Iyaguquguquka njengomoya, ivutha njengelanga. Uhlangothi Olumnyama Lwamandla Avuselelekayo

Imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ayiwona nje amaphupho, amathemba kanye nezibikezelo ezinethemba. Iqiniso futhi ukuthi okuvuselelekayo kubangela ukudideka okuningi emhlabeni wamandla futhi kubangela izinkinga amagridi endabuko namasistimu angakwazi ukuzisingatha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuthuthuka kwabo kuletha izimanga eziningi ezingajabulisi nemibuzo esingeke sikwazi ukuyiphendula okwamanje.

Amandla akhiqizwa emithonjeni yamandla avuselelekayo - amapulazi omoya kanye nokufakwa kwe-photovoltaic - kuyinselele yangempela yezinhlelo zamandla zikazwelonke.

Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwenethiwekhi akushintshi. Ingaphansi kokuguquguquka kwansuku zonke ngenani elikhulu kakhulu lamanani. Ukulawulwa kwayo ngesistimu yamandla kuhlala kunzima, ngoba kuhlotshaniswa nesidingo sokuqinisekisa imingcele efanelekile ye-mains yamanje (i-voltage, imvamisa). Endabeni yezitshalo zamandla ezivamile, ezifana ne-steam turbine, ukunciphisa amandla kungenzeka ngokunciphisa umfutho we-steam noma isivinini sokujikeleza kwe-turbine. Ukulawulwa okunjalo akunakwenzeka ku-wind turbine. Izinguquko ezisheshayo emandleni omoya (njengeziphepho) zingakwazi ukukhiqiza amandla abalulekile ngesikhathi esifushane, kodwa kunzima ukuthi igridi yamandla imunce. Ukwanda kwamandla kunethiwekhi noma ukungabikho kwayo kwesikhashana, nakho, kubangela usongo kubasebenzisi bokugcina, imishini, amakhompyutha, njll. amagridi ahlakaniphile, okuthiwa ifakwe amathuluzi afanele, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokugcina amandla, amasistimu okusabalalisa asebenza kahle futhi aphelele. Nokho, zisembalwa izinhlelo ezinjalo emhlabeni.

Umsebenzi wobuciko wase-Australian Greens ubungaza ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa eyiziro

Okuhlukile namandla angasetshenzisiwe

Ukucinywa kukagesi okwahlasela iNingizimu Australia ngoSepthemba odlule kudalwe izinkinga ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi nantathu eziphakela ugesi esifundeni. Ngenxa yalokho, amamegawathi angama-445 kagesi alahlekile kugridi. Nakuba abaqhubi bepulazi lomoya baqinisekise ukuthi amakhefu awabangelwanga ukushintshashintsha okuvamile kwamandla omoya - okungukuthi, ukunyuka noma ukuncipha kwamandla omoya - kodwa ngenxa yezinkinga zesofthiwe, umbono wamandla avuselelekayo angathembeki ngokuphelele bekunzima ukuwubhubhisa.

UDkt. Alan Finkel, kamuva owacwaninga imakethe yamandla egameni leziphathimandla zase-Australia, wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kubandlulula izigaba zomphakathi ezimpofu. Ngokubona kwakhe, njengoba imboni itshala kakhulu ezintweni ezivuselelekayo, amanani wamandla kufanele akhuphuke, ashaye imali engenayo ephansi kakhulu.. Lokhu kuyiqiniso nge-Australia, evala izimboni zayo zamandla amalahle ezishibhile futhi izama ukuvala izitsha ezivuselelekayo.

Ngenhlanhla, indawo yokugcina ugesi ebaselwa ngamalahle endaweni eshiwo ngenhla yokucinywa kukagesi eNingizimu ne-Australia yavalwa ngaphambi nje kwezinkinga ezichazwe, ngoMeyi 2016. Ukuguquguquka kokuhlinzekwa kwempahla kuyinkinga eyaziwayo kodwa namanje engakajwayeleki kakhulu namandla avuselelekayo. Siyamazi nasePoland. Uma uhlanganisa i-4,9 GW yomthamo we-turbine yomoya etholwe ngoDisemba 26, 2016, ngenkathi iSiphepho u-Barbara sihlasela, nokukhiqizwa kwama-turbines asekhaya ngesonto ngaphambili, kuvele ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi sasingaphansi ngokuphindwe kamashumi ayisikhombisa!

