Ukhetho kanye neMathematika, noma Hlukanisa futhi Unqobe
Inkinga yokuzikhethela ibilokhu iphambi kwethu. Indoda yakudala nayo yabhekana nenkinga: yikuphi ukukhanya okufanele uphile? Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhethwa kwabaholi bezizwe kwakulula: owabulala owayencintisana naye wayebusa. Namuhla kunzima kakhulu. Kuhle futhi.
Umusho wesiLatini osetshenziswe esihlokweni se-athikili usho ukuthi "hlukanisa futhi unqobe". Bekulokhu kusetshenziswa. Banga ingxabano esizweni kuzoba lula kuwe ukusinqoba. Abanqobi baseSpain bangekhulu le-1990 nele-XNUMX ngobuchule benza ezinye izizwe zamaNdiya zamelana nezinye. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, inxusa Russian Repnin izuzwe okuningi: wakwazi ukudala isiyaluyalu eminyakeni yokugcina Poland ezimele. Kwenza kanjalo namaNgisi embusweni wawo wangaphambili, futhi impi yaseYugoslavia yango-XNUMX yaqala lapho amaSerb eqhudelana namaCroat futhi ngokufanayo.
Siyazazi izibonelo zokugqugquzela ngamabomu izingxabano ezweni elilodwa. Ngenhlanhla, akunjalo ePoland yanamuhla. Iqembu elibusayo liyisibonelo sokuthamba, ukuzithiba kanye nengqondo, egcwele inhlonipho kwamaqembu aphikisayo, ehlonipha umthetho, uMthethosisekelo kanye nentando yomuntu ovamile. Esithangamini samazwe ngamazwe siyawina, ngokuvamile ngoziro (ukunqoba okukhumbulekayo 27:0). Kwezemidlalo, senza kahle: sikhumbula umdlalo we-hockey omangalisayo neCameroon. Awekho amahlazo, osopolitiki bacacile. Baphi amaphakethe abo emakhanda abo! Iphathi ihamba phambili. Sizosiza!
Yima, yima. Asiwona umagazini wezintatheli. Ake sibone ukuthi ungayigoba kanjani inqubo yokuthatha izinqumo ngobukhulu bezibalo kanye ... logic. Incazelo egcwele ingaba umsebenzi omkhulu, ubuntatheli obungaphezu kwesayensi.
Izinketho ezilandelayo zingenzeka.
Okokuqala, ukuphatha ukuhlukaniswa kwezwe ngokwezifunda.
Okwesibili, ukukhethwa kwendlela yokuguqula amavoti abe yizihlalo zephalamende noma (isibonelo, okhethweni lukamongameli) abe izihlalo zokhetho.
Okwesithathu: ukuhumusha lapho izwi libalulekile nalapho lingekho.
Angikhulumi ukuhlukumeza okusobala lapha, okufana nokukhohlisa kokungazi kwabavoti (e-Polish People's Republic, ukuvota okungenalutho kwakusho ukuvotela amakhandidethi asohlwini oluphezulu ohlwini), ukukhwabanisa ekubalweni kwamavoti, kanye nokuthumela idatha engenhla.
Ngizoqala . Lithini leli gama eliyinqaba? Ngichaza ngendlela ezungeza kancane.
Abafundi bakho cishe bayawazi amaphuzu kuthenisi. Sithola amaphuzu, imidlalo namasethi. Ukuze uwine umdlalo, udinga ukuwina okungenani amabhola amane (amaphuzu), kodwa okungenani amabili ngaphezu komphikisi wakho. Okuhlukile wumdlalo wekhefu lokulingana - udlalwa amaphuzu afika kwayisikhombisa awinile (amabhola), futhi nomthetho wenzuzo yamabhola amabili. Amabhola awinile abalwa ngendlela exakile: 15, 30, 40, bese sisebenzisa kuphela amagama athi “advantage – balance”.
1. Ukulima kwakudala kwesobunxele. Ibhalansi yomhlaba wonke iphenduka ukunqoba kwabaluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kulungile: esifundeni ngasinye sesifunda esisenyakatho, ama-blues anokusekelwa okungama-25% kuphela, kokunye asalokhu - kodwa awanandaba.
Amagugu aqoqwa ngamasethi. Ukuze uwine isethi, kufanele okungenani ube nemidlalo eyisithupha futhi okungenani ube nemibili ngaphezu komphikisi wakho. Uma amaphuzu angu-6:6, kuvame ukudlalwa ikhefu elilinganayo. Imidlalo idlalwa kuwine amasethi amabili noma amathathu. "Kuze kube ngamawini amabili" kusho ukuthi owina amasethi amabili uyawina. Ngakho, umphumela ungaba 2:0 noma 2:1 (futhi symmetrically 0:2, 1:2). Le mithetho isho ukuthi awudingi ukuwina amabhola amaningi (amaphuzu) ukuze uwine umdlalo. Kalula nje, kufanele uwine ezibaluleke kakhulu. Isibonelo esedlulele yilapho umdlali A ewina isethi yokuqala ngo 6-0 kanti amanye amabili ahlulwe ngo 4-6. Uhlulwe umdlalo naphezu kokuwina imidlalo engu-14 kanye nesitha sakhe esingu-12.
