Ukwehla kwezimoto zikagesi ngekhulu le-XNUMX

Ikhulu le-XNUMX laphawula ukuqala kokuvela kwezimoto zikagesi, ngempumelelo enkulu: lezi zimoto empeleni zaziningi emakethe yezimoto futhi zazisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezimbangi zazo ezishisayo.

Noma kunjalo, ikhulu lamashumi amabili lalibonakala ngokuwohloka kwezimoto zikagesi, okwalandela ukwehluleka ngemva kokwehluleka. 

Isiqalo esithembisayo

Ukuphela kwekhulunyaka lama-XNUMX kwaphawulwa isasasa elinamandla lemoto kagesi, efinyelele ezinsukwini zayo zokuduma ngenxa yemijaho nokuphula amarekhodi.

Ngakho-ke, izimoto zikagesi zisebenza kahle futhi zaziswa kakhulu kunezimbangi zazo: ngo-1900, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezimoto yayisebenza ngamabhethri.

Ku-1901, eFrance, lUPoste uze alethe imeyili ngemoto kagesi enoMildé, ngebanga elingu-50 km.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izimoto zikagesi zazidumile ngezinzuzo zazo: ukuqala ngokushesha, injini ethule, akukho ntuthu noma iphunga lokukhipha, futhi akukho gear shifting.

Nokho, lokhu kwakunganele ukugcina izimoto zikagesi zigijima, futhi imboni yezimoto yasheshe yaphendukela ezimotweni ezisebenza ngophethiloli.

Ukwehla ngokushesha kwezimoto zikagesi

Impumelelo yemoto kagesi izoncishiswa kakhulu ngokuthuthukiswa kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi (noma injini evuthayo yangaphakathi) eyakhiwe uDaimler noBenz, kanye nokwethulwa kweFord T ngo-1908, okwaphawula ukuqala kwentando yeningi yomuntu siqu. sebenzisa. injini yokushisa.

Lesi yisiqalo senkathi yesimanje yezimoto: ukukhiqizwa emgqeni womhlangano kunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, ukusungulwa ukuqala kagesi UCharles Kettering ngo-1912 wenza ngcono ukunethezeka kwezimoto ezishisayo futhi lezi zimoto zisebenzisa uphethiloli oshibhile.

Izimoto ezishisayo nazo ziyazuza ekuthuthukisweni kokusebenza okuqhubekayo ngokwemibandela ye I-Vitesskusuka ku ukuzimela, isisindo izimoto kanye induduzo.

Zonke lezi zenzakalo zibonisa ukuphela kokuhamba kukagesi. Kuthathe amashumi amabili eminyaka ukuthi injini kaphethiloli isuse ngokuphelele izimoto zikagesi.

Ngawo-1920, kwakhiqizwa izimoto ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3 zikaphethiloli, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto zikagesi ezingu-400.

Ukuncipha kwezimoto zikagesi ziye emakethe ye-niche

Uma izimoto zikagesi zingakwazi ukuncintisana nabancintisana nabo abashisayo, khona-ke lokhu, ngokwengxenye, ngenxa yokuthi balinganiselwe emakethe ye-niche: amaloli asemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi, izinkampani zamatekisi, izimoto ezizimele, iziqukathi zokunethezeka noma zemfucumfucu, amabhasi, izinqola zefektri. kanye nezimoto zokulethwa.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abakhiqizi bezimoto zikaphethiloli ngokushesha babefuna ukuzikhiqiza ngobuningi ukuze bahlangabezane nesidingo esibanzi. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe emkhakheni wamabhethri, eyaqala ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, izoshabalala ngokushesha ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, imise ukuvela kwezimoto zikagesi. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bamabhethri ezimoto zikagesi bayeka ukuzithuthukisa futhi baphendukela ekukhiqizeni amabhethri okuthungela izinjini zikaphethiloli.

