Crankshaft - isisekelo injini piston

Yiqiniso, wonke umuntu uzwile nge-crankshaft. Kodwa, mhlawumbe, akuwona wonke umshayeli oqonda ngokucacile ukuthi iyini futhi ihloseni. Futhi abanye abazi ngempela ukuthi ibukeka kanjani nokuthi ikuphi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lokhu kuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho ukusebenza okuvamile kwenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi ye-piston (ICE) akunakwenzeka. 

Le ngxenye, kufanele kuqashelwe, inzima futhi iyabiza, futhi ukushintshwa kwayo kuyibhizinisi elinzima kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, onjiniyela abayeki ukuzama ukwenza ezinye izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezingasindi, lapho umuntu angenza khona ngaphandle kwe-crankshaft. Kodwa-ke, izinketho ezikhona, isibonelo, injini ye-Frolov, namanje iluhlaza kakhulu, ngakho-ke kusesekuseni kakhulu ukukhuluma mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwangempela kweyunithi enjalo.

Ukuqokwa

I-crankshaft iyingxenye ebalulekile yokuhlanganisa ukhiye wenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi - i-crank mechanism (KShM). Lo mshini uhlanganisa nezinduku zokuxhuma nezingxenye zeqembu le-cylinder-piston. 

Lapho ingxube kaphethiloli womoya ishiswa kusilinda senjini, kwakheka igesi ecindezelwe kakhulu, okuthi phakathi nesigaba sokushaywa kwamandla iphushele ipiston endaweni efile. 

Induku yokuxhuma ixhunywe ku-piston ekugcineni ngosizo lwephinikhodi ye-piston, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi kumagazini wenduku yokuxhuma ye-crankshaft. Amathuba okuxhumana nentamo anikezwa yingxenye ekhishwayo yenduku yokuxhuma, ebizwa ngokuthi i-cap. Njengoba ijenali yenduku yokuxhuma i-offset ngokuhlobene ne-axis longitudinal shaft, lapho induku yokuxhuma iyiphusha, i-shaft iyaphenduka. Kuvele okuthile okusikhumbuza ukuzungezisa amaphedali ebhayisikili. Ngakho-ke, ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe kwama-piston kuguqulwa kube ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-crankshaft - i-shank - i-flywheel ifakwe, lapho icindezelwa khona. Ngayo, i-torque idluliselwa ku-shaft yokufaka ka-gearbox bese idlulela emasondweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-flywheel enkulu, ngenxa ye-inertia yayo, iqinisekisa ukuzungeza okufanayo kwe-crankshaft ngezikhathi eziphakathi kokusebenza kwama-pistons. 

Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-shaft - kubizwa ngokuthi inzwane - babeka igiya, lapho ukujikeleza kudluliselwa khona ku-camshaft, futhi lokho, kulawula ukusebenza komshini wokusabalalisa igesi. Ukushayela okufanayo ezimweni eziningi nakho kuqala iphampu yamanzi. Lapha ngokuvamile ama-pulleys okushayela amayunithi asizayo - iphampu yokuqondisa amandla (), i-generator, i-air conditioner. 

Ukwakhiwa

I-crankshaft ngayinye ingase ibe nezici zayo zokuklama. Noma kunjalo, izakhi ezivamile kubo bonke zingahlukaniswa.

Lezo zingxenye eziku-eksisi yobude be-shaft zibizwa ngokuthi amajenali amakhulu (10). I-crankshaft ihlezi kuzo uma ifakwe ku-crankcase yenjini. Ama-bearings angenalutho (ama-liners) asetshenziselwa ukukhwezwa.

Amajenali wenduku yokuxhuma (6) ahambisana ne-eksisi eyinhloko, kodwa i-offset ihlobene nayo. Ngenkathi ukuzungezisa kwamajenali amakhulu kwenzeka eduze kwe-eksisi eyinhloko, amajenali e-crank ahamba enza indilinga. Lawa ngamadolo afanayo, ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye yathola igama layo. Bakhonza ukuxhuma izinduku zokuxhuma futhi ngazo bathola ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiwe kwama-pistons. Ama-bearings angenalutho asetshenziswa lapha. Inombolo yamajenali enduku yokuxhuma ilingana nenani lamasilinda enjini. Nakuba kumamotho amise okwe-V, izinduku ezimbili zokuxhuma zivame ukuhlala kujenali eyodwa eyinhloko.