Ngizobhekisela kulokho engikubhalile esikhathini esidlule. Kunezikhathi ezingabalulekile kangako kuthenisi. Umdlali wethenisi omuhle ugxila kulokho okubaluleke kakhulu.
Isiphetho sezigidi ezidladleni ze-salamander
Asiqhubekele okhethweni lwepolitiki. Ngokuvamile, okhethweni olunqunywa izinkulungwane noma izigidi.
Kufanele uqale ube nezwe lama-constituencies. Njengoba? Akunandaba ukuthi kanjani? awu! Owokuqala ukuthola ukuthi angakwenza kanjani lokhu ukuze kwandiswe amathuba eqembu lakhe kwaba u-Elbridge Jerry, usopolitiki waseMelika eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili edlule. Omunye wemibuthano ayewuhlongoze wawusesimweni ... intulo, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kwegama lakhe nale amphibian enomsila kwaholela kuleli gama. Isebenza kahle kakhulu ngezifunda ezinelungu elilodwa, ngakho ayisebenzi ngqo ePoland. Njengoba kunehhovisi elinamalungu amaningi, isimo sihluke kakhulu. Ungashiswa ngezikhathi ezithile. Futhi into ethokozisayo.
2. Ingcweti yokukhwabanisa. Kwesokunxele: U-40% wosekelo lomhlaba wonke uphenduke ukuwina ngo-4-2. Kwesokudla: Ijiyomethri yenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokuguqula ukusekelwa okungu-32% kube ukuwina komhlaba wonke okungu-4:3.
Ngakho-ke, ake sicabange ngezwe, elinabantu abaningi futhi elinemingcele evamile kakhulu: isikwele esiphelele esinamadolobhana amancane asezindaweni. Idolobha kanye nokhetho lomeya luyisibonelo esihle kakhulu, kodwa ngokwezibalo akunandaba. Iqembu elibusayo ngombala oluhlaza linokwesekwa emikhakheni ephawulwe ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka umkhiwane. 1. Okuhlaza kuholela ezikweleni eziluhlaza. Njengoba sikhuluma ngezifunda ezinelungu elilodwa, akukhathaleki ukuthi inzuzo iyini. Sixhunywe ezweni lonke, izikwele eziningi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka njengoba kukhona eziluhlaza. Kodwa ama-blues abusa futhi ahlukanise izwe izifunda. Kunezifunda eziyisishiyagalombili (1). Ithini imiphumela yokuvota? Okungalindelekile! Abadlali abaluhlaza bayawina ngo-A, C, E, F, G, okungukuthi, emibuthanweni emihlanu kweyisishiyagalombili. Endabeni yezifunda eziyilungu elilodwa, zinenzuzo engu-5:3 ezweni lonke (okungenzeka amadolobha uma kuwukhetho lomeya).
igeography yokhetho lokhu kunenzuzo ebalulekile ephathini lapho amahlazo avamile. Ake sicabange ukuthi kuqubuke ihlazo ku-constituency B - imeya idla imali yesabelomali yathi konke sekumi ngomumo. Abavoti abaningi bamfulathele. Uma ngaphambilini amavoti asakazwa cishe ngokulinganayo (51:49 evuna iqembu elilodwa noma elinye), manje esifundeni B esifundeni ngasinye esincane, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwathola u-75%, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwathola ama-25 kuphela. Nokho, ngokwesilinganiso sikazwelonke, lokhu akuzange kwenzeke. ubuhlungu neze (Ithebula 1). Ukusebenzisa isifaniso sethenisi, balahlekelwe iphuzu elingenalutho kuphela.
| isifunda | Dark blue | Okuhlaza | Ubani onqobayo |
| A | 251 | 249 | Dark blue |
| B | 100 | 300 | Okuhlaza |
| C | 251 | 249 | Dark blue |
| D | 198 | 202 | Okuhlaza |
| E | 251 | 249 | Dark blue |
| F | 251 | 249 | Dark blue |
| G | 251 | 249 | Dark blue |
| H | 149 | 151 | Okuhlaza |
| Amavoti aphelele | 1702 | 1898 | 5 ku3 ngo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka |
Ithebula 1. Inani lamavoti 1898: 1702 avuna imifino, kodwa 5: 3 izihlalo ephalamende for the blue! Okhethweni lukamongameli wase-US, kwenzeka ukuthi owinile athole amavoti ambalwa.
