i-supernova

I-supernova SN1994 D emthaleni i-NGC4526

Kuwo wonke umlando wokubhekwa kwezinkanyezi, ukuqhuma kwe-supernova okungu-6 kuphela okuye kwabonwa ngeso lenyama. Ngo-1054, ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova, ingabe kwavela "esibhakabhakeni" sethu? I-Crab Nebula. Ukuqhuma kwe-1604 kwabonakala amasonto amathathu ngisho nasemini. I-Large Magellanic Cloud yaqhuma ngo-1987. Kodwa le supernova yayiqhele nge-light-year engu-169000 ukusuka eMhlabeni, ngakho kwakunzima ukuyibona.

Ekupheleni kuka-August 2011, izazi zezinkanyezi zathola i-supernova emahoreni ambalwa nje ngemva kokuqhuma kwayo. Lena into eseduze kakhulu yalolu hlobo etholwe eminyakeni engu-25 edlule. Iningi le-supernovae liqhele okungenani iminyaka eyibhiliyoni yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. Kulokhu, i-white dwarf yaqhuma endaweni eqhele nge-light-year eyizigidi ezingu-21. Ngenxa yalokho, inkanyezi eqhumayo ingabonakala ngezibonakude noma ngesibonakude esincane ku-Pinwheel Galaxy (M101), etholakala endaweni yethu yokubuka engekude ne-Ursa Major.

Zimbalwa kakhulu izinkanyezi ezifayo ngenxa yokuqhuma okukhulu kangaka. Iningi lihamba buthule. Inkanyezi engahamba nge-supernova kuzodingeka ibe yinkulu ngokuphindwe kashumi kuya kwezingamashumi amabili njengeLanga lethu. Makhulu impela. Izinkanyezi ezinjalo zinendawo enkulu yokugcina isisindo futhi zingafinyelela amazinga okushisa aphezulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela?Dala? izakhi ezisindayo.

Ekuqaleni kwawo-30, isazi sezinkanyezi uFritz Zwicky safunda ukukhanya okungaqondakali okwakuvela esibhakabhakeni ngezikhathi ezithile. Wafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi lapho inkanyezi iwa futhi ifinyelela ukuminyana okuqhathaniswa nokuminyana kwe-nucleus ye-athomu, kwakheka i-nucleus eminyene lapho ama-electron avela "ehlukana"? ama-athomu azoya kuma-nuclei akhe ama-neutron. Izokwakheka kanje inkanyezi ye-neutron. Isipuni esisodwa somgogodla wenkanyezi ye-neutron sinesisindo esingamakhilogremu ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-90. Ngenxa yalokhu kuwa, kuzokwakhiwa inani elikhulu lamandla, elikhishwa ngokushesha. UZwicky wayewabiza ngokuthi ama-supernova.

Ukukhishwa kwamandla ngesikhathi sokuqhuma kukhulu kangangokuthi izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemva kokuqhuma kwedlula inani lawo kuwo wonke umthala. Ngemva kokuqhuma, igobolondo elingaphandle elikhula ngokushesha lisala, lishintsha libe i-nebula yeplanethi kanye ne-pulsar, inkanyezi ye-baryon (neutron) noma umgodi omnyama.

Kodwa uma, ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova, ubukhulu bomgogodla buphindwe izikhathi ezingu-1,4-3 kunobukhulu beLanga, lusabhidlika futhi lukhona njengenkanyezi ye-neutron. Izinkanyezi ze-Neutron zizungeza (ngokuvamile) izikhathi eziningi ngomzuzwana, zikhipha amanani amakhulu wamandla ngendlela yamaza omsakazo, ama-X ray, nemisebe ye-gamma. Uma isisindo somongo sikhulu ngokwanele, umgogodla ugoqa unomphela. Umphumela uba imbobo emnyama. Lapho ikhishelwa emkhathini, ingqikithi yengqikithi negobolondo le-supernova ikhula ibe yingubo, ebizwa ngokuthi insalela ye-supernova. Ishayisana namafu egesi azungezile, idala igagasi elishisayo ngaphambili futhi ikhiphe amandla. Lawa mafu akhazimula endaweni ebonakalayo yamagagasi futhi ayinhle ngoba inemibalabala kwababhula ngezinkanyezi.

Ukuqinisekiswa kokuba khona kwezinkanyezi ze-neutron akuzange kutholwe kuze kube ngu-1968.