Konke mayelana nosayizi wenjini

Esihlokweni:

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko hhayi kuphela injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngokwayo, kodwa futhi imoto iyonke ivolumu yokusebenza kweyunithi yamandla. Ngokuyinhloko kuncike ekutheni injini ikwazi ukuthuthukisa amandla angakanani, ukuthi isivinini esingakanani esingase sikwazi ukusheshisa imoto. Emazweni amaningi, umthamo wokusebenza wenjini okuyipharamitha okunqunywa ngayo amanani ezintela nezinkokhelo ezihlukahlukene ezikhokhwa umnikazi wemoto. Ukubaluleka kwalesi sici kuphinde kugcizelelwe yiqiniso lokuthi ukubaluleka kwayo ngendlela eyodwa noma enye kuvame ukuboniswa egameni lemodeli.

Noma kunjalo, akubona bonke abashayeli abaqonda ngokucacile ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukususwa kwenjini, yini encike kuyo, nokuthi yikuphi ukukhishwa kwenjini okungcono kakhulu ezimweni ezithile zokusebenza.

Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-injini displacement

Umgomo ojwayelekile wokusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi yepiston ungachazwa kanje. Ingxube kaphethiloli nomoya inikezwa kumasilinda ngesilinganiso esithile. Lapho icindezelwa ngamapiston. Ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, ingxube ibaswa ngenxa yenhlansi kagesi evela, ezinjinini zikadizili, ivutha ngokuzenzekelayo ngenxa yokushisa okubukhali okubangelwa ukucindezela okunamandla. Ukushiswa kwengxube kubangela ukwanda okukhulu kwengcindezi nokuxoshwa kwepiston. Wenza induku yokuxhuma inyakaze, yona isuke inyakaze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokudlulisa, ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft kudluliselwa emasondweni.

Enyakazweni yayo ephindaphindayo, ipiston inqunyelwe indawo efile ephezulu naphansi. Ibanga phakathi kwe-TDC ne-BDC libizwa ngokuthi i-stroke ye-piston. Uma siphindaphinda indawo ye-cross-sectional yesilinda ngokushaywa kwe-piston, sithola ivolumu yokusebenza yesilinda.

Ezimweni eziningi, iyunithi yamandla inesilinda esingaphezu kweyodwa, bese ivolumu yayo yokusebenza inqunywa njengesamba semiqulu yawo wonke amasilinda.

Ngokuvamile kuboniswa ngamalitha, yingakho inkulumo ethi "displacement" ivame ukusetshenziswa. Inani levolumu ngokuvamile lifinyezwa endaweni eseduze yeshumi yelitha. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-cubic centimeters asetshenziswa njengeyunithi yokulinganisa, isibonelo, uma kuziwa ezithuthuthu.

Usayizi wenjini nokuhlukaniswa kwezimoto ezilula

Noma iyiphi i-automaker ebangeni layo lemodeli inezimoto zamakilasi ahlukahlukene, osayizi, ukucushwa, okuklanyelwe izimo ezahlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa, izidingo kanye namakhono wezezimali wabathengi.

Njengamanje, alukho uhlobo olulodwa lwezimoto olusekelwe kusayizi wenjini emhlabeni. ESoviet Union, kwakukhona uhlelo olwaluhlukanisa izinjini zezimoto zibe amakilasi angu-5:

• kancane kancane ngevolumu kufika ku-1,1 l;
• encane - kusuka ku-1,1 kuya ku-1,8 amalitha;
• medium - kusuka ku-1,8 kuya ku-3,5 amalitha;
• enkulu - kusuka ku-3,5 kuya ku-5,0 amalitha nangaphezulu;
• esiphezulu - kuleli klasi, usayizi wenjini wawungalawulwa.

Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kwakubalulekile lapho izinjini zasemkhathini eziqhutshwa uphethiloli zigcwele amandla. Manje lolu hlelo lungabhekwa njengeluphelelwe yisikhathi, ngoba alunaki izici zezinjini ze-diesel, amayunithi aphethwe yi-turbocharged nezinye izinjini ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha.

