I-Grumman F-14 Bombcat Ingxenye 1

Ekuqaleni, umsebenzi oyinhloko we-F-14 Tomcat kwakuwukuvikela emoyeni abathwali bezindiza baseMelika kanye nezindiza ezihambisana nabo.

imikhumbi kanye nokuthola ukuphakama komoya endaweni yokusebenza kwezindiza eziqhutshwa emoyeni.

Umlando we-Grumman F-14 Tomcat airborne homing fighter ungahlukaniswa izikhathi ezimbili. Eminyakeni yayo yokuqala noma ngaphezulu, i-F-14A ibisebenza “njengomvikeli wemikhumbi”—i-interceptor umsebenzi wayo obaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukulwa namabhomu ahamba ibanga elide aseSoviet aphethe imicibisholo elwa nomkhumbi enamaphiko nezinye izindiza ezingasongela umthwali waleli qembu waseMelika. indiza. I-F-14A ikhombise ukubaluleka kwayo ngokuwisa amabhomu amabili e-Libyan Su-22 kanye nama-MiG-23 amabili ezimpini ezimbili ezenzeka ngo-1981 nango-1989 eGulf of Sirte.

Ngawo-80s, isithombe "sothando" se-F-14A Tomcat asifiswanga kumafilimu amabili afakiwe - ama-1980's The Final Countdown futhi, okuphawuleka kakhulu, ifilimu kaTony Scott yango-1986 iTop Gun. -Izinsizakalo ze-14A zibandakanya nokusebenza ngezinhlelo zokushayela ezingathembekile nezibuthakathaka kakhulu, ezibangele izinhlekelele eziningi. Ukungena kusevisi yamamodeli wesimanje we-F-14B kanye ne-F-14D ngezinjini ezintsha kuphela okuxazulule lezi zinkinga.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-90, lapho i-F-14 Tomcat ekugcineni iba idizayini evuthiwe, iPentagon yanquma ukuyeka ukukhiqiza. Indiza yayibonakala ingasekho. Kwabe sekuqala isigaba sesibili emlandweni we-fighter. Ngokushintshwa okuningana kanye nokwethulwa kohlelo lokuzulazula lwe-LANTIRN kanye nokukhomba, i-F-14 Tomcat ithuthuke isuka “kumishini eyodwa” yesikhulumi yaba i-fighter-bhomu enezindima eziningi ngempela. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, izisebenzi ze-F-14 Tomcat zahlasela ngokunemba ezindaweni ezihlosiwe ngamabhomu aqondiswa nge-laser namasignali e-GPS, zandizela eduze imikhankaso yokusekela amasosha abo, zaze zadubula ezicijile ngezibhamu zasesitezi. Ukube abashayeli bezindiza beNavy babezwile ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-70 ukuthi i-F-14 yaqeda inkonzo yayo ngayiphi indima, akekho owayengakholwa.

Ekupheleni kwe-50s, i-US Navy yathuthukisa umqondo wokwakha i-airborne fighter yebanga elide - okuthiwa. abavikeli bemikhumbi. Kwakufanele kube i-fighter enzima, ehlome ngemicibisholo esuka emoyeni iye emoyeni, ekwazi ukunqanda amabhomu aseSoviet futhi awabhubhise ezindaweni eziphephile - kude nabathwali bezindiza zabo kanye nemikhumbi.

NgoJulayi 1960, i-Douglas Aircraft yathola inkontileka yokwakha i-F-6D Missileer heavy fighter. Kwakuzoba neqembu labathathu futhi liphathe imicibisholo ye-AAM-N-3 Eagle yebanga elide enamakhanda empi avamile noma enuzi. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi i-fighter esindayo izodinga ikhava yayo yokuzingela, futhi wonke umqondo wawungeke usebenze. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, umqondo wokulwa onzima wavuselelwa lapho uNobhala Wezokuvikela u-Robert McNamara ezama ukuphusha ekwakhiweni kwenguqulo ehamba emoyeni ye-General Dynamics F-10A yebhomu njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-TFX (Tactical Fighter Experimental). Inguqulo esemoyeni, eqokwe i-F-111B, yayizokwakhiwa ngokuhlanganyela yiGeneral Dynamics kanye noGrumman. Kodwa-ke, i-F-111B ibonakale inkulu kakhulu futhi iyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi ingasebenza kubathwali bezindiza. Ngemuva kwe-F-111A, "izuze njengefa" ikhabethe elinezihlalo ezimbili elinezihlalo ezihlangene nezinhlangothi namaphiko ejometri aguquguqukayo ane-span ye-111 m (egoqiwe) kuya ku-10,3 m (evuliwe).

