ukulondolozwa kokudla

Ama-microorganisms anomthelela omkhulu ekonakaleni kokudla, ngakho-ke izinqubo zokunakekela zihloselwe ukuvimbela ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezigciniwe kanye noshintsho olunjalo kumakhemikhali okudla noma ukupakishwa nokuvalwa okunganciphisa ukuthuthuka kwabo okuqhubekayo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukuphepha. Ukudla Ukuthi kwakwenziwa kanjani ezikhathini zangaphambili nasemandulo, nokuthi namuhla uzofunda kanjani esihlokweni esilandelayo.

indaba yasemuva Cishe indlela endala kakhulu yokwelula isikhathi seshelufu sokudla kwakuwukukubhema nokukomisa emlilweni noma elangeni nasemoyeni. Ngakho, ngokwesibonelo, inyama nenhlanzi kwakungasinda ebusika (1). Ukomisa kakade 12 ayizinkulungwane. eminyakeni edlule, yayisetshenziswa kabanzi eMpumalanga Ephakathi nase-Asia Ephakathi. Kodwa-ke, ngaleso sikhathi, cishe abazange baqonde ingqikithi yenqubo, okwakuwukuthi ukukhishwa kwamanzi emkhiqizweni kwandisa ukuphila kwawo okuwusizo.

1. Ukubhema inhlanzi emlilweni

Ubudala Usawoti uye wadlala indima ebalulekile ekulweni kwabantu namagciwane abangela ukonakala kokudla, okunciphisa umsebenzi obalulekile wezilwanyana ezincane. Yayivele isetshenziswa kabanzi eGreece lasendulo, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwe-brine kwakusetshenziselwa ukwandisa ukuphila okuwusizo kwezinhlanzi. AmaRoma wona ayezicwilisa inyama. U-Apicius, umbhali wencwadi yokupheka edumile kusukela ngesikhathi sika-Augustus noTiberius, "De re coquinaria libri X" ("Ngobuciko bokulungiselela izincwadi ezingu-10"), weluleka umkhiqizo ogcinwe ngale ndlela ukuthambisa ngokuwubilisa obisini.

Ngokuphambene nokubukeka, umlando wezithasiselo zokudla zamakhemikhali nawo mude kakhulu. Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babesebenzisa i-cochineal (namuhla E 120) kanye ne-curcumin (E 100) ukuze bafake umbala wenyama, i-sodium nitrite (E 250) yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza usawoti wenyama, kanti i-sulphur dioxide (E 220) ne-acetic acid (E 260) yayisetshenziswa njengodayi. . izilondolozi. . Lezi zinto zazisetshenziselwa izinjongo ezifanayo eGrisi naseRoma lasendulo.

KULUNGILE. 1000 pennies Njengoba intatheli yaseFrance uMagelon Toussaint-Samat ebonisa encwadini yakhe ethi The History of Food, ukudla okuqandisiwe kwakwaziwa eChina ngabantu abangu-3 XNUMX. eminyakeni eminingi edlule.

1000-500 tenge E-Auvergne, eFrance, kuye kwatholakala izinqolobane ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane zenkathi yeGallic phakathi nokumbiwa kwemivubukulo. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi abakwaGaul babezazi izimfihlo zokugcina ukudla kwe-vacuum. Lapho begcina okusanhlamvu, baqale bazama ukubhubhisa amabhaktheriya namanye amagciwane ngomlilo, base begcwalisa izinqolobane zabo ngendlela yokuthi ukungena komoya ezingqimbeni ezingezansi kuvinjelwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, okusanhlamvu kwakungagcinwa iminyaka eminingi.

IV-II vpne Kuye kwenziwa nemizamo yokulondoloza ukudla ngokukhetha, kusetshenziswa uviniga ikakhulukazi. Izibonelo eziphawulekayo zivela eRoma lasendulo. I-marinade yemifino ethandwayo yabe yenziwa ngoviniga, uju kanye nesinaphi. Ngokuka-Apichush, uju lwalubuye lulungele ama-marinades, njengoba lwalugcina inyama iyintsha izinsuku ezimbalwa, ngisho nalapho kushisa.