Uhlelo olulodwa lunezinzuzo kanye nokubi. Yavela esikweni lamaNgisi ephalamende. Izinhlobonhlobo zamafomula ezibalo ziye zahlongozwa ukunciphisa kancane isimiso sokuthi "owinile uthatha konke". Umthetho ovame kakhulu "ingxenye enkulu ye-fractional". Ake sicabange ukuthi amaqembu amane A, B, C kanye no-D aqhudelana esifundeni sase-Grodzisko Nadmorsky. Kunezindawo eziyisikhombisa zokunqoba. Okhethweni la maqembu athole amavoti angu-9934 5765, 4031 1999, 21 729 nangu-XNUMX XNUMX; isamba esingu-XNUMX XNUMX. Silindele:
7∙9934/21729= 3,20
7∙5765/21729= 1,86
74031/21729= 1,30
7∙1999/21729= 0,64
Sula; ukube i-Commonwealth yayinjalo, njengoba iNkosana u-Radziwiłł isho kuZamcolo, indwangu ebomvu, abathintekayo bayoyidabula ngesilinganiso esingu-320:186:130:64. Kodwa kunezindawo eziyisikhombisa kuphela ongabelana ngazo. Inqwaba A ifanelwe izindawo ezintathu (ngoba i-quotient inkulu kuno-3), inkatho B, C ifanelwe indawo eyodwa ngayinye. Ngingazikhetha kanjani ezinye ezimbili? Kuhlongozwa isixazululo esilandelayo: ukuyinika lawo maqembu “antula ivoti eligcwele”, okungukuthi, lawo anengxenye enkulu yamafractional. Ngakho-ke, ziwela ezingxenyeni B, D. Ake simele umphumela kugrafu ecacile umkhiwane. 3.
fig.3 Indlela "yengxenye enkulu kunazo zonke". I-Coalition B + C + D yehlula i-Party A
Kuyoba yini okuthiwa. Umthetho kaHondt? Ngixoxa ngalokhu ngokuqhubekayo. Ngiyincoma njengokuzivocavoca. Umphumela uvuliwe umkhiwane. 4.
fig.4 Imiphumela yendlela ye-d'Hondt. Iqembu A lizilawula ngokwalo.
Ngokuzivocavoca okulula okulandelayo, ngincoma ukuthi abafundi benze okuthile okufana nalokhu: cabanga amaqembu B, C, kanye no-D avumelana futhi aye okhethweni eqenjini elilodwa—libize ngo-E. Bese, njengoba umthetho ka-d'Hondt ubonisa, basuse eyodwa. Iqembu A linegunya, i.e. umphumela we-A:E ngu-3:4. Isiphetho saziwa iminyaka eminingi njengesaga esithi: Imvume iyadala, ukungezwani kuyabhubhisa.
Ngenhlanhla, izibonelo engizinikeza lapha ziyinganekwane futhi noma yikuphi ukufana namazwe aziwayo kwenzeka nje ngengozi.
D'Ond
Isebenza kanjani indlela ye-d'Hondt eshiwo? Isibonelo sifaneleka kakhulu kulokhu. Ake sithi indawo ethile ivotele okhethweni lwama-episcopal, njengoba kukhonjisiwe. Ithebula 2.
| Igama lephathi | Amazwi, N. | N / 2 | N / 3 | N / 4 | N / 5 |
| Iphathi Egcwele Yokuchuma | 10 000 | 5000 | 3333 | 2500 | 2000 |
| iphathi yenala | 6600 | 3300 | 2200 | 1650 | 1320 |
| I-locomotive yenqubekelaphambili | 4800 | 2400 | 1600 | 1200 | 960 |
| Abakhwabanisi nabakhwabanisi | 3600 | 1800 | 1200 | 900 | 720 |
Ithebula 2. Imiphumela yokuvota endaweni yokhetho yase-Klapucko Male okhethweni lwase-Klapadocsy.
Kwavela ukuthi iqembu labakhwabanisi kanye ne-gochstaplers liphumelele kahle kuphela eKlaputsky Maly. Emhlabeni jikelele, abazange bathole u-5%, ngakho imiphumela yabo ayibhekwa. Sibeka okunye ngokulandelana, singakhohlwa ukuthi baphuma kuliphi iqembu:
10 (PTD), 000 (SO), 6600 (PTD), 5000 (LP), 4800 (PTD), 3333 (SO), 3300 (PTD), 2500 (LP), 2400 (SO), njll. Sabela amathikithi ngohlelo olushiwo. Umphumela uncike kakhulu enanini lamathikithi atholakalayo.
| 3 izindawo | I-PTD 2, SO 1, LP 0 |
| 4 izindawo | I-PTD 2, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 5 izihlalo | I-PTD 3, SO 1, LP 1 |
| 6 izihlalo | I-PTD 3, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 7 izihlalo | I-PTD 4, SO 2, LP 1 |
| 8 izihlalo | I-PTD 4, SO 2, LP 2 |
| 9 izihlalo | I-PTD 4, SO 3, LP 2 |
Ithebula 3. Ukusatshalaliswa kwezihlalo kuye ngenani lazo.