Ngisho namaphayona emkhakheni kagesi, njengoCharles Jeanteau noma uLouis Krieger, azoshintshela ezinjinini zokushisa.

Ngakho-ke, izimoto zikagesi ziyinguqulo ethuthukisiwe kancane, ngakho-ke azikutholi ukuzimela okwanele kwezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto ezintsha. Ezinye izici ezibalulekile zisalokhu zigodliwe, ikakhulukazi inani elincishisiwe leziteshi zokushaja noma kuseyimoto enzima, okungavumeli izimoto zikagesi ukuba zithuthuke ngokwanele. 

Imoto kagesi ingenye engakaze inyamalale

Yize izimoto zikagesi bezisetshenziswa okulinganiselwe ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX, azizange ziwushiye ngokuphelele ukwakheka kwezimoto.

Phakathi neMpi Yezwe II, ukushoda kukaphethiloli kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubuyisela imoto kagesi ngamahloni. Ngo-1941, abakwaPeugeot bethula iVLV (Light City Car), imoto esebenza ngogesi yonke ehamba ibanga lika-80 km, kodwa kudayiswe angaphezulu kancane kuka-300.

Ukushoda okubi kakhulu (i-aluminium, umthofu, ukucisha kukagesi, njll.) KANYE ukuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa kwezimoto zikagesi, okwakhishwa ngo-1942. ngesosha laseJalimane eFrance yenza imoto kagesi inyamalale futhi.

Kwaze kwaba ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 lapho intshisekelo yezimoto zikagesi yavuselelwa ngenxa yentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe. ukuqwashisa ngemvelo okuhambisana nesifiso sokunciphisa ukungcoliswa komoya. Ngo-1966, i-American Congress izoncoma ngempela ukwakha izimoto eziluhlaza, kodwa ngaphandle komphumela osheshayo.

Ukushintshashintsha kwentengo kawoyela okulandela ukushaqeka kukawoyela kwango-1973 kuzoqinisa lokhu kuqwashisa ngemvelo futhi kubuyisele izimoto zikagesi endaweni yokuqala endaweni yezimoto.

Izibonelo eziningi zezimoto zikagesi zivela emhlabeni wonke, njenge-1974 CityCar e-United States enobubanzi obungama-64 km. Lokhu kuphinde kuhambisane nesenzo sezepolitiki, ikakhulukazi ukwamukelwa ngo-1976.Umthetho Wokucwaninga Ngezimoto zikagesi kanye neHybrid, Ukuthuthukiswa kanye Nokuboniswa I-United States Congress, ehlose ukukhuthaza ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezimoto zikagesi namabhethri.

Ukuphela kwekhulu leminyaka kuphawuleka ngezithiyo eziqhubekayo

Ngo-1990, i-United States yamukela uhlelo lokusebenza olungokoqobo: ukufakwa kwemoto ekhipha i-zero-emission (ZEV) eCalifornia, edinga ukuthi abakhiqizi baseMelika bazuze okungenani u-2% wokuthengisa kwabo ngezimoto ezikhipha i-zero ngo-1998 ukuze bathole imvume ukudayiswa. ezinye izimoto (lesi sibalo sizokhuphuka sifinyelele ku-5% ngo-2001 bese sifinyelela ku-10% ngo-2003). Abakhiqizi abakhulu base bethula izinhlobo zezimoto zikagesi, ikakhulukazi iGeneral Motors ene-EV1. 

EFrance, uhulumeni wazama ukufeza lokho 5% wezimoto zikagesi ngo-1999... Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi bethula ama-prototypes ahlukene: I-Renault ne-Zoom ngo-1992 ke Ngokulandelayo ngo-1995, I-Citroën AX Electric noma I-Clio kagesi.

Nokho, le mizamo yokumaketha ayiphumelelanga, futhi umqondo wemoto kagesi waphinde uyekwa. 

Kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwawo-2000 lapho imoto kagesi iyenga abashayeli futhi, futhi kulokhu unomphela!