E-Greece, i-quince kanye nengxube yoju enenani elincane loju omisiwe yayisetshenziselwa le njongo - konke lokhu kanye nemikhiqizo yayifakwe ngokuqinile ezitsheni. AmaRoma ayesebenzisa indlela efanayo, kodwa esikhundleni salokho abilisa ingxube yoju nequince ukuze aqine. Abadayisi baseNdiya nabaseMpumalanga bona baletha umoba eYurophu - manje omama basekhaya bangafunda ukwenza "ukudla okusemathinini" ngokushisa izithelo ngomoba.

1794-1809 Inkathi yokufaka amathini yesimanje isuka emikhankasweni kaNapoleon ngo-1794, lapho uNapoleon eqala ukufuna izindlela zokugcina ukudla okonakalayo kwamasosha akhe alwela phesheya kwezilwandle, emhlabeni nasolwandle.

Ngo-1795, uhulumeni waseFrance wanikeza ibhonasi engu-12. ama-franc alabo abaqhamuka nendlela yokwelula impilo yeshalofu yemikhiqizo. Ngonyaka wesi-1809, yamukelwa ngumFulentshi uNicolas Appert (3). Wasungula futhi wathuthukisa indlela yokuhlola. Bekuhlanganisa ukupheka isikhathi eside kokudla emanzini abilayo noma isitimu, emikhunjini evalwe nge-hermetically, njengamajeke (4) noma amathini ensimbi. Nakuba ukuhlolwa kwasungulwa eFrance, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwamathini kwaqala eNgilandi, kwaba eMelika kuphela lapho ukuthuthukiswa okungokoqobo kwalendlela kwenzeka.

XIX ngo. Ukudla kosawoti kudala kwaziwa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu baqala ukuhlola, futhi ekhulwini lama-20 kwatholakala ukuthi usawoti othile wenza inyama ibe nombala obomvu okhangayo esikhundleni sokuba mpunga. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okwenziwa eminyakeni engu-XNUMX, ososayensi baqaphela ukuthi ingxube kasawoti (nitrate) ivimbela ukukhula kwe-botulinum bacilli.

1821 Imiphumela yokuqala emihle yokusebenzisa umoya oguquliwe ekudleni yabonwa. U-Jacques-Étienne Berard, uprofesa eSikoleni Sekhemisi eMontpellier, eFrance, wathola futhi wamemezela emhlabeni wonke ukuthi ukugcina izithelo ezimweni eziphansi zokwenza umoya-mpilo kubambezele ukuvuthwa kwazo futhi kwandisa isikhathi sazo seshalofu. Kodwa-ke, i-controlled atmosphere storage (CAS) ayizange isetshenziswe kuze kube ngama-30s lapho ama-apula namapheya kugcinwa emikhunjini emakamelweni anamazinga aphezulu e-CO.₂ - bandise ubusha babo.

5. U-Ludwik Pasteur - isithombe sika-Albert Edelfelt

1862-1871 Isiqandisi sokuqala saklanywa umsunguli wase-Australia uJames Harrison, iphrinta ngokomsebenzi. Ngisho nokukhiqizwa kwayo kwaqalwa futhi kwafika emakethe, kodwa emithonjeni eminingi umsunguli walolu hlobo lwesisetshenziswa unjiniyela waseBavaria uCarl von Linde. Ngo-1871, wasebenzisa uhlelo lwesiqandisi endaweni yokuphisa utshwala eSpaten eMunich, okwavumela ubhiya ukuba ukhiqizwe ehlobo. Isipholile kwakuyi-dimethyl ether noma i-ammonia (u-Harrison wabuye wasebenzisa i-methyl ether). Iqhwa elitholwe ngale ndlela lakhiwa laba amabhulokhi futhi layiswa ezindlini, lapho laliwela emakhabetheni avinjwe ukushisa lapho ukudla kwakupholiswa khona.

