Izinhlobo nencazelo yamapulatifomu ezimoto

Imakethe yezimoto ishintsha njalo. Abakhiqizi badinga ukuhambisana nemikhuba yamanje: thuthukisa amamodeli amasha, ukhiqize okuningi futhi ngokushesha. Ngokuphikisana nalokhu okwedlule, izinkundla zezimoto sezivelile. Abashayeli abaningi abazi ukuthi ipulatifomu efanayo ingasetshenziselwa imikhiqizo ehluke ngokuphelele.

Yini ipulatifomu yemoto

Ngokuyinhloko, ipulatifomu iyisisekelo noma isisekelo lapho kungenziwa khona ezinye izimoto eziningi. Futhi akudingeki kube uphawu olulodwa. Isibonelo, amamodeli afana neMazda 1, Volvo c3, Ford Focus namanye akhiqizwa endaweni yesikhulumi iFord C30. Akunakwenzeka ukucacisa kahle ukuthi ipulatifomu ezenzakalelayo yangomuso izoba njani. Izakhi zomuntu ngamunye zinqunywa ngumenzi uqobo, kepha isisekelo sisekhona.

Ikuvumela ukuthi uhlanganise ukukhiqizwa, okusindisa kakhulu imali nesikhathi sokwenza amamodeli amasha. Ungase ucabange ukuthi izimoto ezisepulatifomu efanayo azihlukile neze komunye nomunye, kodwa lokhu akunjalo. Zingahluka ngokwakhiwa kwangaphandle, ngombala wangaphakathi, ukuma kwezihlalo, isondo lokushayela, ikhwalithi yezingxenye, kepha isisekelo esiyisisekelo sizofana noma sicishe sifane.

Lesi sisekelo esivamile ngokuvamile sifaka izinto ezilandelayo:

• isisekelo esingezansi (sithatha ingxenye);
• chassis (eziqondisa, ukumiswa, unyathela amabhuleki);
• wheelbase (ibanga phakathi kwama-asi);
• ukwakheka kokudluliswa, injini nezinye izinto eziyinhloko.

Umlando omncane

Ukuhlanganiswa kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto akwenzekanga okwamanje, njengoba kungase kubonakale. Ekuqaleni kokukhula kwayo, ifreyimu yayibhekwa njengeplatifomu yezimoto, enenjini efakiwe, ukumiswa nezinye izinto. Kula "bogi" wendawo yonke, kwafakwa imizimba yezimo ezihlukile. Ama-atelier ahlukile abandakanyeka ekukhiqizeni izidumbu. Iklayenti elicebile linga-oda inguqulo yalo ehlukile.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30, ama-automaker amakhulu adudula izitolo ezincane zomzimba ngaphandle kwemakethe, ngakho-ke inani eliphakeme lokuhlukahluka kokuklama laqala ukwehla. Eminyakeni yangemva kwempi, banyamalala ngokuphelele. Bambalwa kuphela abasindile emncintiswaneni, phakathi kwabo uPininfarina, uZagato, Karmann, noBertone. Izidumbu ezihlukile kuma-50s zase zikhiqizelwe imali eningi kuma-oda akhethekile.

Ngawo-60, ama-automaker amakhulu aqala ukushintshela kancane kancane emizimbeni ye-monocoque. Ukuthuthukisa okuthile okuhlukile kuvele kwaba nzima.

Manje kunenani elikhulu lemikhiqizo, kepha ababaningi abantu abazi ukuthi konke kukhiqizwa ukukhathazeka okumbalwa kuphela okukhulu. Umsebenzi wabo ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza ngangokunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi. Izinhlangano ezinkulu kuphela zezimoto ezingathuthukisa umzimba omusha nge-aerodynamics efanele kanye nedizayini eyingqayizivele. Isibonelo, ukukhathazeka okukhulu kakhulu kweVolkswagen Group kungumnikazi wemikhiqizo ye-Audi, Skoda, Bugatti, Seat, Bentley nezinye eziningi. Akumangazi ukuthi izingxenye eziningi ezivela emikhiqizweni ehlukene ziyahlangana.

Ngesikhathi seSoviet, izimoto nazo zazikhiqizwa endaweni eyodwa. Lona uZhiguli owaziwayo. Isisekelo sasinye, ngakho imininingwane kamuva yayilingana namamodeli ahlukile.

Amapulatifomu ezimoto zanamuhla

Njengoba isisekelo esisodwa singaba isisekelo senani elikhulu lezimoto, isethi yezakhi zesakhiwo iyahlukahluka. Abakhiqizi babeka kuqala amandla okungenzeka kungxenyekazi ethuthukile. Izinhlobo ezikhethiwe zezinjini, izipara, izivikeli zenjini, ubujamo besitezi ziyakhethwa Izindikimba ezahlukahlukene, izinjini, ukuthunyelwa bese kufakwa kule "nqola", ingasaphathwa eyokugcwaliswa ngogesi nangaphakathi.

Ama-motors wezimoto ze-soplatform angahluka noma afane ncamashi. Isibonelo, iMazda 1 neFord Focus zakhelwe emsamo odumile iFord C3. Zinezinjini ezihluke ngokuphelele. Kodwa iNissan Almera neRenault Logan banezinjini ezifanayo.