Ngezinye izikhathi kusetshenziswa ukuhlukaniswa okwenziwe lula, ngokusho ukuthi yiziphi izinjini ezihlukaniswe izigaba ezintathu. Ukusuka ku-1,5 amalitha kuya ku-2,5 amalitha - izinjini zokufuduka okuphakathi. Noma yini engaphansi kwamalitha eyodwa nengxenye ibhekisela ezimotweni ezincane kanye nezimoto ezincane, futhi izinjini ezingaphezu kwamalitha amabili nesigamu zibhekwa njengezinkulu. Kuyacaca ukuthi lolu hlelo lunemibandela kakhulu.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimoto zabagibeli zase-Europe kuzihlukanisa zibe izingxenye zemakethe eziqondiwe futhi akulawuli ngokuqinile noma yimiphi imingcele yobuchwepheshe. Imodeli ingeyesigaba esisodwa noma esinye ngokusekelwe enanini, ubukhulu, ukucushwa kanye nenani lezinye izici. Kodwa amakilasi ngokwawo akanalo uhlaka olucacile, okusho ukuthi ukuhlukana kungabuye kubhekwe njengemibandela. Ukuhlukaniswa kubukeka kanje:

• A - Izimoto ezincane ezengeziwe / ezincane / zedolobha (Izimoto ezincane / Izimoto zedolobha);
• B - izimoto ezincane / compact (Izimoto ezincane / Supermini);
• C - isigaba esiphansi esiphakathi / igalofu (Izimoto ezimaphakathi / Izimoto ezihlangene / Izimoto zomndeni ezincane);
• D - izimoto ezimaphakathi / zomndeni (izimoto ezinkulu);
• E - isigaba esiphezulu esiphakathi / sebhizinisi (Izimoto eziphezulu);
• F - izimoto eziphezulu (Izimoto zikanokusho);
• J - SUVs;
• M - minivans;
• S - imidlalo ye-coupe / supercars / convertibles / roadsters / gran tourism.

Uma umkhiqizi ebheka ukuthi imodeli ilapho kuhlangana khona amasegimenti, khona-ke uphawu "+" lungangezwa kuhlamvu lwekilasi.

Amanye amazwe anezinhlelo zawo zokuhlukanisa, amanye acabangela usayizi wenjini, amanye awanawo.

Ukususwa kanye namandla enjini

Amandla eyunithi yamandla anqunywa kakhulu umthamo wayo wokusebenza. Nokho, lokhu kwencika akulingani ngaso sonke isikhathi. Iqiniso liwukuthi amandla nawo ancike ekucindezelweni okujwayelekile okusebenzayo ekamelweni elivuthayo, ekulahlekeni kwamandla, ama-diameter e-valve nezinye izici zokuklama. Ikakhulukazi, ilingana ngokuphambene nobude bokushaywa kwamapiston, okubuye kunqunywe isilinganiso sobukhulu benduku yokuxhuma kanye namajenali wenduku yokuxhuma ye-crankshaft.

Kunamathuba okwandisa amandla ngaphandle kokwandisa umthamo wokusebenza wamasilinda futhi ngaphandle kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okwengeziwe. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu ukufakwa kwesistimu ye-turbocharging noma isikhathi se-valve eguquguqukayo. Kodwa izinhlelo ezinjalo zikhuphula kakhulu intengo yemoto, futhi uma kwenzeka ukuphuka, ukulungiswa kuzobiza kakhulu.

Isenzo sokuhlehla singenzeka futhi - ukuncishiswa okuzenzakalelayo kwamandla enjini uma ingalayishiwe ngokugcwele. Izinjini lapho ugesi ungacisha amasilinda ngamanye asevele asetshenziswa kwezinye izimoto ezikhiqizwa phesheya kwezilwandle. Ngakho-ke ukonga kukaphethiloli kufinyelela ku-20%.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-prototypes ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zenziwe, amandla alawulwa ngokushintsha ubude be-stroke yama-pistons.