Kwakhiwa ama-prototypes ayisikhombisa, eyokuqala yawo yahlolwa ngoMeyi 1965. Abathathu kubo baphahlazeka, kwashona abasebenzi abane. I-Navy yayimelene nokwamukelwa kwe-F-111B, futhi lesi sinqumo sasisekelwa ama-congressmen. Le phrojekthi yagcina ikhanseliwe futhi ngoJulayi 1968 i-Navy yacela iziphakamiso zohlelo olusanda kwethulwa lwe-Heavy Flight VFX (Naval Fighter Experimental). Izinkampani ezinhlanu ezibambe iqhaza kuthenda: uGrumman, McDonnel Douglas, North American Rockwell, General Dynamics kanye neLing-Temco-Vought. U-Grumman unqume ukusebenzisa ulwazi lwayo olusuka kuhlelo lwe-F-111B, okuhlanganisa nomqondo oguquguqukayo wephiko lejometri. Ukucushwa kwe-aerodynamic okuyisikhombisa okuhlukene kwacutshungulwa ngokucophelela, iningi lazo ngaphandle kwamaphiko ejometri aguquguqukayo. Ekugcineni, ngasekupheleni kuka-1968, u-Grumman wahambisa i-303E, i-geometry fighter enezihlalo ezimbili, enenjini ephindwe kabili, ephikweni elishintshayo, ukuze ithenda.

Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani ne-F-111B, isebenzisa izihlalo ezimbili eziqondile zomsila, umshayeli wendiza kanye ne-radar intercept officer (RIO) ezihlelwe ngokulandelana, kanye nezinjini ezibekwe ngama-nacelles amabili ahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakukhona indawo ngaphansi kwe-fuselage yemishayo emine yokulawula izingalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhali kwakufanele zithwalwe ngemishayo emibili ebekwe ngaphansi kwalokhu okuthiwa. amagilavu, okungukuthi, ama-wing fairing lapho amaphiko “anyakazayo” “asebenza khona.” Ngokungafani ne-F-111B, bezingekho izinhlelo zokubeka imishayo ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezihambayo zamaphiko. I-fighter yayizohlonyiswa ngezinhlelo ezenzelwe i-F-111B, okuhlanganisa: i-radar ye-Hughes AN/AWG-9, i-AIM-54A Phoenix imicibisholo yebanga elide yomoya eya emoyeni (eyakhiwe ngu-Hughes ngokukhethekile ukuze isebenze ne-radar) kanye I-Pratt nezinjini i-Whitney TF30-P-12. NgoJanuwari 14, 1969, iProjekthi 303E yawina uhlelo lwe-VFX futhi Ibutho Lezempi laqoka ngokusemthethweni isilwi esisha njenge-F-14A Tomcat.

Izikhali eziyinhloko zama-F-14 Tomcat fighters zokulwa nezinhloso zomoya kwakuyimicibisholo ejikijelwayo yebanga elide i-AIM-54 Phoenix yokuya emoyeni.

I-F-14A - izinkinga ngezinjini nokuvuthwa kwezakhiwo

Ngo-1969, i-US Navy yanikeza u-Grumman inkontileka yokuqala yokwakha ama-prototypes angu-12 kanye namayunithi okukhiqiza angu-26. Ekugcineni, amasampula okuhlola e-FSD (Full Scale Development) angama-20 abelwe isigaba sokuhlola. Eyokuqala i-F-14A (BuNo 157980) ishiye isitshalo sikaGrumman sikaCalverton eLong Island ngasekupheleni kuka-1970. Ukundiza kwakhe ngoDisemba 21, 1970 kwahamba kahle. Kodwa-ke, indiza yesibili, eyenziwe ngoDisemba 30, yaphela enhlekeleleni ngenxa yokwehluleka kwazo zombili izinhlelo ze-hydraulic ngesikhathi sokusondela. Izisebenzi zakwazi ukuphuma, kodwa indiza yalahleka.

I-FSD yesibili (BuNo 157981) yandiza ngoMeyi 21, 1971. I-FSD No. 10 (BuNo 157989) ilethwe ku-NATC Naval Test Centre e-Patuxent River ukuze ihlolwe ngesakhiwo nesitezi. Ngo-June 30, 1972, yaphahlazeka ngesikhathi kulungiselelwa umbukiso wezindiza eMfuleni iPatuxent. Umshayeli wendiza ovivinya uWilliam "Bill" Miller, owasinda engozini yohlobo lokuqala, ushonile kule ngozi.