Imvamisa izimoto ze-soplatform zinokumiswa okufanayo. I-chassis ihlanganisiwe, kanye nezinhlelo zokuqondisa amabhuleki. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zingaba nezilungiselelo ezahlukahlukene zalezi zinhlelo. Ukumiswa okuqinile kutholakala ngokukhethwa kweziphethu, ama-shock absorbers kanye ne-stabilizers.

Izinhlobo zamapulatifomu

Ngenkathi yentuthuko, kwavela izinhlobo eziningana:

• ipulatifomu ejwayelekile;
• ubunjiniyela bebheji;
• ipulatifomu modular.

Amapulatifomu ajwayelekile

Amapulatifomu ezimoto ajwayelekile avele ngokuthuthuka komkhakha wezimoto. Isibonelo, izimoto eziyi-35 zakhiwe emsamo zisuka kwiVolkswagen PQ19, okubalwa kuzo iVolkswagen Jetta, Audi Q3, Volkswagen Touran nezinye. Kunzima ukukholelwa, kodwa kuyiqiniso.

Futhi thatha ipulatifomu yasekhaya iLada C. Izimoto eziningi zakhiwe kuso, kubandakanya iLada Priora, iLada Vesta nezinye. Manje lo mkhiqizo usuvele ulahliwe, ngoba lezi zinhlobo ziphelelwe yisikhathi futhi azikwazanga ukumelana nomncintiswano.

Ubunjiniyela Bebheji

Eminyakeni yama-70s, ubunjiniyela bebheji buvele emakethe yezimoto. Empeleni, lokhu kungukudala kwe-clone yemoto eyodwa, kepha ngaphansi komkhiqizo ohlukile. Imvamisa umehluko uba semininingwane embalwa kuphela ne-logo. Kunezibonelo eziningi ezinjalo embonini yezimoto yanamuhla. Eziseduze kakhulu nezimoto zebheji iLada Largus neDacia Logan MCV. Ngaphandle, ziyehluka kuphela ngesimo se-radiator grill kanye no-bumper.

Ungaqamba amagama ama-autoclones iSubaru BRZ neToyota GT86. Lezi izimoto zabafowethu ngempela ezingafani nakancane ngokubukeka, kuphela ku-logo.

Ipulatifomu Modular

Ipulatifomu ye-modular isibe ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamapulatifomu ezenzakalelayo. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuthi udale izimoto zamakilasi ahlukahlukene nokulungiswa okususelwa kumamojula ahlanganisiwe. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu izindleko nesikhathi nentuthuko nokukhiqiza. Manje lo mkhuba omusha emakethe yezimoto. Amapulatifomu we-Modular asevele athuthukiswa futhi asetshenziswa yibo bonke abakhiqizi bezimoto abahola phambili emhlabeni.

Ipulatifomu yokuqala ye-Modular Transverse Matrix (MQB) yasungulwa yiVolkswagen. Izokhiqiza izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-40 zezimoto zemikhiqizo ehlukene (iSihlalo, i-Audi, iSkoda, iVolkswagen). Ukuthuthukiswa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo isisindo nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, futhi amathemba amasha avuleka.

Ipulatifomu ye-modular inezindawo ezilandelayo:

• injini;
• ukudluliswa;
• ukuqondisa;
• ukumiswa;
• imishini kagesi.

Ngesisekelo seplatifomu enjalo, kungakhiwa izimoto ezinobukhulu obuhlukile nezici, ezinezitshalo zamandla ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi izinjini zikagesi.

Isibonelo, ngesisekelo se-MQB, ibanga nobukhulu be-wheelbase, umzimba, i-hood lingashintsha, kepha ibanga elisuka kwi-eksisi lesondo langaphambili liye emhlanganweni we-pedal aliguquki. Ama-Motors ayahluka kodwa abelana ngamaphoyinti ajwayelekile wokukhuphuka. Kuyafana namanye amamojula.

Ku-MQB, kusebenza kuphela i-longitudinal motor position, ngakho-ke kunebanga elinqunyelwe emhlanganweni we-pedal. Futhi, kukhiqizwa kuphela izimoto ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili. Ngokunye ukwakheka, iVolkswagen inezisekelo ze-MSB neMLB.

Yize ipulatifomu le-modular linciphisa izindleko nesikhathi sokukhiqiza, kunezinkinga ezithile ezisebenza kuwo wonke umkhiqizo weplatifomu:

• njengoba izimoto ezahlukahlukene zizokwakhiwa esisekelweni esifanayo, ekuqaleni kubekwa umkhawulo omkhulu wokuphepha, okuyinto kwesinye isikhathi engadingeki;
• ngemuva kokuqala kokwakhiwa, akunakwenzeka ukwenza izinguquko;
• izimoto zilahlekelwa ubuntu bazo;
• uma kutholakala umshado, kuzodingeka ukuthi lonke iqembu elikhishiwe kumele lihoxiswe, njengoba sekwenzekile.

Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kuseplatifomu ye-modular lapho bonke abakhiqizi bebona ikusasa lomkhakha wezimoto zomhlaba jikelele.

Ungase ucabange ukuthi ngokufika kwamapulatifomu, izimoto zilahlekelwe ubunikazi bazo. Kepha ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusebenza kuphela ezimotweni ezidonsa ngamasondo angaphambili. Okwamanje akukwazeki ukuhlanganisa izimoto nezingemuva. Kukhona amamodeli ambalwa kuphela afanayo. Amapulatifomu avumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bonge imali nesikhathi, kanti umthengi angonga ezingxenyeni ezingasebenzi ezimotweni "ezihlobene".