Uphethiloli wedizili wasebusika. Amapharamitha ekhwalithi adingekayo
Okuqukethwe
Konke kunesikhathi sakho
Kwenzekani kuphethiloli wedizili ehlobo emazingeni okushisa aphansi? Njengoba nje amanzi eqina lapho kubanda, udizili wekhwalithi yasehlobo nawo uyacwebezela. Umphumela: uphethiloli wandisa i-viscosity yawo futhi uvala izihlungi zikaphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, injini ayisakwazi ukuthola uphethiloli wedizili osezingeni eliphezulu ngevolumu edingekayo. Insimbi mayelana nezinkinga zesikhathi esizayo izokwenzeka kakade ekuqaleni kwesithwathwa esizinzile.
Endabeni yamafutha edizili ebusika, indawo yokuthela iyancipha ukuze uphethiloli wedizili ungacwebezeli. Uphethiloli wasebusika wezimoto zikadizili ukhona emakilasini amaningana, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okwengeziwe kuvame ukwenziwa phakathi kukaphethiloli wesigaba esijwayelekile "sobusika" kanye "ne-polar", i-arctic class. Esimweni sokugcina, ukusebenza kahle kwe-diesel fuel kugcinwa ngisho namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu.
Ukushintshwa kwamabanga kaphethiloli wedizili kuvame ukwenziwa ngabaqhubi beziteshi zikaphethiloli ngokwabo. Ngaphambi kokufaka i-refueling, qiniseka ukuthi awekho amafutha ehlobo ethangini.
Amakilasi e-diesel fuel ebusika
Eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, iRussia yethula futhi njengamanje isebenzisa iGOST R 55475, elawula izidingo zikaphethiloli wedizili osetshenziswa ebusika. Ikhiqizwa kusukela ezingxenyeni ezimaphakathi ze-distillate zemikhiqizo ye-petroleum. Uphethiloli onjalo wedizili ubonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphansi kwama-hydrocarbon enza upharafini, futhi angasetshenziswa ngokuphepha ezimotweni zedizili.
Izinga elishiwo lilawula amamaki kaphethiloli alezi zimoto (ubusika -Z kanye ne-arctic - A), kanye nezinga lokushisa lokuhlunga emngceleni - inkomba ekhombisa amanani okushisa lapho uketshezi lukaphethiloli wedizili lwehla luze lucishe lufinyelele ku-zero. Izinkomba zokuhlunga zikhethwa ebangeni elijwayelekile elilandelayo: -32ºC, -38ºC, -44ºC, -48ºC, -52ºC. Lokhu kulandela ukuthi, i-diesel fuel brand Z-32 izobhekwa njengobusika, ibe nezinga lokushisa lokuhlunga elingu -32ºC, kanye ne-A-52 brand diesel fuel - i-arctic, enenkomba yokuhlunga kwezinga lokushisa engu -52ºC.
Amakilasi kaphethiloli we-diesel ebusika, asungulwe yileli zinga, anquma:
- Ukuba khona kwesulfure ku-mg/kg: kufika ku-350 uma kuqhathaniswa nekilasi K3, kufika ku-50 uma kuqhathaniswa nekilasi le-K4 futhi kufika ku-10 uma kuqhathaniswa neklasi K5.
- Inani lephoyinti elikhanyayo, ºC: uphethiloli grade Z-32 - 40, isihlobo kwamanye amabanga - 30.
- I-viscosity yangempela yokuphuma, mm2/ s, okufanele kube: ku-Z-32 uphethiloli wedizili - 1,5 ... 2,5, we-Z-38 uphethiloli wedizili - 1,4 ... 4,5, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo - 1,2 ... 4,0.
- Ukuba khona okukhawulelwe kwama-hydrocarbon eqembu elimnandi: uma kuqhathaniswa namakilasi i-K3 ne-K4, izinhlanganisela ezinjalo azikwazi ukuba ngaphezu kuka-11%, uma kuqhathaniswa nekilasi le-K5 - lingabi ngaphezu kuka-8%.
I-GOST R 55475-2013 ayichazi izici zokuhlunga kanye ne-haze njengezici ezithile zokushisa ezitholakala kumakilasi kaphethiloli wedizili. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zisungula kuphela ukuthi umkhawulo wezinga lokushisa lokuhlunga kufanele udlule indawo yefu ngo-10ºC.
Ukuminyana kwamafutha edizili ebusika
Lesi sikhombi esibonakalayo sinomphumela obonakalayo, nokho ongaqondakali, ekufakweni kwe-waxing kanye nezinga lokufaneleka kophethiloli we-diesel womkhiqizo othile, ngesikhathi esifanayo ubeka imingcele yokusetshenziswa kwawo emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
Ngokuphathelene nophethiloli wedizili wasebusika, ukuminyana kwamagama akumele kudlule ku-840 kg/m³, endaweni yamafu engu--35 °C. Amanani ezinombolo ashiwo asebenza kuphethiloli wedizili, olungiswa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bokuxuba ama-hydrocarbon ahlanjululwe ayisisekelo nawesibili nendawo yokubilisa yokugcina engu-180…340 °C.
Izinkomba ezifanayo zikaphethiloli we-arctic yilezi: ukuminyana - akukho ngaphezu kuka-830 kg / m³, iphuzu lefu -50 °C. Njengoba uphethiloli we-diesel oshisayo usetshenziswa ngebanga lokubilisa le-180 ... 320 ° C. Kubalulekile ukuthi uhla abilayo of arctic grade grade uphethiloli udizili cishe lihambisana ipharamitha efanayo for uphalafini izingxenyana, ngakho-ke, uphethiloli ezinjalo zingabhekwa ikakhulukazi uphalafini esindayo mayelana izakhiwo zayo.
Ububi bukaphalafini omsulwa inombolo ye-cetane ephansi (35…40) kanye nezindawo zokugcoba ezinganele, ezinquma ukuguga okukhulu kweyunithi yomjovo. Ukuze kuqedwe le mikhawulo, izingxenye ezandisa inombolo ye-cetane zengezwa kuphethiloli wedizili e-Arctic, futhi ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zokugcoba, kusetshenziswa okungeziwe kwezinhlobo ezithile zamafutha emoto.
Baqala nini ukudayisa amafutha edizili ebusika?
Izindawo zesimo sezulu eRussia zihluka kakhulu emazingeni azo okushisa. Ngakho-ke, iziteshi eziningi zegesi ziqala ukuthengisa uphethiloli we-diesel ebusika kusukela ekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, futhi kuphele ngo-April. Uma kungenjalo, i-diesel fuel izokwandisa i-viscosity yayo, ibe namafu futhi, ekugcineni, yakha ijeli ye-gelatinous, ebonakala ngokuntuleka okuphelele kwe-fluidity. Akunakwenzeka ukuqala injini ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo.
Nokho, kukhona umehluko mayelana nokudayiswa. Isibonelo, kwezinye izifunda zezwe izinga lokushisa awehli kakhulu, futhi kunezinsuku ezithile ezizobanda, nobusika obujwayelekile obupholile (ngokwesibonelo, izifunda zaseKaliningrad noma zaseLeningrad). Esimweni esinjalo, okubizwa ngokuthi "ingxube yasebusika" isetshenziswa, equkethe u-20% wedizili ehlobo no-80% ebusika. Ngobusika obupholile ngokungavamile, iphesenti likadizili ebusika nasehlobo lingaba ngu-50/50.
