Junkers Ju 87 D i G cz.4

I-anti-tank fighter iJunkers Ju 87 G-1 ilungiselela ukundiza.

Okuhlangenwe nakho okutholwe ngabasebenzi be-dive bomber ngesikhathi sezimpi eSpain kanye nomkhankaso wasePoland ka-1939 waqinisekisa isidingo sokwenza izindiza ze-Ju 87 zibe zesimanjemanje. Izikhali ezincane. Izimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwenjini entsha enamandla amakhulu kanye nezinguquko ku-aerodynamics ye-airframe.

Umsebenzi wenguqulo entsha ye-Stuka waqala entwasahlobo ka-1940, futhi kakade ngoMeyi umklamo wathola igama elisemthethweni elithi Junkers Ju 87 D. Ukushintshwa kweyunithi yamandla. Enye indlela ekahle kwakuyinjini engu-211-cylinder in-line liquid-cooled Jumo 12 J-211 enamandla amakhulu angu-1 hp. Injini entsha yayiyinde kunaleyo esetshenziswe enguqulweni ye-Ju 1420 B ngaphezu kuka-87 cm, ngakho-ke igobolondo layo bekufanele linwetshwe futhi lilungiswe kabusha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwasungulwa uhlelo olusha lokupholisa. I-cooler kawoyela yahanjiswa ngaphansi kwengxenye engezansi yebhokisi lenjini, futhi kwafakwa ama-radiator amabili oketshezi ngaphansi kwamaphiko, emaphethelweni angemuva engxenye ephakathi. Olunye ushintsho kube ikhava entsha ye-cockpit, eyake yahlolwa ku-Ju 40 B, W.Nr. 87.

Injini entsha ye-Jumo 211 J-1 yaqala ukufakwa ku-Ju 87 B-1, W.Nr. 0321, D-IGDK ngo-Okthoba 1940. Ukuhlolwa, okwathatha amasonto ambalwa, kwaphazanyiswa ukwehluleka okuqhubekayo kweyunithi yamandla engaqediwe.

I-prototype yokuqala esemthethweni ye-Ju 87 D kwakuyi-Ju 87 V21, W.Nr. 0536, D-INRF, yaqedwa ngo-March 1941. Inikwe amandla yi-Jumo 211 J-1 injini, indiza yahlolwa kusukela ngo-March kuya ku-August 1941 esitshalweni sase-Dessau. Ngo-August 1941, injini ye-Jumo 211 J-1 yathathelwa indawo yi-Jumo 211 F. Ngokushesha nje ekuqaleni kokuhlolwa ngesikhungo esisha samandla, uphephela wehla lapho usebenza ngo-1420 rpm. Ngo-September 30, 1939, ukulungiswa kwendiza kwaqedwa futhi yadluliselwa e-Erprobungsstelle Rechlin. Ngemva kochungechunge lokuhlolwa kwendiza, indiza yanikezwa ngokusemthethweni iLuftwaffe ngo-Okthoba 16, 1941. Umshini kamuva wasetshenziselwa ukuhlola injini nesistimu yokupholisa. Ngo-February 1942, indiza yabuyela e-Dessau, lapho kwafakwa khona amakhava erediyetha amasha, futhi ngo-September 14, 1943, lo mfanekiso wanikezwa umugqa ongaphambili.

I-prototype yesibili, Ju 87 V22, W.Nr. 0540, SF+TY, kwakufanele iqedwe ngesikhathi esimisiwe ngasekupheleni kuka-1940, nokho izinkinga zenjini zabambezeleka ukuqedwa futhi kwaze kwaba ngoMeyi 1941 lapho ukuhlolwa kwendiza kwaqala. NgoNovemba 10, 1941, indiza yadluliselwa eLuftwaffe. Imiphumela yokuhlolwa yanelise kokubili imboni ye-Junkers nabamele Isikhungo Sokuhlola Se-Rekhlin. Amaqhwa okuqala kaNovemba 1941 nawo akwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuqhuba izivivinyo zokuqala ezibandayo, kwavela ukuthi ukuqala injini ngisho namazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu akudingi umsebenzi okhethekile futhi akubangeli ukwehluleka kweyunithi yamandla.

