Amabhande ezihlalo kanye namabhande ezihlalo

Isici esivame kakhulu sesakhiwo sesistimu yokuphepha yemoto amabhande ezihlalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunciphisa amathuba nobukhulu bokulimala ngenxa yethonya ezingxenyeni eziqinile zomzimba, ingilazi, nabanye abagibeli (okuthiwa imithelela yesibili). Amabhande ezihlalo eziboshwe aqinisekisa ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwama-airbag.

Ngokwenani lamaphoyinti okunamathiselwe, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zamabhande esihlalo zihlukaniswa: ezimbili-, ezintathu-, ezine-, ezinhlanu- namaphuzu ayisithupha.

Amabhande ezihlalo ezinamaphoyinti amabili (umdwebo 1) njengamanje asetshenziswa njengebhande lesihlalo eliphakathi nendawo esihlalweni esingemuva kwezinye izimoto ezindala, kanye nasezihlalweni zabagibeli ezindizeni. Ibhande lesihlalo elihlehliswayo yibhande eligoqa okhalweni futhi lixhunywe nhlangothi zombili zesihlalo.

Amabhande ezihlalo anamaphuzu amathathu (fig 2) awuhlobo oluphambili lwamabhande ezihlalo futhi afakwa kuzo zonke izimoto zesimanje. Ibhande le-diagonal waist belt elinamaphuzu angu-3 linohlelo olumise okwe-V olusabalalisa ngokulinganayo amandla omzimba onyakazayo esifubeni, okhalweni nasemahlombe. IVolvo yethula ibhande lokuqala elinamaphuzu amathathu akhiqizwa ngobuningi ngo-1959. Cabangela idivayisi amabhande esihlalo amaphuzu amathathu njengoba avame kakhulu.

Ibhande lesihlalo elinamaphuzu amathathu liqukethe i-webbing, ibhande kanye ne-tensioner.

Ibhande lesihlalo lenziwe ngezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside futhi linamathele emzimbeni ngamadivayisi akhethekile ngamaphuzu amathathu: ensikeni, embundwini naphezu kwenduku ekhethekile enesikhiya. Ukuze uvumelane nebhande ekuphakameni komuntu othize, imiklamo eminingi ihlinzeka ngokulungisa ukuphakama kwendawo yokunamathisela ephezulu.

Ilokhi ivikela ibhande lesihlalo futhi ifakwe eduze kwesihlalo semoto. Ulimi lwensimbi olugudlukayo lwenziwa ukuthi luxhumeke ngebhande lebhande. Njengesikhumbuzo sesidingo sokugqoka ibhande lesihlalo, idizayini yesikhiya ihlanganisa iswishi efakwe kumjikelezo wesistimu ye-alamu ye-AV. Isexwayiso senzeka ngesibani esiyisixwayiso kudeshibhodi kanye nesignali ezwakalayo. I-algorithm yalesi simiso ihlukile kubakhiqizi bezimoto abahlukene.

I-retractor inikeza ukuvuleka okuphoqelekile kanye nokuhlehlisa okuzenzakalelayo kwebhande lesihlalo. Ixhunywe emzimbeni wemoto. I-reel ifakwe i-inertial locking mechanism evimba ukunyakaza kwebhande ku-reel uma kwenzeka ingozi. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezimbili zokuvimbela: ngenxa yokuhamba (inertia) yemoto futhi ngenxa yokuhamba kwebhande lesihlalo ngokwalo. I-tape ingadonswa kuphela esigubhini se-spool kancane, ngaphandle kokusheshisa.

Izimoto zesimanje zifakelwe amabhande ezihlalo ze-pretensioner.

Amabhande ezihlalo ezinamaphuzu amahlanu (umkhiwane 4) asetshenziswa ezimotweni zezemidlalo kanye nokuvikela izingane ezihlalweni zezimoto zezingane. Kuhlanganisa amabhande amabili okhalweni, amabhande amabili ehlombe kanye nebhande elilodwa lomlenze.