I-Germany ne-China sebevele baqaphela ukuthi akwanele ukwakha ama-windmill nama-solar panel ukwenza amandla amasha asebenze kahle. Uhulumeni waseJalimane usanda kuphoqeleka ukuthi akhokhele abanikazi bama-wind turbines atshala amakhowe ukuze banqamule ugesi ngenxa yokuthi ama-transmission grid awakwazanga ukuthwala umthwalo olethwayo. Kunezinkinga naseShayina. Lapho, izitshalo zamandla kagesi ngamalahle, ezingakwazi ukuvulwa futhi zicishwe ngokushesha, zenza izinjini zomoya zime zingasebenzi u-15% wesikhathi, njengoba igridi ayikwazi ukuthola amandla ezitshalweni zikagesi nezinjini zomoya. Akugcini lapho. Izitshalo zamandla elanga zakhiwa lapho ngesivinini esikhulu kangangokuthi inethiwekhi yokudlulisela ayikwazi ukuthola ngisho no-50% wamandla eziwakhiqizayo.

Izinjini zomoya ziphelelwa amandla

Ngonyaka odlule, abacwaningi baseJalimane i-Max Planck Institute e-Jena bashicilela iphepha ephephabhukwini lesayensi elihlonishwayo i-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) elibonisa ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwamapulazi amakhulu omoya kuphansi kakhulu kunalokho okungaba umphumela wabo. isikali. Kungani inani lamandla elitholiwe lingancikile kusayizi wesitshalo? Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi yizigayo zomoya ngokwazo ezibambezela umoya ngokusebenzisa amandla awo, okusho ukuthi uma eningi efakwe endaweni ethile, kusho ukuthi amanye awo ngeke awathole ngenani elanele ukuze asebenze kahle kakhulu.

Abacwaningi basebenzise idatha evela enanini lamapulazi amakhulu omoya futhi bawaqhathanisa nedatha evela kumaturbine omoya angawodwana ukuze bakhe imodeli esuselwe kumamodeli aziwayo kakade omakanika komoya. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubona isimo sezulu endaweni yama-windmill. Njengoba kuphawulwe uDkt. Lee Miller, omunye wababhali bokushicilelwe, ukubalwa kwamandla okusebenza kahle kwama turbines afakwe umoya kuphezulu kakhulu kunokubonwa kukho konke ukufakwa kwawo.

Ososayensi banqume ukuthi, esimweni esibi kakhulu, i-turbine yomoya etholakala endaweni enabantu abaningi bokufakwa okunjalo ingakhiqiza kuphela u-20% kagesi ongatholakala uma itholakala yodwa.

Ososayensi basebenzise imodeli yomthelela ethuthukisiwe yezinjini zomoya ukuze balinganisele umthelela wabo emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubala ukuthi mangakanani amandla

Ugesi ungakhiqizwa emhlabeni wonke kusetshenziswa izinjini zomoya. Kuvela ukuthi cishe amaphesenti angu-4 kuphela omhlaba angakhiqiza ngaphezu kwe-1 W/m.²futhi ngokwesilinganiso cishe 0,5 W / m² - Lawa manani afana nezilinganiso zangaphambilini ezisekelwe kumamodeli wesimo sezulu esithuthukisiwe, kodwa cishe aphansi ngokuphindwe kashumi kunezilinganiso ezisuselwe kuphela esivinini somoya sencazelo yendawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngenkathi kugcinwa ukusatshalaliswa okuphelele kwezinjini zomoya, iplanethi ngeke ikwazi ukuthola amandla angaphezu kwama-75 TW wamandla omoya. Nokho, lokhu kusengaphezu kwamandla kagesi afakiwe njengamanje emhlabeni (cishe 20 TW), ngakho asikho isizathu sokukhathazeka, njengoba kukhona cishe 450 MW wamandla omoya asebenzayo eMhlabeni namuhla.

Ukubulawa kwezidalwa ezindizayo

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nemibiko nolwazi mayelana nokubulawa kwezinyoni namalulwane yizinjini zomoya. Kukhona ukwesaba okwaziwayo ukuthi imishini, ejikelezayo emadlelweni, izinkomo ezisabisayo, ngaphandle kwalokho, kufanele zikhiqize i-infrasound eyingozi, njll. Azikho izifundo zesayensi eziqinisekisayo ngale ndaba, nakuba imibiko ye-hecatombs yezidalwa ezindizayo iyidatha enokwethenjelwa.

