I-Terraforming - ukwakha uMhlaba omusha endaweni entsha

Ngolunye usuku kungase kuvele ukuthi uma kwenzeka inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke, ngeke kwenzeke ukubuyisela impucuko eMhlabeni noma ukubuyela esimweni esasikuso ngaphambi kosongo. Kuyafaneleka ukuba nomhlaba omusha ogciniwe futhi sakhe yonke into kabusha lapho - kangcono kunalokhu esikwenzile emhlabeni wethu wasekhaya. Nokho, asazi ngezindikimba zasezulwini ezilungele ukulungiswa ngokushesha. Umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuthi kuyodingeka umsebenzi othile ukuze kulungiswe indawo enjalo.

1. Ikhava yendaba "Ukushayisana ku-Orbit"

Ukwakha iplanethi, inyanga, noma enye into kuyinqubo ecatshangelwayo, engekho kwenye indawo (ngolwazi lwethu) yokuguqula umkhathi, izinga lokushisa, indawo ezungezile, noma imvelo yeplanethi noma enye indikimba yasezulwini ukuze ifane nendawo ezungezile yoMhlaba futhi iwenze ulungele umhlaba. ukuphila.

Umqondo we-terraforming uguquke kokubili emkhakheni kanye nesayensi yangempela. Igama ngokwalo lethulwa Jack Williamson (Will Stewart) endabeni emfushane ethi "Collision Orbit" (1), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1942.

IVenus ipholile, iMars ifudumele

Esihlokweni esanyatheliswa kumagazini iSayensi ngo-1961, isazi sezinkanyezi Carl Sagan ehlongozwayo. Wayenombono wokutshala ulwelwe emkhathini wakhe obungashintsha amanzi, i-nitrogen, nesikhutha kube izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo. Le nqubo izosusa i-carbon dioxide emkhathini, okuzonciphisa umphumela we-greenhouse kuze kube yilapho amazinga okushisa ehla emazingeni akhululekile. Ikhabhoni eyeqile izokwenziwa endaweni ebusweni beplanethi, ngokwesibonelo, ngendlela yegraphite.

Ngeshwa, ukutholwa kamuva mayelana nezimo zeVenus kubonise ukuthi inqubo enjalo ayinakwenzeka. Uma kuphela ngenxa yokuthi amafu akhona anesixazululo esigxile kakhulu se-sulfuric acid. Ngisho noma ulwelwe ngokwethiyori bungakhula endaweni enobutha yomoya ongenhla, umkhathi ngokwawo uminyene kakhulu—umfutho womkhathi ophezulu ungaveza umoya-mpilo omsulwa wamangqamuzana, futhi ikhabhoni ingavutha, ikhiphe i-COXNUMX.₂.

Kodwa-ke, imvamisa sikhuluma nge-terraforming kumongo wokuzijwayeza okungenzeka kwe-Mars. (2). Esihlokweni esithi "Planetary Engineering on Mars" eyanyatheliswa kumagazini i-Icarus ngo-1973, i-Sagan ibheka i-Red Planet njengendawo okungahlalwa kuyo abantu.

2. Umbono wezigaba ezilandelayo ze-terraforming Mars

Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, i-NASA yabhekana ngokusemthethweni nenkinga yobunjiniyela beplanethi, isebenzisa igama elithi "i-ecosynthesis yeplanethi". Ucwaningo olunyathelisiwe lwaphetha ngokuthi i-Mars ingasekela ukuphila futhi ibe iplanethi okuhlalwa kuyo. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwahlelwa iseshini yokuqala yengqungquthela ye-terraforming, eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-planetary modeling".

Nokho, kwaze kwaba ngo-1982 lapho igama elithi “terraforming” laqala khona ukusetshenziswa ngomqondo walo wesimanje. isazi seplanethi UChristopher McKay (7) wabhala "Terraforming Mars", eyavela Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. Leli phepha lixoxe ngamathemba okuzilawula kwe-Martian biosphere, futhi igama elisetshenziswe uMcKay selokhu kwaba yilona elithandwayo. Ngo-1984 James Lovelock i UMichael Allaby yanyathelisa incwadi ethi Greening Mars, engenye yezokuqala ezachaza indlela entsha yokushisisa iMars kusetshenziswa ama-chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) anezelwa emkhathini.

