I-Gasoil. Ayini lamafutha?
Okuqukethwe
Uwoyela wegesi, kwesinye isikhathi obizwa ngokuthi “udizili obomvu” uwuhlobo lukaphethiloli wezimoto. Ingafakwa njengengxenye yamafutha edizili evamile (kufika ku-20%), futhi isetshenziswa nasembonini ye-petrochemical njengomkhiqizo ophakathi wezinqubo zokuqhekeka kwe-hydrocarbon catalytic. Kuvela ukuthi uwoyela wegesi ngokuyinhloko uyisithasiselo noma umkhiqizo osuphelile?
Izakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zamafutha egesi
Ekucwengisweni kwamafutha asekhaya, uwoyela wegesi ovelayo kufanele uhambisane nezidingo zobuchwepheshe ze-GOST R 52755-2007, futhi awuzimele, kodwa uphethiloli ohlanganisiwe, otholakala ngokuxuba ama-condensates noma amafutha. Uwoyela wegesi onjalo unconywa ukuthi usetshenziswe kuphela njengezithasiselo.
I-GOST ibeka amapharamitha kawoyela wegesi alandelayo:
- Ukuminyana ezingeni lokushisa langaphandle 15°C, t/m3 – 750…1000.
- I-kinematic viscosity ku-50°C, mm2/s, hhayi ngaphezulu - 200.
- Izinga lokushisa elibilayo, °C - 270… 500.
- Okuqukethwe kwe-sulfure compounds kumkhiqizo ophelile,% - kufika ku-20.
- Inombolo ye-Acid, ngokuya nge-KOH - kufika ku-4.
- Ukuba khona kokungcola kwemishini,% - kufika ku-10;
- Ukuba khona kwamanzi,% - kufika ku-5.
Azikho ezinye izici kuleli zinga mayelana nowoyela wegesi, futhi isikhathi esibalulekile sedatha sisivumela ukuba siphethe ngokuthi, empeleni, uwoyela wegesi awumeli isigaba esibalulekile sama-hydrocarbon, kodwa uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zikawoyela wegesi - uwoyela wegesi osemkhathini (noma okhanyayo) kanye nowoyela wegesi ye-vacuum (noma osindayo).
Izakhiwo zomzimba zamafutha egesi yasemkhathini
Lolu hlobo lwe-hydrocarbon lutholakala emkhathini (noma ngaphezulu kancane, kuze kufike ku-15 kPa) ingcindezi, lapho izingxenyana ezinezinga lokushisa elingu-270 kuya ku-360.°C.
Uwoyela wegesi olula unoketshezi oluningi kakhulu, i-viscosity ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa, futhi ekugxiliseni okuphezulu angakwazi ukusebenza njenge-thickener. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukusebenziseka kwalolu hlobo lwamafutha egesi njengophethiloli wezimoto, ngakho abanye abathengisi bamafutha abathengisi uwoyela wegesi okhanyayo, kodwa i-condensate yayo, empeleni engumkhiqizo wokulahlwa kokukhiqizwa kwe-petrochemical okuqhubekayo.
Uwoyela wegesi osemkhathini ungahlukaniswa ngombala wawo - kungaba ophuzi okumsulwa noma ophuzi-oluhlaza. Ukungaqiniseki kwezimpawu zikawoyela wegesi, okunikezwe esigabeni esandulele, kukhombisa nokuziphatha okungazinzile kwalolu hlobo lukaphethiloli, olubhebhezelwa ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu le-nitrogen ikakhulukazi isulfure, elingcolisa izinjini.
Izakhiwo zomzimba zamafutha e-vacuum gas
Uwoyela wegesi esindayo ubila emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ebangeni elingu-350…560°C, futhi ngaphansi kwe-vacuum ngaphakathi komkhumbi we-catalyst. I-viscosity yayo iphakeme, ngakho-ke, iphuzu le-flash likhuphuka ngokufanele (kufika ku-120 ... 150°C) kanye nokushisa kokuqina, ngokuphambene nalokho, kuncipha, futhi akudluli -22 ... -30°C. Umbala wamafutha anjalo wegesi uphuzi kancane, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ucishe ube sobala.
Nakuba izici zangaphandle zabathengi zamafutha wegesi esindayo zisondelene kakhulu nezakhiwo ze-diesel fuel ehambisanayo, azinzile futhi zincike kakhulu ezimweni zangaphandle. Lokhu kuchazwa izindlela zokucubungula ezisetshenziswayo ukuze kutholwe uwoyela wegesi. Ngakho-ke, yona, iyingxenyana emaphakathi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali zokucwenga uwoyela, ayikwazi ukuba nezici zokusebenza ezihlala njalo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha egesi
Njengohlobo oluzimele lwamafutha ezimoto, uwoyela wegesi awunconywa. Nokho, ithola ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezilandelayo zomsebenzi wezomnotho:
- Imishini yokushisa esetshenziselwa ukufudumeza izakhiwo zokuhlala nezimboni.
- Imikhumbi yomfula nolwandle ifakwe izinjini zikadizili ezinamandla aphansi.
- Amajeneretha edizili.
- Imishini yokulima noma yokwakha umgwaqo, kusukela kumshini wokugunda utshani nokomisa okusanhlamvu kuya kuma-excavators nama-scrapers.
Uwoyela wegesi uvame ukutuswa njengowoyela oyisipele ezibhedlela, izikhungo zedatha nezinye izinhlangano ezisebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-petroleum ewuketshezi. Lokhu akuchazwa kakhulu ngenani likawoyela wegesi njengophethiloli, kodwa ngokushibhile kwawo.
Uwoyela wegesi kanye nophethiloli we-diesel: umehluko
Ake siqale ngeqiniso lokuthi AKUKHO uhlobo lukawoyela wegesi olunganconywa njengophethiloli we-diesel wezimoto: lungcolisa kakhulu izingxenye ezihambayo zenjini, ngenxa yokuthi ukuqina kwamanani we-torque kwehla, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalokhu " amafutha" akhuphuka kakhulu. Kepha ngamadrayivu wamandla athambile (asetshenziswa ekuphakamiseni nasekuthutheni impahla, ehlanganisa, ogandaganda, njll.), ukungazinzi kwezimpawu ze-physicochemical kawoyela wegesi akubalulekile, futhi ukusetshenziswa kwezinjini zale mishini kufushane. isikhathi.
Umqondo we "diesel obomvu", ovame kakhulu phesheya, usho kuphela ukungezwa kodayi okhethekile kumafutha wegesi. Lokhu kusiza ukulandelela abasabalalisi bamafutha abangathembekile, njengoba ukuguqulwa kombala okunjalo okutholwe egalaji likaphethiloli kuhlanganisa izinhlawulo ezinkulu.
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali kawoyela wegesi kanye nophethiloli we-diesel cishe kufana, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukukhomba ukuthi kusukela kulo mbono, uwoyela wegesi unguphethiloli we-diesel obomvu. Okuzokwenza nakanjani umonakalo omkhulu emotweni yakho.