Kuthiwa uhlelo olunjalo lwenza imiphumela ibe bushelelezi - inciphisa ukubusa okungenzeka kweqembu elilodwa. Nokho, le ndaba iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Konke kuncike kudatha ethile. Anginayo indawo yezingxoxo ezinde, ngizophawula amaqiniso amabili athokozisayo kuphela:
1. Ukube abakhohlisi nabakhwabanisi bebefinyelele umkhawulo wokhetho lukazwelonke, imiphumela ibingaba ehlukile. Ngeke bashintshe uma kungatholwa izihlalo ezintathu noma ezine, kodwa uma abantu abahlanu besifunda bengena ephalamende, umphumela uzoba: PTD 2, SO 1, PL 1, JG 1. Iqembu le-PTD lingalahlekelwa ilungelo lalo eliphelele. . iningi. Isebenza ngenye indlela: uma iqembu elincane liphuma ephathini, wonke umuntu uyalahlekelwa, kuhlanganise nalabo abangavumelani.
2. Uma i-SO ne-LP bezwana futhi baya okhethweni ndawonye, ngeke babe babi kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isimo, kodwa ngokuvamile babe ngcono.
Ake sibone futhi ukuthi indlela ye-d'Hondt isiphatha kanjani isimo umkhiwane. 2lapho kunezihlalo ezimbili noma ezintathu ezingenamuntu ewodini. Ake nginikhumbuze ukuthi endabeni yezifunda ezinelungu elilodwa, lokhu kwanikeza ukunqoba okuqinile kweBlues. Endabeni yokuphindwa kabili, kukhona ukuhlulwa ngokuphelele, kodwa esimweni sokuphindwa kabili, uyawina futhi.
| isifunda | Dark blue | Okuhlaza | Indlela d'Hondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | Izilinganiso zamagiya: 251/249; uhlelo 1-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/100; 0-2 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198; 1-1 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249; 1-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149; 1-1 |
| Amavoti aphelele | 1702 | 1898 | Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka 7 - Okuluhlaza 9 |
Ithebula 4. Isimo esinomkhiwane. 2, kodwa ngezifunda ezinamalungu amabili. Ukwehluleka kokuluhlaza 7:9.
| isifunda | Dark blue | Okuhlaza | Indlela d'Hondt |
| A | 251 | 249 | Izilinganiso zamagiya: 251/249/125,5; igrafu 2-1 |
| B | 100 | 300 | 300/150/100; 0,5-2,5 |
| C | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| D | 198 | 202 | 202/198/101; 1-2 |
| E | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| F | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| G | 251 | 249 | 251/249/125,5; 2-1 |
| H | 149 | 151 | 151/149/75,5; 1-2 |
| Amavoti aphelele | 1702 | 1898 | Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka 12,5 - Okuluhlaza 11,5 |
Ithebula 5. Isimo esinomkhiwane. 2, kodwa ngezifunda ezinamalungu amathathu.
Phakathi kwezinye izici, ngifaka "ijometri" kumavoti afanelekayo njengabalulekile noma angabalulekile. Emazweni amaningi, uphawu lokugunyaza “uthikhi”, okungukuthi, u-v, futhi ngezinye izikhathi u-Y. Sino-x, ohlotshaniswa kakhulu ne-strikethrough (ngakho-ke nokwaliwa). Isishayamthetho safuna ukukucacisa lokhu futhi sanikeza incazelo yezibalo - “imigqa emibili ephambanayo”, echaza ukuthi imigqa emibili yohlamvu v ayiphambani.
Okokuqala, ngezibalo, "ukuphambana" kusho "ukuba nephuzu elivamile" - lokhu kufanele kuhlotshaniswe ikakhulukazi nabantu abasha (ngaphansi kwamashumi amahlanu), ngoba isikole sinjalo manje. Kodwa-ke, uma umuntu engakholelwa kwizibalo, angase akhumbule ukuthi i-U-turn emgwaqeni nayo iyimpambano yomgwaqo.
Kungcono ukushiya incazelo engalungile: noma isiphi isibonakaliso esibonisa ngokusobala ukukhethwa komuntu ozokhethwa esikhundleni esake sahlonishwa, kodwa manje sesinenhlangano ye-pejorative kuphela.