1863 U-Ludwik Pasteur (5) uchaza ngokwesayensi inqubo ye-pasteurization, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvala ama-microorganisms ngenkathi kugcinwa ukunambitheka kokudla. Indlela yakudala ye-pasteurization ihlanganisa ukushisisa umkhiqizo ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-72°C, kodwa lingabi ngaphezu kuka-100°C. Isibonelo, iqukethe ukuyishisisa ibe ngu-100°C ngomzuzu noma u-85°C emaminithini angu-30 kudivayisi evaliwe ebizwa ngokuthi i-pasteurizer.

1899 Umphumela olimazayo wengcindezi ephezulu kuma-microorganisms waboniswa nguBert Holmes Hite. Emaminithini angu-10 ekamelweni lokushisa, wabeka ubisi ngaphansi kwengcindezi engu-680 MPa, ephawula ukuthi ngenxa yalokhu, inani lama-microorganisms aphilayo aqukethwe ubisi lehla. Ngokulandelayo, inyama engaphansi kwengcindezi engu-540 MPa ekushiseni kuka-52°C ihora ayizange ibonise izinguquko ze-microbiological phakathi namasonto amathathu okugcina.

Eminyakeni eyalandela, izifundo eziyisisekelo zenziwa ngethonya lokucindezela okukhulu, i.e. kumaprotheni, ama-enzyme, izakhi zeseli kanye nama-microorganisms wonke. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-pascalization, ngemuva kososayensi omkhulu waseFrance u-Blaise Pascal, futhi isathuthukiswa. Ngo-1990, i-high-pressure jam yakhululwa emakethe yaseJapane, futhi ngonyaka olandelayo, kwavela imikhiqizo eminingi yokudla efana ne-fruit yogurts nama-jellies, i-mayonnaise salad dressings, njll.

1905 Kunikezwe osokhemisi baseBrithani u-J. Appleby kanye no-A. J. Banks. Ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwemisebe yokudla kwaqala ngo-1921, lapho usosayensi waseMelika ethola ukuthi ama-X-ray angabulala i-Trichinella, i-parasite etholakala engulubeni.

Ukudla kwakuphathwa ngama-isotopes anemisebe ye-cesium 137 noma i-cobalt 60 kuma-insulators okuhola - ama-isotopes alezi zakhi akhipha imisebe ye-ionizing kagesi ngendlela yemisebe ye-gamma. Umsebenzi owengeziwe ngalezi zindlela waqala eNgilandi ngemva kuka-1930, kwase kuba e-United States ngemva kuka-1940. Kusukela cishe ngo-1955, emazweni amaningi kwaqala ukucwaninga ngokulondolozwa kokudla ngemisebe. Ngokushesha, imikhiqizo yagcinwa kusetshenziswa imisebe ye-ionizing, eyenza kube nokwenzeka ukwandisa impilo yeshalofu, isibonelo, yezinkukhu, kodwa ayizange iqinisekise ubunyumba obuphelele bomkhiqizo. Zisetshenziswa ngempumelelo ukucindezela ukuhluma kwamazambane no-anyanisi.

1906 Ukuzalwa okusemthethweni kwenqubo yokumisa iqhwa (6). Emsebenzini wabo owethulwe e-Academy of Sciences eParis, isazi sezinto eziphilayo uFrédéric Bordas kanye nodokotela nesazi sefiziksi u-Jacques-Arsène d'Arsonval bafakazele ukuthi kungenzeka ukomisa i-serum yegazi eqandisiwe futhi ezwela ukushisa. I-whey eyomile ngale ndlela yahlala izinzile isikhathi eside ekamelweni lokushisa. Abasunguli ocwaningweni lwabo olulandelayo bachaze ukuthi indlela yabo ingasetshenziswa ukulungisa nokugcina i-sera nemithi yokugoma isesimweni esihle. Ukususwa kwamanzi emkhiqizweni oqandisiwe kwenzeka nasezimweni zemvelo - lokhu sekukade kwasetshenziswa ama-Eskimos. Ukomisa okomisa izimboni kwasetshenziswa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lesi-XNUMX.