Ilayisi. 4. Ihhanisi elinamaphuzu amahlanu

Ihhanisi lokuphepha elinamaphuzu angu-6 linemichilo emibili phakathi kwemilenze, enikeza ukulingana okuvikeleke kakhudlwana komgibeli.

Enye yentuthuko ethembisayo amabhande ezihlalo eziphefumulayo (Fig. 5), agcwele igesi ngesikhathi sengozi. Bandisa indawo yokuxhumana nomgibeli futhi, ngokufanelekile, behlise umthwalo kumuntu. Isigaba se-inflatable singase sibe ingxenye yehlombe noma ingxenye yehlombe nokhalo. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi le dizayini yebhande lesihlalo inikeza ukuvikelwa komthelela oseceleni okwengeziwe.

Ilayisi. 5. Amabhande ezihlalo aphephethekayo

I-Ford inikeza le nketho e-Europe yesizukulwane sesine i-Ford Mondeo. Kubagibeli abasemugqeni ongemuva, amabhande ezihlalo aphephethekayo afakwa. Lolu hlelo luklanyelwe ukunciphisa ukulimala kwekhanda, intamo nesifuba uma kwenzeka ingozi kubagibeli bangemuva, abavame ukuba izingane kanye nabantu asebekhulile, abajwayele kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo zokulimala. Ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, amabhande ezihlalo eziphefumulayo asebenza ngokufanayo navamile futhi ahambisana nezihlalo zezingane.

Uma kwenzeka ingozi, inzwa yokushaqeka ithumela isignali kuyunithi yokulawula uhlelo lwezokuphepha, iyunithi ithumela isignali yokuvula i-valve yokuvala ye-carbon dioxide cylinder etholakala ngaphansi kwesihlalo, i-valve ivuleke kanye negesi eyayikhona. ngaphambilini isesimweni esicindezelwe igcwalisa umcamelo webhande lesihlalo. Ibhande lisebenza ngokushesha, lisabalalisa amandla okuthonya phezu komzimba, okuphindwe kahlanu kunamabhande ezihlalo ajwayelekile. Isikhathi sokwenza kusebenze izintambo singaphansi kwama-40ms.

NgeMercedes-Benz S-Class W222 entsha, inkampani yandisa izinketho zayo zokuvikela abagibeli ezihlalweni ezingemuva. Isihlalo sangemuva i-PRE-SAFE package ihlanganisa ama-pretensioner kanye ne-airbag ebhandeni lesihlalo (Beltbag) nama-airbag ezihlalweni zangaphambili. Ukusetshenziswa okuhlangene kwalezi zinsimbi ngesikhathi sengozi kunciphisa ukulimala kwabagibeli ngo-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nohlelo lwendabuko. I-airbag yebhande lesihlalo ibhande lesihlalo elikwazi ukufutheka futhi ngaleyo ndlela linciphise ubungozi bokulimala kubagibeli ekushayisaneni kwangaphambili ngokunciphisa umthwalo esifubeni. Isihlalo sokuhlalisa sifakwe ngendlela evamile nge-airbag efihlwe ngaphansi kwe-upholstery ye-cushion yesihlalo. I-cushion enjalo izovimbela umgibeli osesimweni sokulala ukuthi angasheleli ngaphansi kwebhande lesihlalo uma kwenzeka ingozi (ebizwa ngokuthi "diving") . Ngale ndlela, i-Mercedes-Benz ikwazile ukwakha isihlalo esinethezekile sokuhlalisa esihlinzeka ngezinga elikhulu lokuphepha uma kwenzeka ingozi kunesihlalo lapho i-backrest ihlaliswe ngokunweba umcamelo wesihlalo.

