Idivayisi nezinhlobo zokuqondisa imoto

Akunandaba ukuthi imoto muhle futhi inamandla kangakanani, ngaphandle kwalomshini bekungeke kwenzeke ukuhamba kuyo ngokuphepha. Ukuqondisa kuvumela imoto ukuba ijikeleze emakhoneni.

Ayikho imoto engenalo le divayisi. Kwezinye izimo, inokwakheka kwakudala, kokunye kuyinkimbinkimbi ngokwanele ukuze ochwepheshe kuphela basebenze ukulungisa.

Ngisho nasezimotweni, uhlelo lokuqondisa lukhona nokuguqulwa okuningana. Ake sibheke ukuthi lo mshini usebenza kanjani, kusebenza ngasiphi isimiso, futhi nokuthi yiziphi izidingo zokuqondisa.

Kuyini ukuqhuba imoto

Uhlelo lokushayela iqoqo lezingxenye emshinini owodwa, inhloso yazo ukuguqula i-engela yesikhundla samasondo angaphambili emoto ukuguqula imoto ngenkathi ushayela. Lo mshini ukuvumela ukuthi ushintshe indlela eya emotweni ngokuya ngesifiso somshayeli.

Uhlelo lulawulwa ngokuguqula isondo lokuqondisa. Ukwenza umsebenzi ube lula kumshayeli, ukuphathwa kwamandla kuhlale kufakwa ezimotweni ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, muva nje, iningi lezimoto zabagibeli nazo zifakwe ukuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene kwe-amplifier.

Isisetshenziswa sokuqondisa

Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuqondisa luqukethe izakhi ezilandelayo:

• Isiteringi. Itholakala kwikhabethe (noma ingaphakathi lemoto). Ngokushintsha isikhundla sayo, umshayeli ushintsha ukuphambuka kwamasondo angakwesobunxele nawakwesokudla ku-trajectory yasekuqaleni. Ezimoto zesimanje, ezinye izinkinobho zokusebenza zitholakala kuyo (ngokwesibonelo, ukulawula uhlelo lwe-multimedia noma ukushintshanisa amapharamitha abonisiwe kusikrini sedeshibhodi).
• Ikhola yokuqondisa. Lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo zokudluliswa kwe-Cardanan. Kulesi simshini, imicu eminingana exhunywe ngamahinge. Ngenxa yalomklamo, abakhiqizi bangasebenzisa inketho yokushintsha i-angle yesipika (ukunikeza induduzo ethe xaxa uma kungaphezu koyedwa umuntu oshayela imoto, ngokwesibonelo, bobabili umyeni nenkosikazi). Ikholomu yokuqondisa idlulisa i-torque isuka kwesondo lokuqondisa iye kugiya lokuqondisa. Ukuba khona kwamajoyinti amaningi kubuye kuthuthukise ukuphepha ekushayweni kwangaphandle. Isikhulumi esinezigaba eziningi kulula ukusilulaza, esidala ukulimala okuncane kumshayeli. Ukushintshwa kwekholamu lokuqondisa kufakwe emzimbeni wale mshini (ukushintshwa okukhulu kuyindlela elula ne-washer).
• Igiya lokuqondisa. Siqukethe izinduku zokuqondisa ezilingana ngobude obuhlukile, ezithatha amandla asuka kukholamu yokuqondisa bese iwudlulisela phambili kumasondo. Le ndlela ifaka namathiphu kanye nama-levers. Ukwakhiwa kwale ngxenye nakho kungahlukahluka ngokuya ngemodeli yemoto.

Ngaphezu kwezinto eziphambili ku-steering, i-Power steering and damping (damper) izinhlelo nazo zingakhona.

Idizayini yohlelo lokuqondisa

Namuhla kunezinguquko eziningi zokuqondisa imoto. Kukhona nentuthuko ekwaziyo ukugxambukela ezenzweni zomshayeli, ukulungisa indlela imoto ehamba ngayo. Kukhona futhi okwenzekayo ngokuhlolwa okuzenzakalelayo, yize izithuthi ezizenzakalelayo ngokugcwele zisasesigabeni somqondo, futhi umthetho awuzivumeli izimoto ezizimele emigwaqweni yomphakathi.