Isithombe sekhamera eshisayo esibonisa ilulwane lindiza eduze kwe-wind turbine ebusuku.

Minyaka yonke, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamalulwane ahlasela amapulazi omoya. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezihlala izidleke ze-Treetop zidida imisinga yomoya ezungeze ama-windmill nemisinga ezungeze amakhaya azo, isiza sabika ngo-2014. Izitshalo zamandla kufanele futhi zikhumbuze amalulwane ezihlahla ezinde, emiqhele alindele amafu ezinambuzane noma isidleke sazo. Lokhu kubonakala kusekelwa izithombe zekhamera ezishisayo, ezibonisa ukuthi amalulwane aziphatha ngendlela efanayo namapulazi omoya njengoba enza ezihlahleni. Ososayensi bathi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamalulwane angasinda uma umklamo wama-rotor blades ubungashintshwa. Isixazululo futhi ukukhulisa umkhawulo lapho iqala ukuphotha. Abacwaningi futhi bacabanga ngokuhlomisa ama-turbines ngama-alamu e-ultrasonic ukuze axwayise amalulwane.

Irejista yokushayisana kwalezi zilwane nezinjini zomoya, isibonelo saseJalimane, okwenziwa yi-Brandenburg State Environmental Protection Agency, iqinisekisa imvelo enkulu yokufa. Abantu baseMelika baphinde baphenya lesi sigameko, beqinisekisa ukufa okuphezulu phakathi kwamalulwane, futhi kwaphawulwa ukuthi imvamisa yokushayisana yayincike kakhulu esimweni sezulu. Ngesivinini somoya omkhulu, isilinganiso somthelela sasiphansi, futhi ngesivinini esiphansi somoya, inani lezisulu zomthelela landa. Isivinini somoya esikhawulelayo lapho izinga lokushayisana lehle kakhulu linqunywe ku-6 m/s.

Inyoni eshile phezu kwesakhiwo i-Ivapa

Njengoba kwenzeka, ngeshwa, isitshalo samandla elanga saseMelika esikhulu i-Ivapah siyabulala. Ngokushesha ngemva kokwethulwa kwayo, i-Wall Street Journal yamemezela ukuthi iphrojekthi yaseCalifornian ingaba ngeyokugcina yohlobo lwayo e-US, ngenxa ye-hecatombs yezinyoni.

Inkimbinkimbi ithatha amahektha ayi-1300 kolunye lwezingwadule zaseCalifornia, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Las Vegas. Inemibhoshongo emithathu enobude obuyizitezi ezingama-40 nezibuko eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-350. Izibuko zikhombisa ukukhanya kwelanga kumagumbi okubhayela atholakala phezulu kwemibhoshongo. Kukhiqizwa isitimu, esidonsa amajeneretha ukuthi akhiqize ugesi. Zanele izinkulungwane eziyi-140. Izindlu. Nokho uhlelo lwesibuko lushisisa umoya ozungeze imibhoshongo uze ufike ku-540°C futhi izinyoni ezindiza eduze zivele zishe ziphila. Ngokombiko weHarvey & Associates, bangaphezu kuka-3,5 abantu abashone kulesi sikhungo phakathi nonyaka.

I-hype yemidiya eningi kakhulu

Okokugcina, kufanelekile ukusho esinye isenzakalo esingesihle. Isithombe samandla avuselelekayo ngokuvamile sihlushwa ihaba kanye ne-hype yemidiya ngokweqile, engadukisa abantu mayelana nesimo sangempela sokuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe.

Isibonelo, izihloko zezindaba zake zamemezela ukuthi idolobha laseLas Vegas selizovuseleleka ngokuphelele. Kwazwakala kuvusa amadlingozi. Kuphela ngemva kokufunda ngokucophelela nangokujulile ulwazi olunikeziwe, sithole ukuthi yebo - e-Las Vegas bashintshela ku-100% amandla avuselelekayo, kodwa kuphela ... izakhiwo zikamasipala, ezakha ingxenyena yephesenti yezakhiwo kulokhu. i-agglomeration.

sikumema ukuthi ufunde INOMBOLO YESIHLOKO ekukhishweni kwakamuva.