AmaJunkers Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr. 2302 ihlolwe ngezikhali ezengeziwe.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1942, i-prototype yabuyela e-Dessau, lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhlolwa kokuqina nokuguqulwa okuncane kwenjini ye-Jumo 211 J-1, okwathi ngemva kwalokho indiza yabuyiselwa ku-Rechlin. Ngo-August 20, 1942, phakathi nenye yezindiza zokuhlola, indiza yawela eLake Müritzsee. Izisebenzi zayo, umshayeli wendiza: Fw. UHerman Ruthard, isisebenzi esivamile sesikhungo sokuhlola, ushonile. Imbangela yengozi kungenzeka ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukwazi komshayeli wendiza ngenxa ye-carbon dioxide poisoning.

I-prototype yesithathu Ju 87 V23, W.Nr. 0542, PB+UB, eyaqedwa ngo-April 1941, futhi ngemva kwenyanga yadluliselwa e-Erprobungsstelle Rechlin. Lesi kwakuyisibonelo senguqulo ye-Ju 87 D-1. Izinkinga ngokulethwa kwenjini ye-Jumo 211 J-1 yamisa enye i-Ju 87 V24 prototype, i-W.Nr. 0544, BK+EE, engazange iqedwe kwaze kwaba ngu-August 1941. Indiza yadluliselwa eRechlin, lapho yaphuka khona ngokushesha yaphindela eDessau ne-fuselage eyonakele. Ngemva kokulungiswa ngo-November 1941, yaphinde yathuthelwa eRechlin. Ngemva kokuphothulwa kokuhlolwa, imoto yabekwa phambili.

I-prototype yesihlanu, Ju 87 V25, W.Nr. I-0530, BK+EF, yayijwayelekile enguqulweni eshisayo ye-Ju 87 D-1/trop. I-airframe yaqedwa ekuqaleni kuka-March 1941, kodwa kwaze kwaba ngoJulayi 1941 lapho injini ye-Jumo 211 J-1 yafakwa khona. Ehlobo imoto yahlolwa futhi ngo-September 12, 1941 yayiswa e-Rechlin, lapho yahlolwa khona ngesihlungi sothuli se-Delbag.

Isinqumo sokukhiqiza ngobuningi i-Ju 87 D-1 senziwa ngo-1940, lapho kufakwa umyalelo wokukhiqiza amakhophi angu-495 ale ndiza. Zazizolethwa phakathi kukaMeyi 1941 noMashi 1942. Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari 1942, uMnyango Wezobuchwepheshe weReich Air Ministry wenyusa i-oda laba ngu-832 Ju 87 D-1s. Zonke izimoto zazizokwakhiwa embonini yakwaWeser. Izinkinga ngezinjini ze-Jumo 211 J zidale ukubambezeleka kwe-oda. Uchungechunge lokuqala lwezindiza ezimbili lwaluzoqedwa ngoJuni 1941, kodwa uKarman akakwazanga ukulungisa izingxenye zefuselage eziphezulu ngesikhathi. Indiza yokuqala yokukhiqiza yahlanganiswa kuphela ngoJuni 30, 1941. Naphezu kokubambezeleka, i-Reich Air Ministry yayikholelwa ukuthi i-1941 Ju 48 D-87s izokhipha imigqa yokukhiqiza ye-Weser ngoJulayi 1. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ngo-July 1941, kwakhiwa ikhophi yokuqala kuphela; yacekelwa phansi efektri. Abamele i-RLM kanye nabaphathi bemboni ye-Junkers, eyakhipha ilayisense yokwakha i-Ju 87 D-1 embonini ye-Weser, babenethemba lokuthi ekupheleni kuka-September 1941 ukubambezeleka kokukhiqizwa kwe-serial kuzonxeshezelwa. Nokho, ezinye izinkinga zawaqeda la mathemba. Futhi ngo-August 1941, akukho neyodwa i-Ju 87 D-1 eyashiya isitolo somhlangano wesitshalo saseBremen. Kwaba ngoSepthemba kuphela lapho izimboni ze-Weser zanikeza i-Luftwaffe indiza yokuqala yokukhiqiza ezimbili ezangena ezikhungweni zokuhlola.