Phakathi kwezinhlelo zesimanje zosizo lwabashayeli kukhona ukugcinwa kwemizila noma ukuqapha isimo somshayeli (ngokwesibonelo, lapho ezumeka, izandla zakhe zikhululeka kahle ekubambeni kwesondo lokushayela, izinzwa zisabela kulo mandla futhi uhlelo lwakha kabusha imoto eceleni komgwaqo).

Ukuqondisa okujwayelekile kufaka phakathi izinto ezilandelayo:

• Isondo;
• Ikholomu yokuqondisa;
• Idrayivu;
• Amandla wokuqondisa.

Nazi ezinye zezici zalezi zinto.

Isiteringi (isiteringi, isiteringi)

Le mininingwane elula ivumela umshayeli ukuthi akhethe indlela yemoto. Amasondo esiteringi esimanje anezilawuli ezivumela umshayeli ukuthi enze kusebenze noma ashintshe phakathi kwezinhlelo ezahlukene ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ekushayeleni.

Ubukhulu besiteringi bubalulekile. Uma imoto ingenawo amandla wokuqondisa, khona-ke ububanzi obuncane besiteringi buzoba nzima ukuphatha. Kulokhu, imodeli enobubanzi obukhulu ingafakwa. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, isondo elikhulu lokushayela nalo lithinta ukunethezeka kokushayela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukulawulwa kwemoto enamasondo amancane kubukhali ikakhulukazi.

Okokuqala, ingxenye ephezulu yesiteringi izothinta ukubuka, noma uma umshayeli emkhulu, uzolala ngezinyawo zakhe, nakho okuthinta kabi ukuphepha kokushayela. Okwesibili, isondo lokushayela elincane kakhulu lizodinga umzamo owengeziwe ngasohlangothini lomshayeli, ikakhulukazi lapho eshayela ngejubane elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuvamile ukuthi amasondo okushayela amancane asithe amasiginali akhonjiswe kudeshibhodi.

Ezitolo zezingxenye zezimoto ungathola amasondo okuqondisa anezimo ezihlukile (hhayi nje nxazonke). Isiluka sifakwa esiteshini sokushayela ukwandisa induduzo yokuhamba. Izinhlobo zemoto ezibiza kakhulu zinesondo lokushayela elifudumele.

Le vidiyo ixoxa ngamathiphu wabashayeli be-novice maqondana nokusetshenziswa kahle kwesondo lokushayela:

Ungayishayela kanjani - inqubo yamatekisi. Umqeqeshi wezimoto uSergey Markitesov.

Ikholomu yokuqondisa

Ukudlulisa i-torque isuka esiteringini iye egiyeni lokushayela, yonke imoto inekholomu yokuqondisa. Izilawuli zinamathele kuso ngaphansi kwesiteringi - amaswishi wokushintshana namawiper anemisebenzi ehlukahlukene eyengeziwe. Ezimotweni zemidlalo, kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala ama-paddle shifters avumela umshayeli ukuthi ashintshe igiya, noma alingise lolu shintsho ngokuletha ukudluliswa kumodi efanele.

Ezinguqulweni zangaphambilini, kusetshenziswe i-shaft eqondile kukholamu yokuqondisa. Ezinguqulweni zesimanje, ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye eziningana, ezixhumene nokudluliswa kwekhadan. Lokhu kungenxa yezizathu zokuphepha - uma kwenzeka kushayisana ngeziqu zamehlo, ikholomu yokuqondisa izoligoqa ingangeni echibini lomshayeli.

