu, enye i-positive. Bacwiliswa ku-electrolyte: uketshezi olune-ionic conduction.

Isigaba sokukhipha

Lapho ibhethri linika amandla imoto, i-electrode eyinegethivu ikhipha ama-electron agciniwe. Bese bexhunywe ku-electrode eqondile ngesekethe yangaphandle. Lesi yisigaba sokukhipha.

Isigaba sokushaja

Umphumela ophambene uvela lapho ibhethri ishajwa esiteshini sokushaja noma endaweni kagesi eqinisiwe ehambisanayo. Ngakho-ke, amandla adluliswa yishaja adlulisela ama-electron akhona ku-electrode enhle ku-electrode engalungile. 

Amabhethri e-BMS: incazelo nokusebenza

Isofthiwe ye-BMS (Isistimu Yokulawula Ibhethri) ilawula amamojula nezinto ezakha ibhethri elidonsayo. Lolu hlelo lokuphatha luqapha ibhethri futhi luthuthukise impilo yebhethri.

Uma ibhethri lihluleka, kwenzeka okufanayo nge-BMS. Kodwa-ke, abanye abakhiqizi be-EV banikeza isevisi yokuhlela kabusha ye-BMS. Ngakho, ukusetha kabusha okuthambile kungacabangela isimo sebhethri ngesikhathi T.

Lithembeke kangakanani ibhethri lemoto kagesi?

Ibhethri ye-lithium-ion idume ngokwethembeka kwayo. Nokho, qaphela, imodi yokushaja, ikakhulukazi, ingase ithinte ukuqina kwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yebhethri nokusebenza kuyehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kuzo zonke izimo.

Uma imoto kagesi iphuka, imbangela akuvamile kakhulu ibhethri. Ngempela, ebusika, uzobona ngokushesha ukuthi imoto yakho kagesi ayinayo izinkinga zokuqala, naphezu kokubanda, ngokungafani ne-locomotive ye-diesel.

Kungani amabhethri e-lithium-ion ewohloka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?

Uma imoto kagesi ihamba amakhilomitha amaningi, ukusebenza kwebhethri kuyehla kancane. Bese kubonakala izici ezimbili:

• Ukuphila kwebhethri okuncishisiwe;
• Isikhathi eside sokushajwa kwebhethri.

Ibhethri lemoto kagesi liguga ngokushesha kangakanani?

Izinto ezihlukene zingathinta izinga lokuguga lebhethri:

• Izimo zokugcina imoto kagesi (egaraji, emgwaqweni, njll);
• Isitayela sokushayela (ngemoto kagesi, ukushayela okuluhlaza kungcono);
• Imvamisa yokushaja eziteshini zokushaja ngokushesha;
• Izimo zezulu endaweni oshayela kuyo kakhulu.

Indlela yokuthuthukisa impilo yebhethri yemoto kagesi?

Ngokucabangela izici ezishiwo ngenhla, impilo yesevisi yebhethri yokudonsa ingathuthukiswa. Noma kunini, umkhiqizi noma inkampani yangaphandle ethembekile ingaxilonga futhi ilinganise i-SOH (isimo sezempilo) yebhethri. Lesi silinganiso sisetshenziselwa ukuhlola isimo sebhethri.

I-SOH iqhathanisa ubukhulu bomthamo webhethri ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa nomthamo omkhulu webhethri ngenkathi lilisha.

Ukugaya kabusha: impilo yesibili yebhethri lemoto kagesi

Emkhakheni wezimoto zikagesi inkinga yokulahlwa kwebhethri ye-lithium-ion ezimotweni zikagesi kuseyinkinga enkulu. Ngempela, uma imoto kagesi ihlanzekile kune-locomotive ye-diesel (inkinga yokukhiqiza i-hydrocarbon) ngoba isebenzisa imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo, ugesi, ukubuyiswa kwe-lithium nokuvuselela kabusha kuyinkinga.

Izinkinga zemvelo

Ibhethri yemoto kagesi ingaba namakhilogremu amaningana e-lithium. Ezinye izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifana ne-cobalt ne-manganese. Lezi zinhlobo ezintathu ezihlukene zezinsimbi ziyambiwa futhi zicutshungulwe ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwebhethri.

Lithium

Izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezinsiza ze-lithium ezisetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi zivela ogwadule lukasawoti lwaseNingizimu Melika (iBolivia, Chile ne-Argentina).

Ukukhishwa nokucubungula kwe-lithium kudinga inani elikhulu lamanzi, okuholela ku:

• Ukomiswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifula;
• Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi;
• Nokuphazamiseka kwemvelo, njengokwanda kobuthi nezifo ezimbi kakhulu zabantu bendawo.

I-Cobalt

Ngaphezu kwengxenye yokukhiqizwa kwe-cobalt emhlabeni wonke kuvela ezimayini zaseCongo. Lokhu okulandelayo kugqame ikakhulukazi maqondana nalokhu:

• Izimo zokuphepha zokusebenza kwezimayini;
• Ukuxhashazwa kwezingane ukuze kukhishwe i-cobalt.

Ukubambezeleka emkhakheni wokugaya kabusha: izincazelo

Uma ibhethri ye-lithium-ion idayisiwe kusukela ngo-1991 emkhakheni we-elekthronikhi yabathengi, iziteshi zokuvuselela lezi zinto zaqala ukukhula kamuva.

Uma i-lithium ingazange isetshenziswe kabusha, khona-ke lokhu kwakubangelwa ikakhulukazi:

• Mayelana nokutholakala kwayo okukhulu;
• Izindleko eziphansi zokukhishwa kwayo;
• Amazinga okuqoqa ahlala ephansi.

Kodwa-ke, ngokukhuphuka kwe-electromobility, izidingo zokuhlinzeka zishintsha ngesivinini esisheshayo, yingakho isidingo sesiteshi esisebenza kahle sokuphindaphinda. Namuhla, ngokwesilinganiso, ama-65% amabhethri e-lithium asetshenziswa kabusha.

Izixazululo ze-Lithium Recycling

Namuhla, zimbalwa izimoto zikagesi eziphelelwe yisikhathi uma kuqhathaniswa nezitimela zikadizili. Lokhu kunika amandla cishe ukuhlakazeka okuphelele kwezimoto nezingxenye zebhethri ezisetshenzisiwe.

Ngakho-ke, i-lithium kanye ne-aluminium, i-cobalt nethusi ingaqoqwa futhi isetshenziswe kabusha.

Amabhethri angalimele alandela isifunda esihlukile. Ngempela, ngenxa yokuthi ngezinye izikhathi abasawakhiqizi amandla anele ukuze banikeze ukusebenza okufanele kanye nebanga labashayeli, lokho akusho ukuthi abasasebenzi. Ngakho, banikezwa ukuphila kwesibili. Bese zisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa okumile:

• Okokugcina imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo (ilanga, umoya, njll.) ezakhiweni;
• Okokunika amandla iziteshi zokushaja ngokushesha.

Imboni kagesi kusamele isungule izindlela ezintsha zokuthola ezinye izindlela zalezi zinto noma ukuzithola ngezinye izindlela.

Ukufaka isiteshi sokushaja imoto kagesi