Yini enye ethinta umthamo wokusebenza

I-acceleration dynamics yemoto kanye nesivinini esiphezulu ekwazi ukusithuthukisa sincike ekuthuthweni kwenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo. Kodwa nalapha, kukhona ukuncika okuthile kumapharamitha we-crank mechanism.

Futhi-ke, ukususwa kweyunithi kuthinta izindleko zemoto, ngaphezu kwalokho, kakhulu. Futhi akukhona nje ukukhulisa izindleko zokukhiqiza injini ngokwayo. Ukuze usebenze ngenjini enamandla kakhulu, kudingeka u-gearbox onzima kakhulu. Imoto enamandla kakhulu idinga amabhuleki asebenza kahle futhi anamandla. Okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, okunamandla futhi okubiza kakhulu kuzoba uhlelo lomjovo, isiteringi, ukudluliswa nokumiswa. ngokusobala nayo izobiza kakhulu.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha esimweni esijwayelekile nakho kunqunywa ubukhulu bamasilinda: uma zikhulu, imoto izoba yingozi kakhulu. Nokho, akuzona zonke izinto ezicacile nalapha. Ngokunyakaza okuthulile okuzungeze idolobha, izimoto ezincane zidla cishe amalitha angu-6 ... 7 amalitha kaphethiloli ngekhilomitha elingu-100. Ezimotweni ezinenjini ephakathi nendawo, ukusetshenziswa kungu-9 ... 14 amalitha. Izinjini ezinkulu "zidla" 15 ... 25 amalitha.

Nokho, esimweni esishubile sezimoto emotweni encane, ngokuvamile kufanele ulondoloze isivinini senjini, igesi, ushintshele kumagiya aphansi. Futhi uma imoto ilayishiwe, ngisho ne-air conditioner ivuliwe, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuzokwanda kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-acceleration dynamics nayo izoba yimbi kakhulu.

Kodwa ngokuqondene nokuhamba emigwaqweni yezwe, ngesivinini se-90 ... 130 km / h, umehluko ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli wezimoto ezinenjini ehlukene yokufuduka awumkhulu kangako.

Ubuhle nobubi be-ICE ngevolumu enkulu nencane

Lapho ukhetha imoto yokuthenga, abaningi baqondiswa amamodeli anenjini enkulu. Kwabanye kuyindaba yokuvelela, kwabanye kuyisinqumo esingenangqondo. Kodwa ingabe uyayidinga ngempela imoto enjalo?

Ukwanda kokufuduka kuhlobene eduze namandla aphezulu, futhi lokhu, vele, kufanele kubalulwe ngezinzuzo. Injini enamandla ikuvumela ukuthi usheshise ngokushesha futhi uzizwe uqiniseka ngokwengeziwe lapho udlula, ushintsha imizila futhi ushayela ukhuphuka, kanye nasezimweni ezihlukahlukene ezingajwayelekile. Ezimweni ezijwayelekile zasemadolobheni, asikho isidingo sokuhlala ujikelezisa imoto enjalo ngesivinini esikhulu. I-air conditioner efakiwe kanye nomthwalo ogcwele wabagibeli ngeke kube nomthelela omkhulu ku-dynamics yemoto.

Njengoba amayunithi okufuduka amakhulu naphakathi asetshenziswa, njengomthetho, ngemodi engashubi kakhulu, ukusebenza kahle kwawo kuvele kuphakame kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izimoto eziningi German 5-litre ngisho 3-litre izinjini kalula ukunikeza mileage million amakhilomitha noma ngaphezulu ngaphandle. Kodwa izinjini zezimoto ezincane ngokuvamile kufanele zisebenze ngomkhawulo wamandla azo, okusho ukuthi ukuguga, ngisho nokunakekelwa ngokucophelela, kwenzeka ngesivinini esisheshayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi ebandayo, ivolumu enkulu ivumela injini ukuthi ifudumale ngokushesha.