Ngenxa yalomklamo, izimoto eziningi zakamuva ezakha isizukulwane zinekholomu eguquguqukayo. Lokhu kuvumela ukuthi ukuqondisa kuqondaniswe nedatha ebonakalayo yabashayeli abehlukene. Emotweni ye-premium, le nto ifakwe ukulungiswa okuzenzakalelayo, okuvame ukuba nenkumbulo yabashayeli abaningana.

Ukuqeda ukudlidlizela okuvela emasondweni ngenkathi ushayela, kufakwa i-damper kukholamu yokuqondisa.

Izinsimbi zokuqondisa nokuqondisa

Ikholomu yokuqondisa ixhunywe esiteringini ngakolunye uhlangothi nakwigiya lokushayela ngakolunye uhlangothi. Le yunithi imelwe iqoqo lezinduku namalunga adlulisela amandla emasondweni. Umshayeli usebenzisa amandla ajikelezayo ukuvula umshini, ophendulwa amandla afanayo kumshini wokuqondisa.

Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa ipheya lokudlulisa. Ngokuyinhloko iyigiya lokubeka noma i-worm roller. Kodwa kukhona nezinye izinguquko ezinesakhiwo sazo kanye nomgomo wokudlulisa amandla kusuka esondweni eliya emasondweni. Funda mayelana nedivayisi kanye nenqubo yokusebenza kwerack steering lapha.

Igiya lokuqondisa linemisebenzi emibili ebalulekile:

1. Inikeza ukujikeleza kwamasondo angaphambili;
2. Ibuyisela amasondo endaweni yayo yasekuqaleni ngokushesha nje lapho amandla asekholamu lokuqondisa ohlangothini lomshayeli ekhishwa.

Isondo lokuqondisa lonke libekwe ezindlini (i-steering rack). Iyunithi ifakwe ngaphambili kwemoto (imvamisa ku-subframe yangaphambili, futhi uma kungekho luhlaka, bese kuba ku-chassis, ekudlulisweni noma ngisho nenjini). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi lapho kufakwa le ndlela, ukusebenza kahle kokulawula komshini kuzosebenza.

Kumklamo wakudala, igiya lokuqondisa liphendula amasondo angaphambili emoto. Muva nje, kodwa-ke, izinhlelo ezinesiteringi sangemuva seziqala ukuthandwa futhi, njengeVolkswagen Touareg yesizukulwane sakamuva. Ezinhlelweni ezinjalo ngejubane elifinyelela ku-40 km / h. amasondo angemuva nangaphambili ajika ngezindlela ezihlukile. Lapho imoto ihamba ngejubane elingaphezulu kuka-40 km / h, amasondo angemuva nangaphambili ajika kolunye uhlangothi ekujikeni. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunciphisa kakhulu i-radius ephendukayo, futhi kuthuthukisa nokuphathwa kwemoto lapho uhlangana khona.

Ukuqondisa amandla

Njengoba indlela ejwayelekile yokuqondisa amasondo (ikakhulukazi emotweni emile) idinga umzamo othile kumshayeli, abakhiqizi bakhiqize izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zesikhulisi. Ekuqaleni, ukulungiswa kwe-hydraulic kwakusetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwempahla. Kancane kancane, uhlelo olunjalo luye lwangena ezimotweni zabagibeli.

Isidingo sesikhulisi asibonanga ukukhulisa induduzo kuphela. Iqiniso ngukuthi lapho ushayela ngejubane elikhulu, kuba nzima ukubamba isiteringi semoto emajikeni, ikakhulukazi emotweni yezemidlalo. Ukuqondisa amandla kusiza le nqubo. Uhlelo labuye lwathola izimpendulo ezinhle ezivela kwabobulili obufanele.

Ama-amplifiers asebenza ngezimiso ezahlukahlukene. Okuvame kakhulu ukuhamba ngamandla kwamandla. Ama-amplifiers kagesi nawo athole ukuthandwa okukhulu. Kepha kukhona nezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezisebenzisa imisebenzi yokuguqulwa kokubili (i-EGUR). Ngaphezu kwalokho, mayelana nezinhlobo zama-steering racks atshelwe ngokubuyekezwa okuhlukile.