Njengesilinganiso ngokumelene nokungasetshenziswa kwamabhande esihlalo, amabhande ezihlalo ezizenzakalelayo ahlongozwa kusukela ngo-1981 (Fig. 6), avikela ngokuzenzakalelayo umgibeli lapho umnyango uvaliwe (ukuqala kwenjini) futhi amkhulule lapho umnyango uvuliwe (injini. qala ukuma). Njengomthetho, ukunyakaza kwebhande lehlombe elihamba emaphethelweni ohlaka lomnyango kuyazenzakalela. Ibhande liboshwe ngesandla. Ngenxa yobunzima bomklamo, ukuphazamiseka kokungena emotweni, amabhande ezihlalo ezizenzakalelayo okwamanje awasetshenziswa.

Ilayisi. 6. Ibhande lesihlalo elizenzakalelayo

2. Izishuni zebhande lesihlalo

Ngesivinini, isibonelo, i-56 km/h, kuthatha cishe u-150 ms kusukela ngesikhathi sokushayisana nesithiyo esingaguquki sokuma okuphelele kwemoto. Umshayeli nomgibeli wemoto abanaso isikhathi sokwenza noma yiziphi izenzo ngesikhathi esifushane kangaka, ngakho-ke bangabahlanganyeli abangenzi lutho esimweni esiphuthumayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ama-pretensioners ebhande lesihlalo, ama-airbag, kanye ne-battery kill switch kufanele kusebenze.

Engozini, amabhande ezihlalo kufanele amunce izinga lamandla acishe alingane namandla e-kinetic omuntu owayo esuka esitezi sesine sebhilidi eliphezulu. Ngenxa yokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ibhande lesihlalo lixegiswe, i-pretensioner (pretensioner) isetshenziselwa ukunxephezela lokhu kuxega.

Ibhande lesihlalo lihoxisa ibhande uma kwenzeka lishayisana. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa ukuxega kwebhande lesihlalo (isikhala phakathi kwebhande lesihlalo nomzimba). Ngakho, ibhande lesihlalo livimbela umgibeli ukuthi aqhubekele phambili (ngokuphathelene nokuhamba kwemoto) kusengaphambili.

Izimoto zisebenzisa kokubili amabhande esihlalo anediagonal nama-buckle pretensioners. Ukusebenzisa zombili izinhlobo kukuvumela ukuthi ulungise kahle umgibeli, ngoba kulokhu uhlelo ludonsela ibhande emuva, kuyilapho ngasikhathi sinye liqinisa amagatsha ebhande le-diagonal kanye ne-ventral yebhande lesihlalo. Empeleni, ama-tensioners ohlobo lokuqala afakwa ikakhulukazi.

I-tensioner yebhande lesihlalo ithuthukisa ukungezwani futhi ithuthukise ukuvikeleka kwebhande lokushelela. Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokuthumela ngokushesha i-pretensioner yebhande lesihlalo ngesikhathi somthelela wokuqala. Ukunyakaza okuphezulu komshayeli noma umgibeli ukuya phambili kufanele kube ngu-1 cm, futhi ubude besenzo somshini kufanele sibe ngu-5 ms (inani eliphezulu 12 ms). I-tensioner iqinisekisa ukuthi ingxenye yebhande (efika ku-130 mm ubude) iboshwe cishe ku-13 ms.

Okuvame kakhulu ama-pretensioners ebhande lesihlalo somshini (Fig. 7).

Ilayisi. 7. I-tensioner yebhande lesihlalo somshini: 1 - ibhande lesihlalo; 2 - isondo le-ratchet; 3 - i-axis yekhoyili inertial; I-4 - i-latch (indawo evaliwe); 5 - idivayisi ye-pendulum

Ngaphezu kwama-tensioners emishini yendabuko, abakhiqizi abaningi manje sebehlomisa izimoto nge-pyrotechnic tensioners (Umfanekiso 8).