Ukunxephezela amandla e-centrifugal akhiqizwa ukuzungezisa kwama-crankpins, ezimweni eziningi, nakuba kungenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi, anama-counterweights (4 kanye no-9). Zingatholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zentamo noma eyodwa kuphela. Ukuba khona kwama-counterweights kugwema ukuguqulwa kwe-shaft, okungabangela ukusebenza okungalungile kwenjini. Kunezimo ezivamile lapho ukugoba kwe-crankshaft kuze kuholele ekugxumeni kwayo.

Okubizwa ngokuthi izihlathi (5) kuxhuma amajenali wenduku eyinhloko nexhumayo. Ziphinde zisebenze njengama-counterweights engeziwe. Ukuphakama kwezihlathi kukhulu, ukude ne-axis eyinhloko kukhona amajenali wenduku yokuxhuma, ngakho-ke, i-torque ephakeme kakhulu, kodwa ijubane eliphansi kakhulu injini ekwazi ukulithuthukisa.

Kune-flange (7) ku-crankshaft shank okuxhunywe kuyo i-flywheel.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi kunesihlalo (2) segiya le-camshaft drive (ibhande letiming).

Kwezinye izimo, ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-crankshaft kukhona igiya elenziwe ngomumo lokushayela amayunithi asizayo.

I-crankshaft ifakwe ku-crankcase ye-injini ezindaweni zokuhlala kusetshenziswa ama-bearings amakhulu, ahlanganiswe kusukela phezulu ngamakhava. I-Trust rings eduze namajenali amakhulu ayivumeli shaft ukuthi ihambe eduze kwe-eksisi yayo. Kusukela ohlangothini lozwane kanye ne-shank ye-shaft ku-crankcase kukhona izimpawu zamafutha. 

Ukuze unikeze okokugcoba kumajenali wenduku eyinhloko naxhumayo, anezimbobo ezikhethekile zikawoyela. Ngalezi ziteshi, okubizwa ngokuthi ama-liners (ama-sliding bearings) agcotshwa, abekwe ezintanyeni.

Manufacturing

Ukwakhiwa kwama-crankshafts, amamaki ensimbi anamandla aphezulu kanye nezinhlobo ezikhethekile zensimbi ekhonjiwe ngokungezwa kwe-magnesium. Izinsimbi zensimbi zivame ukukhiqizwa ngokugxiviza (ukubumba) okulandelwa ukushisa nokwelashwa kwemishini. Ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwe-lubricant, iziteshi zikawoyela ezikhethekile ziyabhojwa. Esigabeni sokugcina sokukhiqiza, ingxenye ibhalansiswa ngokushintshashintshayo ukuze kunxeshezelwe izikhathi ezimaphakathi ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuzungezisa. I-shaft ibhalansile futhi ngenxa yalokho ukudlidliza namabhithi akubandakanywa phakathi nokuzungezisa.

Imikhiqizo ye-cast iron yenziwa ngokusakazwa okunembayo okuphezulu. Amashafu ensimbi ashibhile, futhi le ndlela yokukhiqiza yenza kube lula ukudala izimbobo nemigodi yangaphakathi.

Kwezinye izimo, i-crankshaft ingaba nomklamo ogoqekayo futhi iqukethe izingxenye eziningana, kodwa izingxenye ezinjalo azisetshenziswa embonini yezimoto, ngaphandle kwezithuthuthu. 

Yiziphi izinkinga ezingavela nge-crankshaft

I-crankshaft ingenye yezingxenye zemoto ezicindezela kakhulu. Imithwalo ngokuyinhloko iyimishini kanye nemvelo eshisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto ezinolaka, njengamagesi aphumayo, zinomphumela omubi. Ngakho-ke, naphezu kwamandla aphezulu ensimbi okwenziwa ngayo ama-crankshafts, angaphansi kokugqoka kwemvelo. 

Ukwenyuka kokugqoka kwenziwa lula ukusetshenziswa kabi kwejubane eliphezulu lenjini, ukusetshenziswa kwezithambisi ezingafanele futhi, ngokuvamile, ukunganakwa kwemithetho yokusebenza kobuchwepheshe.

Amalayini (ikakhulukazi ama-bearings ayinhloko), induku yokuxhuma namajenali amakhulu ayaguga. Kungenzeka ukugoba i-shaft ngokuphambuka kusuka ku-axis. Futhi njengoba ukubekezelelana lapha kukuncane kakhulu, ngisho nokuguqulwa okuncane kungaphazamisa ukusebenza okuvamile kweyunithi yamandla kuze kufike ku-crankshaft jamming. 