Inhloso yokuqondisa

Ukuqondisa kwesinye isikhathi kujikisa amasondo angaphambili, kepha kukhona nama-axle drive amabili (imishini enkulu enamasayizi amane anama-axles amane, amabili awo ajika), kanye nokuguqulwa nge-back-wheel drive.

Ayikho imoto engenza ngaphandle kokuqondisa, ngoba akukho mgwaqo oqondile emhlabeni. Noma umuntu angakwazi ukucabanga ngale ndlela, kungenzeka ukuthi kukhona izithiyo lapho kufanele avinjelwe. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa, kungenzeka futhi ukupaka imoto yakho ngokuphepha.

Uma umenzi engasifakanga lesi simiso ezimotweni, ukulawulwa kwazo bekungeke kuhluke ekunyakazeni kwesitimela. Nakuba imizamo yokwakha umshini ongalawulwa amandla okucabanga ayimi (esithombeni ngenhla - enye yentuthuko ye-GM).

Isimiso sokuqondisa

Isimiso sokuqondisa silula. Umshayeli uphenduka isondo lokuqondisa, amabutho adluliselwa kukholamu yokuqondisa. Ngemuva kwalokho baya kwigiya lokuqondisa. Emklanyweni we-classic, i-rack ishayela izinduku zokuqondisa ezixhunywe kumasondo zisebenzisa uhlelo lwebhola luphela.

Ukunemba kwesondo elijika ngqo kuya ngosayizi wesondo lokuqondisa. Futhi, imizamo edinga ukusetshenziswa ukuguqula amasondo incike kule pharamitha. Amamodeli amaningi afakelwe ugesi noma ama-hydraulic boosters, okwenza sikwazi ukusebenzisa isondo elincane lokuqondisa emotweni.

Izinhlobo zokuqondisa

Zonke izinhlelo zokuqondisa zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu:

• Umshini wokugaya kanye ne-pinion. Ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa ezimotweni zesabelomali. Idizayini yokulawulwa okunjalo ilula kunazo zonke. Ine-bar enamazinyo. Iqhutshwa ngegiya lekholomu eliphethe. Lolu hlelo lusebenza kahle kakhulu. Okuwukuphela kwendlela ebuyisa le ndlela ubuzwa bayo ukushaqeka okuvela endaweni engeyona yomgwaqo esezingeni eliphansi.
• Igiya le-Worm. Lokhu kuguqulwa kunikeza i-angle enkulu yokuqondisa amasondo. Ayizweli kangako emithwalweni eyethusayo, kepha iyabiza kakhulu kunaleyangaphambili, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.
• Umshini wesikena. Kungukuguqulwa kwe-analog yesibungu, kuphela kukhuphule ukusebenza kahle futhi kukhulisa umzamo odingekayo wokuqondisa imoto.

Noma ngabe uluhlobo luni lwe-drive, umsebenzi walezi zindlela ungathuthukiswa ngamadivayisi anjalo:

• Isifutho se-Hydraulic. Inomklamo olula kakhulu kulolu hlu. Uhlelo luhlangene futhi lushibhile ukuligcina. Ngisho nezinye amamodeli ezimoto zesabelomali sezizukulwane zakamuva zifakwe ukuguqulwa okunjalo. Ukuze uhlelo lusebenze kahle, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuqashelwe njalo izinga lamanzi okusebenza. Iphampu ye-amplifier iqhutshwa yinjini yokusebenza komlilo yangaphakathi.
• Isikhulisi kagesi. Lesi ngesinye sezinguquko zakamuva. Akudingi ukugcinwa okuyinkimbinkimbi nokuhleleka okuhle. Inikeza impendulo ephezulu kakhulu. Njengoba igama libonisa, lo mshini unikwa amandla yi-motor kagesi.
• I-Electro-hydraulic amplifier. Lokhu kuguqulwa kusebenza ngesisekelo sokusebenza kwamandla. Umehluko kuphela ukuthi iphampu ye-hydraulic inikwa amandla kagesi, futhi ayixhunyiwe kwi-motor drive, njengakuqala. Ukuthuthuka okubili kokugcina kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kaphethiloli omncane kunhlobo lokuqala, ngoba ukusebenza kohlelo akuhlobene ne-injini drive.