Sekukonke, ucwaningo oluningi kanye nezingxoxo zesayensi sezivele zenziwe mayelana nokwenzeka kokushisisa le planethi nokushintsha umkhathi wayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezicatshangelwayo zokuguqula i-Mars kungenzeka ukuthi sezingaphakathi kwamakhono ezobuchwepheshe obuntu. Nokho, izinsiza zomnotho ezidingekayo kulokhu zizoba zikhulu kakhulu kunanoma yimuphi uhulumeni noma umphakathi ozimisele ukwabela leyo njongo njengamanje.

Indlela yokwenza

Ngemuva kokuthi i-terraforming ingene ekusakazweni okubanzi kwemiqondo, ububanzi bayo baqala ukuhleleka. Ngo-1995 UMartin J. Inkungu (3) encwadini yakhe ethi "Terraforming: Engineering the Planetary Environment" unikeze izincazelo ezilandelayo ezicini ezihlukahlukene ezihlobene nalo mkhakha:

• ubunjiniyela beplanethi - ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe ukuthonya izakhiwo zomhlaba wonke zeplanethi;
• i-geoengineering - ubunjiniyela beplanethi busebenza ngqo eMhlabeni. Ihlanganisa kuphela leyo miqondo yobunjiniyela obukhulu ehilela ukushintsha amapharamitha athile omhlaba njengomphumela we-greenhouse, ukwakheka komkhathi, imisebe yelanga, noma i- shock flux;
• i-terraforming - inqubo yobunjiniyela beplanethi, okuhloswe ngayo, ikakhulukazi, ekwandiseni ikhono lemvelo yeplanethi yangaphandle ukusekela ukuphila esimweni esaziwayo. Impumelelo yokugcina kule ndawo kuzoba ukwakhiwa kwe-ecosystem yeplanethi evulekile elingisa yonke imisebenzi ye-terrestrial biosphere, elungele ngokuphelele ukuhlala abantu.

I-Fogg iphinde yathuthukisa izincazelo zamaplanethi anamazinga ahlukahlukene ahambisana ngokuya ngokuphila komuntu kuwo. Wahlukanisa amaplanethi:

• kuhlala abantu () - izwe elinendawo elingana noMhlaba abantu abangahlala kuyo ngokukhululeka nangokukhululeka;
• i-biocompatible (BP) - amaplanethi anamapharamitha angokomzimba avumela ukuphila kuchume ebusweni bawo. Ngisho noma ekuqaleni bengenawo, bangaqukatha i-biosphere eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngaphandle kwesidingo se-terraforming;
• i-terraform kalula (ETP) - amaplanethi angakwazi ukusebenzisana ngokwezinto eziphilayo noma okuhlalwa kuwo futhi angasekelwa isethi enesizotha yobuchwepheshe bonjiniyela beplanethi nezinsiza ezigcinwe kumkhumbi-mkhathi oseduze noma umgomo wesandulela werobhothi.

U-Fogg uphakamisa ukuthi ebusheni bakhe, i-Mars yayiyiplanethi ehambisana nezinto eziphilayo, nakuba okwamanje ayingeni kunoma yisiphi izigaba ezintathu - i-terraforming iphuma ku-ETP, inzima kakhulu, futhi ibiza kakhulu.

Ukuba nomthombo wamandla kuyisidingo esiphelele sokuphila, kodwa umqondo wokusebenza kweplanethi ngokushesha noma okungaba khona usekelwe kwezinye izici eziningi ze-geophysical, geochemical, kanye ne-astrophysical.

Okuthakazelisa ngokukhethekile isethi yezinto, ngaphezu kwezinto eziphilayo ezilula emhlabeni, ezisekela izinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. izilwane. Ucwaningo kanye nethiyori kule ndawo kuyingxenye yesayensi yeplanethi nesayensi yezinkanyezi.