Ilayisi. 8. I-Pyrotechnic tensioner: 1 - ibhande lesihlalo; 2 - ipiston; I-3 - i-cartridge ye-pyrotechnic

Enziwa asebenze lapho inzwa eyakhelwe ngaphakathi yesistimu ithola ukuthi umkhawulo wokudecelela onqunywe kusengaphambili weqiwe, okubonisa ukuqala kokungqubuzana. Lokhu kuthungela i-detonator ye-pyrotechnic cartridge. Lapho i-cartridge iqhuma, igesi iyakhululwa, ingcindezi esebenza ku-piston exhunywe ebhande lesihlalo. I-piston ihamba ngokushesha futhi iqinisa ibhande. Ngokuvamile, isikhathi sokuphendula sedivayisi asidluli i-25 ms kusukela ekuqaleni kokukhishwa.

Ukuze ugweme ukulayisha ngokweqile isifuba, lawa mabhande anemikhawulo yengcindezi esebenza ngale ndlela: okokuqala, kufinyelelwa umthwalo omkhulu ovunyelwe, ngemva kwalokho umshini owumshini uvumela umgibeli ukuba ahambe ibanga elithile phambili, egcina izinga lokushaja lingashintshi.

Ngokuklama nomgomo wokusebenza, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zamabhande esihlalo ziyahlukaniswa:

• ikhebula nge-mechanical drive;
• ibhola;
• ukuphenduka;
• ishalofu;
• buyisela emuva.

2.1. I-cable tensioner yebhande lesihlalo

I-tensioner yebhande lesihlalo 8 kanye ne-automatic seat belt reel 14 yizingxenye eziyinhloko ze-cable tensioner (Fig. 9). Isistimu iqiniswe ngendlela enyakazayo kushubhu lokuvikela 3 kukhava yokuthwala, ngokufanayo ne-pendulum eqondile. Intambo yensimbi engu-1 igxilwe ku-piston 17. Ikhebula liyalinyazwa futhi lifakwe epayipini elivikelayo esigubhu 18 sekhebula.

I-tension module iqukethe izinto ezilandelayo:

• izinzwa ngesimo "spring-mass system";
• ijeneretha yegesi 4 ene-pyrotechnic propellant charge;
• piston 1 ngentambo yensimbi epayipini.

Uma ukwehla kwemoto ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana kudlula inani elithile, khona-ke i-sensor spring 7 iqala ukucindezela ngaphansi kwesenzo se-sensor mass. Inzwa iqukethe ukusekelwa okungu-6, ijeneretha yegesi engu-4 ene-pyrotechnic charge ekhishwe yiyo, i-shock spring 5, i-piston 1 kanye neshubhu 2.

Ilayisi. 9. I-cable tensioner: a - ignition; b - voltage; 1, 16 - piston; 2 - ithubhu; 3 - ithubhu elivikelayo; 4 - i-generator yegesi; 5, 15 - intwasahlobo yokushaqeka; 6 - inzwa yebakaki; 7 - inzwa entwasahlobo; 8 - ibhande lesihlalo; I-9 - ipuleti yokushaqeka enephini lokuthuthumela; I-10, i-14 - indlela yokuvala ibhande lesihlalo; 11 - umshudo wezinzwa; I-12 - i-gear rim ye-shaft; 13 - ingxenye yamazinyo; 17 - ikhebula lensimbi; 18 - isigubhu

Uma ukusekelwa kwe-6 kuhambe ibanga elikhulu kunejwayelekile, i-generator yegesi 4, ebanjwe ekuphumuleni yi-sensor bolt 11, ikhishwa ngendlela eqondile. Umthelela we-stressed spring 15 uwuphushela kuphini lomthelela kupuleti lomthelela. Lapho i-generator yegesi ishaya i- impactor, i-gas generator float charge ivutha (Fig. 9, a).