Ngo-Okthoba-November 1941, ingqikithi ye-61 Ju 87 D-1s yahlanganiswa, okwathi, ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibi ngaleso sikhathi e-Lemwerder, ayizange ihambe kuze kube nguDisemba, bese idluliselwa kumayunithi angaphambili.

Incazelo yobuchwepheshe ye-Ju 87 D-1

I-Junkers Ju 87 D-1 yayiyindiza enezihlalo ezimbili, enenjini eyodwa, enamaphiko ensimbi yonke enegiya lokuhlala elimisiwe lakudala. I-fuselage yendiza yayine-oval cross-section ene-semi-skin structure eyenziwe ngensimbi ngokuphelele. Umzimba wawuhlukaniswe waba ama-halves, axhunywe unomphela nama-rivets. Isembozo esisebenzayo, esenziwe nge-duralumin ebushelelezi, sasiboshwe ngama-rivets angama-convex anamakhanda ayindilinga ezindaweni zemithwalo ephezulu nama-rivets abushelelezi ezindaweni zemithwalo ephansi.

Idizayini ye-hull yayihlanganisa amafreyimu angu-16 axhunywe ama-perpendicular stringers, kanye nama-crossbar amane atholakala engxenyeni yawo engaphambili, afinyelela kumafreyimu angu-7 ehlanganisiwe. Uhlaka lwe-#1 lobude obugcwele luphindwe kabili njenge-firewall yenjini. Kwakhiwa amafreyimu angeziwe engxenyeni engaphambili ye-fuselage ukuze kuqiniswe umkhumbi, futhi asebenza njengezisekelo zokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu.

I-cockpit, ephakathi nendawo ye-fuselage phakathi kwefreyimu yesi-2 neyesi-6, yayimbozwe ngesembozo esicwebezelisiwe esinezingxenye ezine esenziwe ngengilazi elaminethiwe noma ephilayo, enikeza ukubonakala okuhle kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Izinto ezislayidayo ze-cabin trim zifakwe izingidi zokukhululwa okuphuthumayo. I-anti-tip overpass yayifakwe phakathi nekhabhini, ixhunywe endaweni evikelekile yezikhali. I-windshield yayifakwe ingilazi yezikhali engu-25 mm ubukhulu. Indawo eyengeziwe yokukhosela yomshayeli kwakuyisihlalo sensimbi esihlotshisiwe esinogqinsi olusuka ku-4 kuya ku-8 mm, kanye nepuleti lezikhali eliwugqinsi elingu-10 mm ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe kanye namapuleti ezikhali awugqinsi angu-5 mm afakwe phansi ekhabetheni.

Umsebenzisi womsakazo wayevikelwe ngamapuleti zempi amabili, eyokuqala yawo, ubukhulu obungu-5 mm, yakhiwe phansi, eyesibili, ephrofayili ngendlela yohlaka, yafakwa phakathi kwamafreyimu 5 no-6. Isembozo eyengeziwe kwakuyi-GSL ehlomile. -K 81 ngesibhamu somshini iMG 81 Z. Kwakukhona ifasitela elincane endaweni yomshayeli elinekhethini lensimbi elenza kube lula ukubuka phansi ngaphambi kokugibela indiza. Ngemuva kwenombolo yefreyimu engu-8 kwakukhona isitsha sensimbi, esitholakala ngaphandle kuphela, esasiqukethe i-first aid kit.

I-all-metal, enezinhlangothi ezintathu, i-twin-spar airfoil yayinomumo ohlukile we-W oyisicaba owadalwa ngokunamathisela izingxenye zangaphandle zokuphakamisa okuphozithivu engxenyeni emaphakathi ye-negative-lift. Imidwebo yama-blades i-trapezoidal eneziphetho eziyindilinga. Ingxenye ephakathi yayixhunywe ngokuphelele ku-fuselage. Amapholisa amanzi amabili akhiwe ngaphansi kwengxenye ephakathi nendawo. Izingxenye zangaphandle ze-airfoil zazinamathiselwe engxenyeni ephakathi ngamabhola amane aklanywe ngabakwaJunkers. Isembozo esisebenzayo senziwe ngeshidi le-duralumin elibushelelezi. Ngaphansi konqenqema olulandelanayo, ngaphezu kwephrofayili yamaphiko amakhulu, kukhona ama-flap anezigaba ezimbili, ahlukene nesigaba esimaphakathi kanye nethiphu. Ama-flap kanye nama-ailerons anesiqephu esisodwa, afakwe izinqamuleli, afakwe ezindongeni ezikhethekile ezigunyazwe ngabakwaJunkers.