Ngaphezu kwama-amplifera ahlukene, imoto ingafakelwa i-Active Dynamic noma Adaptive Control. Ukwahluka kwabo kungokulandelayo:

1. Lungisa isilinganiso segiya ngokuya ngejubane lesondo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuzinza okuphezulu kwezimoto emigwaqweni ethambile. Uhlelo alukuvumeli ukuthi ujike ngokuqinile isondo lokuqondisa, ukuvikela i-oversteer noma i-understeer.
2. Uhlelo olunamandla lusebenza kumgomo ofanayo, kusetshenziswa kuphela imoto kagesi esikhundleni sedrayivu yeplanethi.
3. Kubhekwa njengobuchwepheshe obusha ngoba akukho ukuxhumana ngokomzimba phakathi kwesondo lokuqondisa kanye namagiya okuqondisa kulawo magiya okuqondisa. Uhlelo lulawulwa yiyunithi yokulawula kagesi ehlaziya idatha eningi: kusuka kuma-sensor ejubane lesondo, amandla okuhola, njll.

Muva nje, kumamodeli athile wezimoto ezihamba phambili nezimoto zezemidlalo, kufakwe ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile bokujikeleza hhayi nje ngaphambili, kodwa namasondo angemuva. Lokhu kwenyusa ukuqina kwemoto lapho igoqoza ngesivinini esikhulu. Amasondo angemuva ayajika kuye ngesivinini semoto.

Uma imoto ihamba ibanga elingaphezulu kwamakhilomitha angama-40 / h, khona-ke i-axle engemuva ijikela ngakolunye uhlangothi kusuka emasondweni angaphambili (uma bebheka phambili ngakwesokunxele, bese kuthi abasemuva babheke kwesobunxele).

Lapho ijubane lemoto selikhuphuka ngaphezu kuka-40 km / h, lapho-ke uma ungena kwelinye ithuba, amasondo angemuva ayojika aqonde kwicala elifanayo nelangaphambili. Lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokwakhiwa kwe-skid.

Izidingo Zokubamba Izimoto

Ukulawulwa kokuqondisa kwanoma iyiphi imoto kufanele kuhlangabezane nezidingo ezilandelayo:

• Qinisekisa ukuhamba kahle kwezimoto nganoma yisiphi isivinini. Umshayeli kufanele amise ukuqondisa okufunayo kwemoto kalula;
• Kufanele kube lula ukuyisebenzisa ukuze ngisho nomshayeli okhathele akwazi ukufinyelela ngokuphepha endaweni yokuphumula;
• Lapho ujikisa amasondo, ukuqondisa kufanele kunikeze ukugibeka okuhlanzekile kakhulu okungenzeka. Emadolweni, amasondo akufanele anciphise ukuze imoto ingaphelelwa uzinzo. Kulokhu, i-angle yokuthambekela nokujikeleza kwamasondo kumele kuqinisekiswe ngokucacile;
• Buyisa amasondo abuyele oqonde ngqo kulayini (eduze nomzimba) ngemuva kokuthi umshayeli eyekile ukwenza imizamo yokujika;
• Ukudlidliza okushisayo lapho ushayela emigwaqweni engalingani;
• Yiba nokuphendula kakhulu kunoma imiyalo yomshayeli;
• Noma ama-amplifiers ehluleka, umshini kufanele uvumele umshayeli ukuthi akwazi ukulawula imoto.

Enye ipharamitha ewela esigabeni sezidingo zokuqondisa ukudlala ukudlala. Ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngamanani we-backlash avunyelwe, bheka isihloko esihlukile.