Ngalesi sikhathi, igesi ijojowe ku-tube 2 futhi ihambisa i-piston 1 ngekhebula lensimbi 17 phansi (Fig. 9, b). Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza kokuqala kwenxeba lekhebula elizungeze i-clutch, ingxenye enamazinyo engu-13 inyakaza ngaphandle kwesigubhu ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla okusheshisa futhi ihlanganyele nomphetho onamazinyo we-shaft 12 yewinder yebhande lesihlalo 14.

2.2. I-tensioner yebhande lebhola

Iqukethe imodyuli ehlangene, ngaphezu kokuqashelwa kwebhande, iphinde ihlanganise nomkhawulo wokudonsa ibhande (umkhiwane 10). Ukusebenzisa imishini kwenzeka kuphela lapho inzwa yebhande lesihlalo ithola ukuthi ibhande lesihlalo liboshiwe.

I-pretensioner yebhande lesihlalo sebhola iqhutshwa amabhola abekwe ku-tube 9. Uma kwenzeka kungqubuzana, iyunithi yokulawula i-airbag ishisa i-ejecting charge 7 (Fig. 10, b). Kuma-tensioner ebhande lesihlalo sikagesi, ukusebenza komshini wokushayela kwenziwa yiyunithi yokulawula i-airbag.

Uma inkokhiso ekhishiwe ibasiwe, amagesi akhulayo abeka amabhola ukuthi anyakaze futhi awaqondise ngegiya 11 aye kubhaluni 12 ukuze aqoqe amabhola.

Ilayisi. 10. I-Ball tensioner: a - umbono jikelele; b - ukushisa; c - voltage; 1, 11 - igiya; 2, 12 - ibhaluni lamabhola; I-3 - indlela yokushayela (imishini noma kagesi); 4, 7 - pyrotechnic propellant charge; 5, 8 - ibhande lesihlalo; 6, 9 - ithubhu enamabhola; I-10 - i-winder yebhande lesihlalo

Njengoba i-reel yebhande lesihlalo ixhunywe ngokuqinile ku-sprocket, ijikeleza ngamabhola, futhi ibhande lihlehla (Fig. 10, c).

2.3. I-Tensioner yebhande elijikelezayo

Isebenza ngomgomo we-rotor. I-tensioner iqukethe i-rotor 2, i-detonator 1, indlela yokushayela engu-3 (Fig. 11, a)

I-detonator yokuqala iqhutshwa idrayivu yemishini noma kagesi, kuyilapho igesi ekhulayo ijikeleza i-rotor (Fig. 11, b). Njengoba i-rotor ixhunywe ku-shaft yebhande, ibhande lesihlalo liqala ukuhlehla. Lapho ifinyelela i-angle ethile yokujikeleza, i-rotor ivula isiteshi se-bypass 7 ku-cartridge yesibili. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezela kokusebenza ekamelweni No. 1, i-cartridge yesibili iyavutha, ngenxa yokuthi i-rotor iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza (Fig. 11, c). Amagesi aphuma ku-chamber No. 1 aphuma ngeshaneli yesi-8.

Ilayisi. 11. I-Rotary tensioner: a - umbono jikelele; b - isenzo se-detonator yokuqala; c - isenzo se-detonator yesibili; g - isenzo se-firecracker yesithathu; I-1 - inhlanzi; 2 - rotor; I-3 - indlela yokushayela; 4 - ibhande lesihlalo; 5, 8 - okukhipha isiteshi; I-6 - umsebenzi we-bait yokuqala; 7, 9, 10 - iziteshi zokudlula; 11 - ukusebenza kwe-detonator yesibili; 12 - ekamelweni No. 1; 13 - ukusebenza kwe-bait yesithathu; 14 - inombolo yekhamera 2

Lapho kufinyelelwa isiteshi sesibili sokudlula i-9, i-cartridge yesithathu ivutha ngaphansi kwesenzo sokucindezela kokusebenza ekamelweni No. 2 (Fig. 11, d). I-rotor iyaqhubeka nokujikeleza futhi igesi yokukhipha ephuma ku-chamber No. 2 iphuma nge-outlet 5.