Ungakwazi njalo ukusebenzisa i-thermonuclear

Emgqeni wayo wesayensi yezinkanyezi, i-NASA ichaza indlela eyinhloko yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokuthi ngokuyinhloko "imithombo yamanzi ayiketshezi eyanele, izimo ezivumayo ekuhlanganisweni kwamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nemithombo yamandla ukusekela umzimba." Lapho izimo emhlabeni zifaneleka ukuphila kohlobo oluthile, ukungenisa kokuphila kwamagciwane kungaqala. Njengoba izimo zisondela emhlabeni, impilo yezitshalo ingase yethulwe lapho. Lokhu kuzosheshisa ukukhiqizwa komoya-mpilo, ngokwenkolelo-mbono oyokwenza iplanethi ekugcineni ikwazi ukusekela ukuphila kwezilwane.

Ku-Mars, ukuntuleka komsebenzi we-tectonic kuvimbele ukuphindaphindeka kwamagesi avela ezinhlakeni zasendaweni, okuvuna umoya oseMhlabeni. Okwesibili, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ukungabikho kwe-magnetosphere ebanzi ezungeze i-Red Planet kwaholela ekubhujisweni kancane kancane komkhathi ngumoya welanga (4).

4 I-Magnetosphere Ebuthakathaka Ayivikeli I-Martian Atmosphere

I-Convection enkabeni ye-Mars, okuyingxenye enkulu yensimbi, ekuqaleni yakha insimu kazibuthe, nokho-ke i-dynamo sekuyisikhathi eside yayeka ukusebenza futhi insimu ye-Martian isinyamalale kakhulu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokulahlekelwa ukushisa okuyisisekelo nokuqina. Namuhla, indawo kazibuthe iyiqoqo lezinkambu zendawo ezifana nezambulela ezincane, ikakhulukazi ezizungeze i-hemisphere eseningizimu. Izinsalela ze-magnetosphere zimboza cishe ama-40% obuso beplanethi. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-NASA Mission Uchwepheshe bonisa ukuthi umkhathi uyasuswa ngokuyinhloko ngama-solar coronal mass ejections aqhumisa iplanethi ngama-proton anamandla aphezulu.

I-Terraforming Mars kuyodingeka ihilele izinqubo ezimbili ezinkulu ngesikhathi esisodwa - ukwakhiwa komkhathi nokufudumala kwawo.

Umkhathi ominyene wamagesi abamba ukushisa njenge-carbon dioxide uzomisa imisebe yelanga engenayo. Njengoba izinga lokushisa elikhulayo lizofaka amagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, lezi zinqubo ezimbili zizoqinisana. Nokho, isikhutha sisodwa besingeke sanele ukugcina izinga lokushisa lingaphezu kwezinga elibandayo lamanzi - bekuyodingeka enye into.

Olunye Uphenyo LweMartian Olusanda Kuba Negama Ukuphikelela futhi izokwethulwa kulo nyaka, izothatha uzama ukukhiqiza umoya-mpilo. Siyazi ukuthi umkhathi ongavamile uqukethe u-95,32% we-carbon dioxide, u-2,7% we-nitrogen, u-1,6% we-argon, kanye ne-oxygen engu-0,13%, kanye nezinye izakhi eziningi ngamanani amancane nakakhulu. Ukuhlolwa okwaziwa ngokuthi ukujabula (5) iwukusebenzisa isikhutha nokukhipha umoya-mpilo kuyo. Ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kubonise ukuthi lokhu ngokuvamile kuyenzeka futhi kuyenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe. Kufanele uqale ndawana thize.

5. Amamojula aphuzi ohlolo lwe-MOXIE ku-Perseverance rover.

mphathi we-spacex, U-Elon Musk, ubengeke abe nguye uma engafaki amasenti akhe amabili engxoxweni mayelana ne-terraforming Mars. Omunye wemibono kaMusk ukwehlela ezigxotsheni zeMartian. amabhomu e-hydrogen. Ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okukhulu, ngokombono wakhe, kungadala amandla amaningi okushisa ngokuncibilikisa iqhwa, futhi lokhu kuzokhipha isikhutha, esingadala umphumela obamba ukushisa emkhathini, kubambe ukushisa.