Izici zokushayela kwesokunxele nakwesobunxele

Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ngubani ukuthi umthetho wamanye amazwe uhlinzekela ukuhamba kwesokunxele emgwaqeni. Kulokhu, isiteringi sizofakwa ohlangothini lwesokudla lwemoto, kanti nomshayeli uzohlala lapho kulisiko esifundeni sethu ukubona umgibeli wangaphambili.

Umehluko walolu hlobo lokuqondisa awuyona nje indawo yesondo lokushayela egumbini. Umenzi futhi uvumelanisa indlela yokuqondisa ngokuya ngokuxhumeka ku-gearbox. Noma kunjalo, imoto eyenzelwe ukusetshenziswa emigwaqeni enethrafikhi engakwesokunxele ingaguqulwa ukuze ihambisane nemibandela yokuhamba kwesokudla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngaphambi kokuthenga imoto yangempela, kufanele uthole ukuthi ngabe izindlela zokuqondisa ezihambisanayo ziyathengiswa yini, ezikuvumela ukuthi uguqule le moto.

Ezinye izinhlobo zemishini yezolimo zisebenzisa uhlelo lokubacindezela oluvumela isondo lokushayela ukuthi lifakwe noma yikuphi ku-cab. Kulokhu, ukuxhumana phakathi kwesondo lokushayela kanye negiya lokuqondisa kunikezwa ngama-hydraulic, alawulwa yipompo lokulinganisa.

Kulokhu kuguqulwa, akukho ukubuyela emuva (ngisho nefektri), ngoba akukho gearbox enegiya, isibungu noma isikulufa kuyo. Vele, uhlelo olunjalo aluvamile ezimotweni ezilula. Isicelo sayo esiyinhloko imishini emikhulu ekhethekile.

Izinkinga eziyinhloko zokuqondisa

Amaphutha okuqondisa afaka:

• Ukudlala amasondo esiteringini (lapho kwenzeka khona, funda lapha);
• Ukungqongqoza ngenkathi ushayela (ngenxa yokuxega kwemishini yokuqondisa efaka imishudo);
• Ukuwohloka kwamalunga enduku yokuqondisa;
• Ukufakwa kwamazinyo ebhokisini lokudlulisa (ngegiya, i-rack, isibungu noma i-roller);
• Ukwephulwa kokulungiswa kwendlela yokusebenza;
• Amaphutha ku-hydraulic noma i-booster kagesi (yamaphutha nezindlela ongakhetha kuzo zokulungisa, funda esihlokweni esehlukile).

Ukuqeda ukungasebenzi kahle, kuyadingeka ukuqinisa wonke amabhawodi okubopha, ukufaka esikhundleni sezingxenye ezigugile nokulungisa indlela yokudlulisa. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuqondisa akuvamile ukwehluleka ngokuzumayo. Ngenxa yesondlo esifike ngesikhathi, izinto eziyinhloko zizohlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele (imvamisa zide nangaphezulu kunesikhathi esibekwe ngabakhiqizi).

Imibuzo nezimpendulo:

Yiziphi izinhlobo zokuqondisa? Izinhlobo ezintathu zemishini zivamile: i-rack, worm kanye nesikulufu. Ezimotweni zesabelomali, kusetshenziswa uhlobo lokuqala lwendlela yokuqondisa. Noma iyiphi yazo ingase ibe ne-amplifier.

Yini injongo yesiteringi? Ihlinzeka ngokunyakaza kwemoto lapho iqondiswa khona umshayeli. Umshini uhambisa amasondo esiteringi endizeni evundlile. Ukushayela ngesistimu yokuqondisa engalungile akuvunyelwe.

Ziyini izingxenye eziyinhloko zesiteringi? Iqukethe: isixhumanisi esiphambene, ingalo engezansi, iphinikhodi ye-pivot, ingalo engaphezulu, isixhumanisi se-longitudinal, i-bipod yegiya lokuqondisa, igiya lokuqondisa, shaft yokuqondisa kanye nesiteringi.