Ama-ailerons ayeshayelwa ngomshini, futhi ama-flap ayeqhutshwa ngamanzi. Zonke izindawo ezihambayo zamaphiko zazimbozwe ngeshidi le-duralumin elibushelelezi. Uhlelo lwama-flaps nama-ailerons ngokusho kwe-Junkers patent yayibizwa ngokuthi i-Doppellflügel, noma iphiko eliphindwe kabili. Izikhala phakathi kwephrofayili kanye nezingxenye zayo ezihambayo zaqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle okukhulu, futhi lonke uhlelo lwalubonakala ngokulula kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngaphansi kwamaphiko, eduze kwe-spar yokuqala, kwakukhona amabhuleki omoya alawulwa ngokuzenzakalelayo, asize ukukhipha imoto endizeni yokutshuza.

Ingxenye yomsila, enesakhiwo esiyinsimbi yonke, yayimbozwe ngeshidi le-duralumin elibushelelezi. I-stabilizer eqondile yayinomumo we-trapezoidal, i-rudder yayiqhutshwa izintambo zensimbi. I-stabilizer evundlile elungisekayo, ngaphandle kwe-lift, ene-contour engunxande, yayisekelwa ama-racks amise okwemfologo enziwe ngamapayipi ensimbi afakwe iphrofayili ngeshidi le-duralumin. Izilawuli zobude bezisetshenziswa abaphusha. Kokubili ilifti kanye nephinikhodi bekunokulinganisela okukhulu futhi okuhamba ngendiza, bekunamathebhu wokunquma kanye nama-protrusions aphakanyisiwe.

Igiya le-freestanding fixed landing lakudala elinesondo lomsila linikeze ukuqina okuhle phansi. Igiya elilodwa elikhulu lokufikela lifakwe kumayunithi ku-spar No. 1 lapho kuhlangana khona ingxenye emaphakathi nezingxenye ezingaphandle zamaphiko. Ama-bullpen struts akhiqizwe yinkampani yakwa-Kronprinz, agcina ngemfologo ezungeza isondo, abenokumuncwa ukushaqeka kwentwasahlobo ngokuncibilika kukawoyela kokudlidliza. Igiya lokufikela eliyinhloko lalifakwe iphrofayili ngama-fairings enziwe nge-duralumin ebushelelezi enomumo wesici, okungesinye sezici ezihlukile zendiza ye-Stuka. Amasondo ayefakwe amathayi aphakathi nendawo alinganiselwa ku-840 x 300 mm. Ukucindezela kwesondo okunconyiwe kufanele kube ngu-0,25 MPa. Isistimu yokubhuleka yayihlanganisa amabhuleki ezigubhu ezidonsa amanzi. Uketshezi lwalusetshenziselwa isistimu yamabhuleki.

ibhuleki fl-Drukel. Isondo lomsila eligxilile, elifakwe kumfoloko we-Kronprinz shin, lalinokumuncwa kwe-spring shock futhi lalixhunywe kuhlaka oluvundlile olutholakala phakathi kwezimbambo eziqondile No. Isondo elinesilinganiso esingu-15 x 16 mm elinengcindezi enconyiwe engu-360 ukuya ku-380 atm lafakwa kurimu. Ngesikhathi sokusuka, ukundiza nokufika, isondo lomsila lalingakwazi ukukhiywa endaweni ethile kusetshenziswa intambo elawulwa ku-cockpit. Ngemva kwezindiza zonke ezingu-150, kunconywe ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kobuchwepheshe kwegiye lokufika. I-skid yesimo esiphuthumayo ihlanganiswe ukuze kuvikelwe i-fuselage engemuva uma kwenzeka ukuhlala ngenkani.