6. Imikhiqizo eqandisiwe

1913 I-DOMELRE (Isiqandisi se-DOMestic ELEctric), isiqandisi sokuqala sikagesi sasendlini, siqhubeke nokudayiswa eChicago. Ngawo lowo nyaka, kwavela iziqandisi eJalimane. Imodeli yaseMelika yayinomzimba wokhuni kanye nendlela yokupholisa phezulu. Empeleni bekungesona isiqandisi njengoba sikuqonda namuhla, kodwa kunalokho iyunithi yesiqandisi eklanyelwe ukufakwa phezu kwesiqandisi esikhona.

Isipholile kwakuyi-sulphur dioxide enobuthi. Iziqandisi zaseJalimane (ezenziwe yi-AEG) zazimbozwe ngamathayili e-ceramic. Kodwa-ke, cishe kuphela abathengisi baseJalimane kuphela abakwazi ukukhokhela lezi zixhobo, ngoba zibiza amamaki wesimanje angu-1750, okufana nefa lezwe.

7. UClarence Birdseye eNyakatho Ekude

1922 UClarence Birdseye, ngesikhathi ekwi-Labrador (7) eqandayo, wathola ukuthi ku--40°C, izinhlanzi ezibanjiwe ziba yiqhwa cishe ngokushesha, futhi lapho zincibilika, ziba nokunambitheka okusha, okuhluke ngokuphelele kwezinhlanzi eziqandisiwe ezingathengwa eNew York. Ngokushesha wasungula isu lokuqandisa ukudla ngokushesha.

Ukubanda okusheshayo manje kwaziwa ngokwenza amakristalu eqhwa amancane alimaza izakhiwo zezicubu ngezinga elincane kunezinye izindlela. U-Birdseye uzame izinhlanzi ezibandayo eSiqandisini Sezingubo futhi kamuva wasungula eyakhe i-Birdseye Seafoods Inc. Yayisebenza ngokukhethekile ekuqandiseni izibopho zezinhlanzi emoyeni obandayo ezingeni lokushisa elingu-43 ° C, kodwa ngo-1924 yashabalala ngenxa yokuntula isithakazelo sabathengi.

Kodwa-ke, ngawo lowo nyaka, u-Birdseye wasungula inqubo entsha ngokuphelele yokuhweba ngokushesha - ukupakisha izinhlanzi emakhathoni bese eqandisa okuqukethwe phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili eziqandisiwe ngaphansi kwengcindezi; futhi yakha inkampani entsha, iGeneral Seafood Corporation.

8. 1939 isikhangiso sefriji ye-Electrolux

1935-1939 Ngenxa ye-Electrolux, iziqandisi seziqala ukubonakala ngobuningi ezindlini ezijwayelekile zaseKowalski (8).

Ama-60. Ama-antibiotics aseqalile ukusetshenziselwa ukugcina ukudla. Kodwa-ke, ukwanda okusheshayo kokumelana namagciwane kulezi zinhlanganisela kuye kwaholela ekuvinjelweni kwazo ukusetshenziswa. Ngokushesha kwatholakala ukuthi amagciwane e-lactic acid akhiqiza isibulala-magciwane esisebenzayo se-nisin, esingahlobene nemithi elwa namagciwane. I-Nisin igcinwa, ikakhulukazi, enyameni ebhemayo kanye noshizi.

Ama-90. Engxenyeni yesibili yeshumi leminyaka lokugcina lekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ucwaningo lwaqala mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwe-plasma yokungasebenzi kwe-microbial, nakuba indlela yokuvala i-plasma ebandayo yayinelungelo lobunikazi emuva kuma-60s. Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwe-plasma enezinga eliphansi lokushisa ekukhiqizeni ukudla kubhekwa njengobuchwepheshe besizukulwane sokuqala, okusho ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqala sokuthuthuka.