2.4. I-tensioner yebhande

Ukuze kudluliselwe amandla abushelelezi ebhande, amadivaysi ahlukahlukene e-rack kanye ne-pinion nawo asetshenziswa (Fig. 12).

I-Rack tensioner isebenza kanje. Uma kunesignali yeyunithi yokulawula i-airbag, inkokhiso yesiqhumane iyavutha. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi yamagesi avelayo, i-piston ene-rack 8 ikhuphuka, ibangele ukujikeleza kwegiya 3, elihlangene nalo. Ukujikeleza kwegiya 3 kudlulela egiyeni 2 kanye nele-4. Igiya 2 lixhunywe ngokuqinile eringini yangaphandle engu-7 ye-clutch overrunning, edlulisela i-torque ku-torsion shaft 6. Uma iringi engu-7 izungeza, ama-roller angu-5 e-clutch kuboshwe phakathi kwe-clutch kanye ne-torsion shaft. Ngenxa yokujikeleza kwe-torsion shaft, ibhande lesihlalo liyaqina. Ukuqina kwebhande kukhishwa lapho i-piston ifinyelela ku-damper.

Ilayisi. 12. I-tensioner yebhande lesihlalo: a - indawo yokuqala; b - ukuphela kwengcindezi yebhande; I-1 - i-absorber shock; 2, 3, 4 - amagiya; 5 - roller; 6 - i-axis ye-torsion; 7 - indandatho yangaphandle ye-clutch overrunning; 8 - i-piston ene-rack; 9 - isiqhumane

2.5 i-tensioner yebhande ehlehliswayo

Kuzinhlelo zokuphepha eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwama-pretensioner ebhande lesihlalo e-pyrotechnic, i-pretensioner yebhande lesihlalo elihlehliswayo (Fig. 13) eneyunithi yokulawula kanye ne-adaptive seat belt force limiter (eshintshwayo.

I-pretensioner yebhande ngalinye elihlehlayo lilawulwa yiyunithi yokulawula ehlukile. Ngokusekelwe emiyalweni yedatha yebhasi, amayunithi okulawula ibhande lesihlalo asebenzisa amamotho axhunyiwe asebenzayo.

Ama-tensioner ahlehliswayo anamazinga amathathu wamandla e-actuation:

1. umzamo ophansi - ukukhethwa kwe-slack ebhande lesihlalo;
2. isilinganiso samandla - ukungezwani okuyingxenye;
3. amandla aphezulu - ukungezwani okugcwele.

Uma iyunithi yokulawula i-airbag ithola ukungqubuzana okuncane kwangaphambili okungadingi i-pyrotechnic pretensioner, ithumela isignali kumayunithi okulawula i-pretensioner. Bayala ukuthi amabhande ezihlalo aqiniswe ngokugcwele yizinjini zokushayela.

Ilayisi. 13. Ibhande lesihlalo eline-pretensioner ebuyela emuva: 1 - igiya; 2 - ihuku; 3 - ukushayela okuholayo

I-motor shaft (engabonisiwe ku-Fig. 13), ijikeleza ngegiya, izungeza i-disk eqhutshwayo exhunywe ku-shaft yebhande lesihlalo ngamahhuku amabili ahlehliswayo. Ibhande lesihlalo ligoqa i-asili futhi liyaqina.

Uma i-motor shaft ingajikijeli noma ijike kancane ibheke kolunye uhlangothi, izingwegwe zingase zigoqe futhi zikhulule i-shaft yebhande lesihlalo.

I-switchable seat belt force limiter iyasebenza ngemuva kokuthi ama-pretensioner e-pyrotechnic esetshenzisiwe. Kulokhu, umshini wokukhiya uvimba i-axis yebhande, ukuvimbela ibhande ukuthi lingaphumi ngenxa ye-inertia engenzeka yemizimba yabagibeli nomshayeli.