Indawo kazibuthe ezungeze i-Mars izovikela ama-marsonuts emisebeni ye-cosmic futhi idale isimo sezulu esipholile ebusweni beplanethi. Kodwa ngokuqinisekile awukwazi ukufaka ucezu olukhulu lwensimbi ewuketshezi ngaphakathi kwalo. Ngakho-ke, ochwepheshe banikeza esinye isisombululo - faka w indawo yokukhululwa L1 ohlelweni lwe-Mars-Sun generator omkhulu, okuzodala insimu yamagnetic enamandla.

Lo mqondo wethulwe emhlanganweni wokucobelelana ngolwazi iPlanetary Science Vision 2050 nguDkt. UJim Green, umqondisi wePlanetary Science Division, uphiko lweNASA lokuhlola amaplanethi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inkambu kazibuthe ingaholela ekwenyukeni komfutho womoya kanye namazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo. Ukwenyuka ngo-4°C nje kungancibilikisa iqhwa ezindaweni ezishisayo, kudedele i-CO egciniwe₂lokhu kuzodala umphumela onamandla we-greenhouse. Amanzi azogeleza lapho futhi. Ngokusho kwabadali, isikhathi sangempela sokuqaliswa kwephrojekthi ngu-2050.

Ngokulandelayo, isixazululo esiphakanyiswe ngoJulayi odlule ngabacwaningi baseNyuvesi yase-Harvard asithembisi ukumisa iplanethi yonke ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa kungaba indlela ehlukaniswe ngezigaba. Ososayensi baqhamuke nayo ukwakhiwa kwezindlu eyenziwe ngezingqimba ezincanyana ze-silica airgel, ezingaba sobala futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zinikeze isivikelo emisebeni ye-UV futhi zifudumale phezulu.

Ngesikhathi sokulingisa, kwavela ukuthi ungqimba oluncane lwe-airgel, 2-3 cm, lwanele ukushisa ubuso obufika ku-50 ° C. Uma sikhetha izindawo ezifanele, izinga lokushisa lezingcezu zeMars lizokwenyuka libe ngu--10 ° C. Isazoba phansi, kodwa ebangeni esingakwazi ukuliphatha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe bekungagcina amanzi akulezi zifunda esesimweni esiwuketshezi unyaka wonke, okuthi, kuhlangene nokuthola ukukhanya kwelanga njalo, kufanele kube ngokwanele ukuze izitshalo zikwazi ukwenza i-photosynthesis.

I-Ecological terraforming

Uma umqondo wokudala kabusha i-Mars ukuze ibukeke njengoMhlaba uzwakala umuhle, khona-ke ukwakheka komhlaba okungaba khona kwezinye izindikimba ze-cosmic kuphakamisa izinga lokumangalisa ku-nth degree.

IVenus isivele ishiwo. Akwaziwa kakhulu ukucatshangelwa terraforming inyanga. Geoffrey A. Landis kusuka ku-NASA kubalwa ngo-2011 ukuthi ukudala umoya ozungeze isathelayithi yethu ngomfutho ongu-0,07 atm ovela kumoya-mpilo ohlanzekile kuzodinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-200 omoya komoyampilo endaweni ethile. Umcwaningi uphakamise ukuthi lokhu kungenziwa kusetshenziswa ukusabela kokunciphisa umoya-mpilo okuvela emadwaleni enyanga. Inkinga iwukuthi ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi aphansi, uzolahlekelwa ngokushesha. Mayelana namanzi, izinhlelo zangaphambili zokuqhumisa indawo yenyanga ngezinkanyezi ezinomsila zingase zingasebenzi. Kuvela ukuthi kunenqwaba ye-H yendawo emhlabathini wenyanga₂0, ikakhulukazi ezungeze i-South Pole.

Amanye amakhandidethi okungenzeka ukuthi enze i-terraforming - mhlawumbe ingxenye kuphela - noma i-paraterraforming, ehlanganisa ukudala phezu kwemizimba ye-alien space. izindawo zokuhlala ezivaliwe kubantu (6) lezi yizi: Titan, Callisto, Ganymede, Europa ngisho neMercury, inyanga kaSaturn i-Enceladus kanye neplanethi encane iCeres.