Ngo-June 1972, i-FSD No. 13 (BuNo 158613) yabamba iqhaza ekuhlolweni kwayo kokuqala kwe-onboard - kumphathi wezindiza i-USS Forrestal. I-Prototype No. 6 (BuNo 157984) yayihloselwe ukuhlolwa kwezikhali endaweni yase-Point Mugu e-California. Ngomhla zingama-20 kuNhlangulana, 1972, i-F-14A No. 6 yazidubula lapho i-AIM-7E-2 Sparrow ejikijelwayo yebanga eliphakathi nendawo eya emoyeni ishaya isilwi ngesikhathi sokuhlukana. Iqembu likwazile ukuphuma. Ukwethulwa kokuqala komcibisholo webanga elide le-AIM-54A kusuka ku-F-14A kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli 28, 1972. I-Navy yayijabule kakhulu ngokusebenza kwesistimu ye-AN/AWG-9-AIM-54A. Ububanzi be-radar esebenza ku-X-band futhi kumafrikhwensi we-8-12 GHz babungaphakathi kuka-200 km. Ingakwazi ukulandelela okuhlosiwe okungafika kwangu-24 ngesikhathi esisodwa, ibone ngeso lengqondo ezingu-18 ku-TID (Tactical Information Display) etholakala esiteshini i-RIO, futhi iqondise isikhali kweziyisithupha zazo.

I-radar ibinomsebenzi wokuskena kanye nokulandelela okuhlosiwe okutholiwe kanyekanye futhi ikwazi ukubona okuqondiwe okundiza phambi komhlaba (ngaphezulu). Phakathi nemizuzwana engu-38, i-F-14A ingadubula imicibisholo ecitshwayo eyisithupha ye-AIM-54A, ngayinye ikwazi ukucekela phansi okuhlosiwe okundiza ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene nasezindaweni ezihlukene. Imicibisholo enomkhawulo omkhulu webanga elingu-185 km ithuthukise isivinini esingu-Ma=5. Ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi angakwazi nokucekela phansi imicibisholo ye-low-altitude cruise kanye nezindawo eziqondiswe kahle. NgoJanuwari 28, 1975, imicibisholo ye-AIM-54A Phoenix yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni yi-US Navy.

Ngeshwa, isimo nge-drive sasihluke ngandlela-thile.

Ukunika amandla izinjini ze-F-14A, iPratt & Whitney TF30-P-412 zikhethwe ezine-thrust ephezulu engu-48,04 kN iyinye kanye no-92,97 kN ku-afterburner. Lena kwakuyinguqulo eguquliwe yezinjini ze-TF30-P-3 ezisetshenziswa ku-F-111A fighter-bomber. Kwakufanele zibe yingozi kakhulu kunezinjini -P-3, futhi ukuhlukaniswa okukhulu kwe-nacelles yenjini kwakufanele kuvimbele izinkinga eziphakama ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwe-F-111A. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinjini ze-R-412 kwakufanele kube yisixazululo sesikhashana. I-US Navy yacabanga ukuthi ama-67 F-14A okuqala kuphela azohlonyiswa ngawo. Inguqulo elandelayo ye-fighter - F-14B - kwakufanele ithole izinjini ezintsha - Pratt & Whitney F401-PW-400. Zathuthukiswa ngokuhlanganyela ne-US Air Force njengengxenye yohlelo lwe-ATE (Advanced Turbofan Engine). Nokho, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke futhi Navy waphoqeleka ukuqhubeka ukuthenga F-14As nge TF30-P-412 izinjini. Sekukonke bezisinda kakhulu futhi zibuthakathaka kakhulu ku-F-14A. Futhi babenamaphutha omklamo, aqala ukubonakala ngokushesha.

NgoJuni 1972, i-F-14A yokuqala yalethwa ku-Miramar Naval Training Squadron VF-124 "Gunfighters" yase-US. Iqembu lokuqala lempi elathola ama-fighters amasha kwakuyi-VF-1 Wolfpack. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, i-VF-14 Headhunters squadron yaguqulelwa ku-F-2A. Ngo-Okthoba 1972, womabili amayunithi amemezela ukuthi i-F-14 Tomcat iyatholakala. Ekuqaleni kuka-1974, i-VF-1 ne-VF-2 babamba iqhaza endizeni yabo yokuqala yokulwa, begibela isithwali sezindiza i-USS Enterprise. Ngaleso sikhathi, uGrumman wayeselethe izibonelo ezingaba yi-100 emkhunjini, futhi isikhathi sokundiza se-F-14 Tomcat sasingu-30. buka.