Izinkinga ezihambisana nama-liners (“ukunamathela” entanyeni kanye nokuklolodela ezintanyeni) zenza ingxenye yebhubesi kukho konke ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-crankshaft. Ngokuvamile zenzeka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamafutha. Okokuqala, ezimweni ezinjalo, udinga ukuhlola uhlelo lokugcoba - iphampu yamafutha, isihlungi - futhi ushintshe uwoyela.

Ukudlidliza kwe-Crankshaft kuvame ukubangelwa ukungalingani kahle. Esinye isizathu esingaba khona kungaba ukusha okungalingani kwengxube kumasilinda.

Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kubonakale ukuqhekeka, okuzophela nakanjani ekubhujisweni kwe-shaft. Lokhu kungabangelwa ukukhubazeka kwefekthri, okungavamile kakhulu, kanye nokucindezeleka okuqoqiwe kwensimbi noma ukungalingani. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi imbangela yokuqhekeka umthelela wezingxenye zokukhwelana. Umgodi oqhekekile awukwazi ukulungiswa.

Konke lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe ngaphambi kokufaka esikhundleni noma ukulungisa i-crankshaft. Uma ungatholi futhi uqede izimbangela zezinkinga, esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, konke kuyodingeka kuphindwe futhi.

Ukukhetha, ukushintshwa, ukulungisa

Ukuze uthole i-crankshaft, kufanele uhlehlise injini. Khona-ke ama-caps okuthwala ayinhloko kanye nezinduku zokuxhuma ziyasuswa, kanye ne-flywheel kanye namasongo okucindezela. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-crankshaft iyasuswa futhi kuxazululwe izinkinga zayo. Uma ingxenye ike yalungiswa ngaphambili futhi zonke izilinganiso zokulungisa sezikhethiwe kakade, kuzomele zishintshwe. Uma izinga lokugqoka livumela, i-shaft iyahlanzwa, inake ngokukhethekile izimbobo zamafutha, bese iqhubeka nokulungisa.

Ukugqoka nokuklebhula ebusweni bezintamo kuqedwa ngokugaya usayizi ofanele wokulungisa. Le nqubo ikude nokuba lula njengoba ingase ibonakale ekuqaleni, futhi idinga imishini ekhethekile kanye neziqu ezifanele ze-master.

Nakuba, ngemva kokucubungula okunjalo, ingxenye ingaphansi kokulinganisa kabusha okuphoqelekile, ukulungiswa kwe-crankshaft kuvame ukukhawulelwa ekugayeni kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho, i-shaft engalingani ngemva kokulungiswa okunjalo ingadlidliza, kuyilapho izihlalo ziphukile, izimpawu ziyathukululwa. Ezinye izinkinga zingenzeka, ezigcina ziholela ekusetshenzisweni kukaphethiloli ngokweqile, ukwehla kwamandla, nokusebenza okungazinzile kweyunithi ngezindlela ezithile. 

Kuvamile ukuthi kuqondiswe umgodi ogobile, kodwa ochwepheshe bayanqikaza ukwenza lo msebenzi. Ukuqondisa nokulinganisa kuyinqubo ekhandlayo futhi ebiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlela i-crankshaft kuhlotshaniswa nengozi yokuphuka. Ngakho-ke, ezimweni eziningi, i-crankshaft ekhubazekile kulula futhi ishibhile ukuyibuyisela entsha.

Lapho ushintsha, udinga ukufaka ingxenye efanayo ncamashi noma i-analogue eyamukelekayo, ngaphandle kwalokho izinkinga ezintsha azinakugwenywa.

Ukuthenga i-crankshaft eshibhile eshibhile uhlobo lwengulube e-poke, okungekho owaziyo ukuthi kuzophetha ngani ekugcineni. Okungcono kakhulu, isigugile ngandlela thize, okubi kakhulu, inamaphutha angabonakali emehlweni.

Ngokuthenga entsha kumthengisi othembekile, ungaqiniseka ngekhwalithi yayo. Isitolo se-inthanethi samaShayina singakunikeza ezinye izingxenye zemoto yakho ngamanani aphusile.

Ungakhohlwa futhi ukuthi lapho ufaka i-crankshaft entsha, qiniseka ukuthi ushintsha induku yokuxhuma nama-bearings ayinhloko, kanye nezimpawu zamafutha.

Ngemva kokushintsha i-crankshaft, injini kufanele igijime kusuka kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezimbili nesigamu ngemodi emnene futhi ngaphandle kokushintsha okungazelelwe kwejubane.