9. Ikhava yencwadi ka-Lothar Leistner kanye no-Graham Gould mayelana nendlela yokugwedla.

2000 U-Lothar Leistner (9) uchaza ubuchwepheshe bokuvimba, okungukuthi indlela yokuqeda ngokunembile amagciwane ekudleni. Ibeka "izithiyo" ezithile i-pathogen okufanele inqobe ukuze iphile. Sikhuluma ngenhlanganisela enengqondo yezindlela eziqinisekisa ukuphepha kokudla kanye nokuzinza kwe-microbiological, kanye nokunambitheka okuphelele nezimfanelo zokudla okunomsoco kanye nokuba nokwenzeka kwezomnotho. Izibonelo zezithiyo ohlelweni lokudla izinga lokushisa eliphezulu lokucubungula, izinga lokushisa eliphansi lesitoreji, ukwanda kwe-asidi, umsebenzi oncishisiwe wamanzi, noma ukuba khona kwezivimbelakuvunda.

Kucatshangelwa uhlobo lomkhiqizo kanye ne-microflora ekhona kuwo, inkimbinkimbi yalezi zici ezingenhla ikhethwa ukuze kukhishwe ama-microorganisms emikhiqizweni yokudla noma ukuwenza angabi nangozi. Isici ngasinye singesinye isithiyo. Njengoba zigxumela phezu kwazo ngamunye ngamunye, amagciwane ayaba buthaka, agcine efika lapho engasakwazi khona ukuqhubeka egxuma. Khona-ke ukukhula kwabo kuyama, futhi inani labo lizinza ezingeni eliphephile - noma bayafa. Isinyathelo sokugcina kule ndlela yizinto zokulondolozwa kwamakhemikhali, ezisetshenziswa kuphela lapho ezinye izithiyo zingavimbeli ngokwanele ukusebenza kwamagciwane noma lapho umgoqo ususa izakhi eziningi ekudleni.

Izindlela zokulondoloza ukudla

Okomzimba

• Okushisayo - okubandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu noma aphansi:

     - ukupholisa,

     - ukubanda,

     - inzalo,

     - i-pasteurization,

     - blanching

     - i-tyndalization (i-pasteurization ehlukanisiwe - indlela yokugcina ukudla okusemathinini, okuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwe-pasteurization izikhathi ezimbili noma ezintathu ngesikhawu sosuku olulodwa kuya kwezintathu; leli gama livela egameni likasosayensi wase-Ireland uJohn Tyndall).

• Ukuncipha komsebenzi wamanzi ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa noma ukwengezwa kwezinto ezishintsha ingcindezi ye-osmotic:

     - ukomisa,

     - ukuqina (ukuhwamuka, i-cryoconcentration, i-osmosis, i-dialysis, i-osmosis eguquguqukayo),

     - Ukwengezwa kwezinto ezi-osmoactive.

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamagesi okuvikela emakamelweni okugcina (isimo esilungisiwe noma esilawulwayo) noma emaphaketheni okudla:

     - i-nitrogen,

     - i-carbon dioxide,

     - Vacuum.

• Imisebe:

     - UVC,

     - ionizing.

• Ukusebenzisana kwe-electromagnetic, okubandakanya ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zenkambu ye-electromagnetic:

     - pulsating amasimu kagesi,

     - izizinda zikagesi kazibuthe.

• Ingcindezi yohlelo lokusebenza:

     -Ultra high (UHP),

     - okusezingeni eliphezulu (GDP).

Amakhemikhali

• Ukwengeza amakhemikhali kusixazululo sokulondoloza:

     - Marinating

     - ukufakwa kwe-inorganic acid,

     - Marinating

     - ukusetshenziswa kwamanye ama-preservatives amakhemikhali (ama-antiseptics, ama-antibiotics).

• Ukwengeza amakhemikhali emkhathini wenqubo:

     - ukubhema.

eziphilayo

• Izinqubo zokuvutshelwa ngaphansi kwethonya lama-microorganisms:

     - ukuvutshelwa kwe-lactic

     - uviniga,

     - propionic (okubangelwa amagciwane propionic).