Ngo-Ephreli 1974, ukuphahlazeka kokuqala kwe-F-14A kwenzeka ngenxa yokwehluleka kwenjini. Ngo-October 1975, kwakunezinjini ezinhlanu zokungasebenzi kanye nokusha, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni kwezilwi ezine. Isimo sasibucayi kangangokuthi i-Navy yayala ukuba izinjini zihlolwe kabanzi (kuhlanganise nokuhlakazwa) njalo ngamahora ayi-100 endiza. Wonke umkhumbi wama kathathu. Kwalahleka ama-F-1971A angu-1976 phakathi kuka-18 no-14 ezingozini ezidalwe ukwehluleka kwenjini, umlilo noma ukungasebenzi kahle. Izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu zitholwe ngezinjini ze-TF30. Okokuqala kwaba ukuhlukaniswa kwama-fan blades, ayenziwe ngama-alloys e-titanium aqinile.

I-engine bay nayo ibingenaso isivikelo esanele sokugcina ama-fan blades anganyakazi uma enqanyulwa. Lokhu kubangele umonakalo omkhulu esakhiweni senjini, cishe ngaso sonke isikhathi kubangele umlilo. Inkinga yesibili kwaba "okungapheli" TF30 izinjini futhi ayizange iqedwe ngokuphelele. Kwakuhlanganisa ukwenzeka kungazelelwe kokungasebenzi kahle kwe-compressor (ipompo), okungaholela ekuhlulekeni okuphelele kwenjini. Ukumpompa kungenzeka kunoma yikuphi ukuphakama nesivinini. Ngokuvamile yayibonakala lapho indiza ngesivinini esiphansi ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho ivula noma ivala i-afterburner, ngisho nalapho iqhumisa imicibisholo ecitshwayo esuka emoyeni iye emoyeni.

Ngezinye izikhathi injini yasheshe yabuyela esimeni sayo ngokwayo, kodwa ngokuvamile ukopha kwakubambezeleka, okwaholela ekwehleni ngokushesha kwejubane lenjini nokwenyuka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni yokufaka i-compressor. Khona-ke indiza yaqala ukugoqa eduze kwe-axis ye-longitudinal kanye ne-yaw, evame ukuphela ngokujikeleza okungalawuleki. Uma kwakuyi-spin eyisicaba, izisebenzi ngokuvamile zazingenakho ukukhetha ngaphandle kokukhipha. I-spin ibingagwenywa ukube umshayeli wendiza ubesabela kusenesikhathi ngokwehlisa isivinini senjini sibe ncane kanye nokusimamisa indiza ukuze kungabikho ama-g-force abengenzeka. Bese, ngokwehla kancane, ungazama ukuqala kabusha i-compressor. Abashayeli bezindiza basheshe babona ukuthi i-F-14A idinga ukundiza “ngokucophelela” futhi ilungiselelwe ukuthi kungenzeka iphonswe phezulu ngesikhathi sokuqondisa okubukhali. Ngokusho kwabaningi, kwakufana “nokulawula” ukusebenza kwezinjini kunokulawula indiza yokulwa.

Ephendula izinkinga, uPratt & Whitney baguqule injini ngabalandeli abanamandla. Izinjini eziguquliwe, eziqokiwe TF30-P-412A, zaqala ukuqoqwa ngamakhophi ebhulokhi yokukhiqiza yama-65. Njengengxenye yolunye ukuguqulwa, igumbi elizungeze izigaba ezintathu zokuqala ze-compressor laqiniswa ngokwanele, okwakufanele limise ama-blades ngemva kokuhlukana okungenzeka. Izinjini eziguquliwe, eziqokwe i-TF30-P-414, zaqala ukuqoqwa ngoJanuwari 1977 njengengxenye yeqoqo lama-95 lokukhiqiza. Ngo-1979, wonke ama-F-14A alethwa ku-Navy ayefakwe izinjini eziguquliwe ze-P-414.

Ngo-1981, uPratt & Whitney bakha injini ehlukile, eqokwe i-TF30-P-414A, eyayizoqeda inkinga yokopha. Umhlangano wabo waqala ngonyaka wesabelomali ka-1983 endaweni ye-130 yokukhiqiza. Ekupheleni kuka-1986, izinjini ezintsha nazo zafakwa kuma-Tomcats akhona e-F-14A ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe. Eqinisweni, -P-414A ibonise ukuthambekela okuncane kakhulu kokupompa. Ngokwesilinganiso, icala elilodwa lirekhodwe ngamahora endiza ayinkulungwane. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuthambekela akukwazanga ukuqedwa ngokuphelele, futhi lapho undiza ngama-engeli aphezulu okuhlasela, i-compressor stall ingenzeka.