Kukhona umthamo omkhulu kanye nokubi kakhulu. Ukungalungi okuyinhloko kwamamodeli anenjini enkulu yintengo ephezulu, ekhuphuka kakhulu ngisho nokunyuka okuncane kokuhamba.

Kodwa isici sezezimali asigcini nje ngentengo yokuthenga. Uma kukhulu ukugudluzwa kwenjini, kubiza kakhulu ukuyilungisa kanye nokuyilungisa. Ukusetshenziswa kuzokwanda. Inani lamaphrimiyamu omshwalense lincike kumthamo wokusebenza weyunithi. Ngokuya ngomthetho wamanje, inani lentela yokuthutha lingaphinda libalwe kucatshangelwa ukususwa kwenjini.

Ukwenyuka kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kuzonyusa nezindleko zokusebenza kwemoto enkulu. Ngakho-ke, uhlose "isilo" esinamandla, okokuqala, hlola ngokucophelela amakhono akho ezezimali.

Inkinga yokukhetha

Lapho ukhetha imoto, kungcono ukugwema amamodeli ekilasi A anenjini engu-1 litre noma ngaphansi. Imoto enjalo ayisheshisi kahle, ayifaneleki kakhulu ukudlula, okuyinto kwezinye izimo ingaba yingozi. Umshini olayishiwe uzophelelwa amandla ngokucacile. Kodwa uma uzogibela uwedwa, ungazizwa unesifiso sokunganaki, futhi uphelelwa yimali, khona-ke le nketho iyamukeleka. Ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kanye nezindleko zokusebenza zizoba phansi, kodwa akufanele neze ukubala ekusebenzeni okude kwenjini okungenazinkinga.

Kubashayeli abaningi abangenazo izimangalo ezikhulayo, ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu kungaba yimoto yekilasi B noma C efakwe injini ene-displacement ye-1,3 ... 1,6 amalitha. Imoto enjalo isivele inamandla amahle futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ayimoshi umnikazi ngezindleko zikaphethiloli ngokweqile. Imoto enjalo izokuvumela ukuba uzizwe uqiniseka ngokwanele emigwaqweni yedolobha nangaphandle kwedolobha.

Uma imali ivuma, kufanelekile ukuthenga imoto enenjini engu-1,8 kuya ku-2,5 amalitha. Amayunithi anjalo ngokuvamile angatholakala ekilasini D. Ukusheshisa usuka erobhothini, ukudlula umgwaqo onguthelawayeka noma umqansa omude ngeke kulethe noma iyiphi inkinga. Imodi ekhululekile yokusebenza izoqinisekisa ukuqina okuhle kwemoto. Ngokuvamile, lena inketho engcono kakhulu yemoto yomndeni. Yiqiniso, izindleko zikaphethiloli nokusebenza zizoba phezulu kancane.

Labo abadinga amandla ahloniphekile, kodwa abafuna ukonga kuphethiloli, kufanele babhekisise amamodeli afakwe i-turbocharger. I-turbine iyakwazi ukukhulisa amandla enjini ngo-40 ... 50% ngosayizi ofanayo wenjini kanye nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Yiqiniso, iyunithi ene-turbocharged idinga ukusebenza okufanele. Uma kungenjalo, insiza yayo ingase ibe nomkhawulo. Le nuance kufanele inakwe lapho uthenga imoto esetshenzisiwe.

Ukuze usebenzise ngaphandle komgwaqo, awukwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kweyunithi enamandla enevolumu engu-3,0 ... 4,5 amalitha. Ngaphezu kwama-SUV, ama-motor anjalo afakwe ekilasini lebhizinisi nezimoto eziphezulu. Akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukuthenga lezi zimoto, ingasaphathwa eyokuthi inkanuko yawo kaphethiloli iphezulu kakhulu.

Hhayi-ke, labo abanemali engenamkhawulo abazinaki izinto eziwubala. Futhi mancane amathuba okuba bafunde lesi sihloko. Ngakho-ke, akunangqondo ukunikeza izincomo mayelana nokuthengwa kwemoto ene-unit displacement engamalitha angu-5 noma ngaphezulu.