6. Umbono wobuciko we-terraforming engaphelele

Uma siqhubekela phambili, kuma-exoplanets, phakathi kwawo ngokuya sihlangana nomhlaba ofana noMhlaba, khona-ke singena ngokuzumayo ezingeni elisha lengxoxo. Singakwazi ukubona amaplanethi afana ne-ETP, BP futhi mhlawumbe ngisho ne-HP lapho kude, okungukuthi. lezo esingenazo esimiso sonozungezilanga. Khona-ke ukuzuza umhlaba onjalo kuba yinkinga enkulu kunobuchwepheshe nezindleko ze-terraforming.

Iziphakamiso eziningi zobunjiniyela bamaplanethi zihilela ukusetshenziswa kwamagciwane ashintshwe izakhi. Gary King, isazi se-microbiologist sase-Louisiana State University esicwaninga ngezinto eziphilayo ezeqisa kakhulu eMhlabeni, siphawula ukuthi:

"I-Synthetic biology isinikeze isethi emangalisayo yamathuluzi esingawasebenzisa ukuze senze izinhlobo ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo eziklanyelwe ngokuqondile izinhlelo esifuna ukuzihlela."

Usosayensi ubeka amathemba e-terraforming, echaza:

"Sifuna ukutadisha amagciwane akhethiwe, sithole izakhi zofuzo ezinesibopho sokusinda kanye nokuba usizo kwe-terraforming (njengokumelana nemisebe nokuntuleka kwamanzi), bese sisebenzisa lolu lwazi kunjiniyela wofuzo amagciwane aklanywe ngokukhethekile."

Usosayensi ubona izinselele ezinkulu ekhonweni lokukhetha ngokofuzo kanye nokujwayela amagciwane afanelekile, ekholelwa ukuthi kungathatha "iminyaka eyishumi noma ngaphezulu" ukunqoba lesi sithiyo. Uphawula nokuthi into engcono kakhulu kungaba ukuthuthukisa "hhayi nje uhlobo olulodwa lwe-microbe, kodwa eziningana ezisebenza ndawonye."

Esikhundleni sokwenza i-terraforming noma ngaphezu kokwenza indawo ezungezile ibe yisimo esibucayi, ochwepheshe baye baphakamisa ukuthi abantu bangakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nalezi zindawo ngokusebenzisa ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, i-biotechnology, kanye nezithuthukisi ze-cybernetic.

Liza Nip we-MIT Media Lab Molecular Machines Team, uthe i-synthetic biology ingavumela ososayensi ukuthi baguqule izakhi zofuzo abantu, izitshalo, namagciwane ukuze bavumelane nezilwane nezimo kwenye iplanethi.

UMartin J. Fogg, Carl Sagan ukuzila ukudla Robert Zubrin i Richard L.S. TyloNgikholelwa ukuthi ukwenza eminye imihlaba kuhlalwe kuyo - njengokuqhubeka komlando wempilo yendawo eguqukayo eMhlabeni - akwamukelekile neze. umsebenzi wokuziphatha wesintu. Ziphinde zibonise ukuthi iplanethi yethu ekugcineni izoyeka ukusebenza noma kunjalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele ucabangele isidingo sokunyakaza.

Nakuba abasekeli bakholelwa ukuthi akukho lutho oluhlangene nokwakhiwa kwamaplanethi angenalutho. izindaba zokuziphatha, kunemibono yokuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani kuyoba okuphambene nokuziphatha ukuphazamisa imvelo.

Uma kubhekwa indlela abantu abaphathe ngayo umhlaba ngaphambilini, kungcono kakhulu ukungavezi amanye amaplanethi emisebenzini yabantu. UChristopher McKay uthi i-terraforming ilungile kuphela lapho siqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi iplanethi engaziwa ayifihli impilo yendabuko. Futhi noma singakwazi ukuyithola, akufanele sizame ukuyiguqula ukuze siyisebenzisele thina, kodwa senze ngendlela yokuthi ukuzijwayeza le mpilo alien. Akukhona neze ngenye indlela.

Bheka futhi: