Izinhlobonhlobo zokulungisa injini ye-VAZ 2106: i-block boring, i-turbine, injini ye-valve engu-16

Tuning injini Vaz 2106 kuyinto ethokozisayo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo umsebenzi ezibizayo. Ngokuya ngezinhloso ezilandelwayo kanye namandla ezezimali, injini ingashintshwa ngezinhloso ezithile, kusukela ekukhuphukeni okulula kwevolumu ngaphandle kwezinguquko eziyisisekelo ekwakhiweni kweyunithi futhi kugcine ngokufakwa kwe-turbine.

Injini yokushuna i-VAZ 2106

I-VAZ "eziyisithupha" zaqala ukukhiqizwa emuva ngo-1976. Le modeli sekuyisikhathi eside iphelelwe yisikhathi kokubili ngokubukeka nezici zobuchwepheshe. Nokho, kuze kube namuhla kukhona abalandeli abaningi ukusebenza izimoto ezinjalo. Abanye abanikazi bazama ukugcina imoto isesimweni sayo sokuqala, abanye bayihlomisa ngezinto zesimanje nezindlela. Enye yamayunithi okuqala acutshungulwa yinjini. Kuphezu kwentuthuko yakhe lapho sizoxoxa khona ngokuningiliziwe.

I-cylinder block iyadina

Injini ye-VAZ 2106 ayivelele ngamandla ayo, ngoba isukela ku-64 kuya ku-75 hp. Nge. ngevolumu engu-1,3 kuya ku-1,6 amalitha, kuye ngokuthi iyunithi yamandla efakiwe. Enye yezinguquko ezivame kakhulu injini yi-bore ye-cylinder block, evumela ukuthi ukwandise ububanzi bangaphakathi bamasilinda namandla. Inqubo eyisicefe ihilela ukususwa kongqimba lwensimbi endaweni engaphakathi yamasilinda. Kodwa-ke, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi ukucindezelwa ngokweqile kuzoholela ekunciphiseni izindonga kanye nokuncipha kokuthembeka nokuphila kwemoto. Ngakho-ke, iyunithi yamandla esitokisini enevolumu yamalitha ayi-1,6 kanye nobubanzi be-cylinder 79 mm ingaba nesithukuthezi kufika ku-82 mm, ithola ivolumu yamalitha angu-1,7. Ngezinguquko ezinjalo, izinkomba zokuthembeka ngeke zibe zimbi kakhulu.

Injini ye-VAZ 2106 inobubanzi be-cylinder 79 mm

Abathandi abakhulu bangakhuphula amasilinda ku-84 mm engozini yabo kanye nengozi, ngoba akekho owaziyo ukuthi imoto enjalo izohlala isikhathi esingakanani.

Inqubo eyisicefe yenziwa ngemishini ekhethekile (umshini oyisicefe), nakuba kukhona abadwebi abenza le nqubo cishe ezimweni zegaraji, kuyilapho ukunemba kusalokhu kungangabazeki.

I-cylinder block inesithukuthezi kumishini ekhethekile

Ekupheleni kwenqubo, ama-piston afakwa ku-block, okuthi, ngokwezici zawo, ahambisane nosayizi omusha wesilinda. Ngokuvamile, i-block boring iqukethe izigaba eziyinhloko ezilandelayo:

1. Ukudiliza injini emotweni.
2. Qedela ukuqaqa iyunithi yamandla.
3. Ukubhoreka kwe-cylinder block ngokusho kwemingcele oyifunayo.
4. Ukuhlanganiswa komshini ngokushintshwa kwamapiston.
5. Ukufaka injini emotweni.

Ividiyo: indlela yokubhoboza i-cylinder block

isilinda block bore

Ukushintshwa kwe-Crankshaft

Enjini ye-VAZ "isithupha" kukhona i-VAZ 2103 crankshaft ene-piston stroke engu-80 mm. Ngaphezu kokwandisa ububanzi bamasilinda, ungakwazi ukwandisa ukushaywa kwe-piston, ngaleyo ndlela uphoqelele injini. Ngezinhloso ezicatshangelwayo, injini ifakwe i-VAZ 21213 crankshaft ene-piston stroke engu-84 mm. Ngakho, kuzokwazi ukuphakamisa ivolumu ibe amalitha angu-1,65 (1646 cc). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-crankshaft enjalo inama-counterweights ayisishiyagalombili esikhundleni sezine, ezithinta kahle izici eziguqukayo.

Ukufaka crankshaft kusukela Vaz 21213 "eziyisithupha" ikuvumela ukuba ukwandisa piston unhlangothi futhi ukwandisa amandla injini.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nokufakwa nokulungisa i-crankshaft: https://bumper.guru/klassicheskie-modeli-vaz/dvigatel/kolenval-vaz-2106.html

Ukulungiswa kwesistimu yokuthatha kanye ne-exhaust

Ukwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwekhanda le-cylinder nama-manifolds, uma kuthanda, kungenziwa yinoma ngubani ongumnikazi we-Six noma enye imodeli ye-Zhiguli yakudala. Inhloso enkulu elandelwayo wukwandisa amandla. Kufinyelelwa ngokunciphisa ukumelana lapho uhlinzeka ngengxube ye-fuel-air endaweni yokungena, okungukuthi, ngokususa ukuqina. Ukuze wenze inqubo, ikhanda le-cylinder kufanele likhishwe emotweni futhi lihlakazwe. Ngemva kwalokho, ifindo linconywa ukuba ligezwe. Ngalezi zinhloso, ungasebenzisa amathuluzi esimanje noma uphalafini ojwayelekile, uphethiloli wedizili. Kusukela kuhlu oludingekayo lwamathuluzi nezinto zokwakha uzodinga:

• shayela ngekhono lokulungisa isivinini;
• ukubhoboza;
• induku eguquguqukayo;
• oshekha;
• izikhumba zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene bokusanhlamvu;
• amagwababa;
• abashayi;
• i-valve yokukhipha i-valve kanye nesethi yama-washers ukuze uthole isithukuthezi esingaphezu kuka-32 mm;
• i-lubricant ye-graphite;
• i-vice.

Ukudla okuningi

Kungcono ukuqala inqubo yokuphothula ipheshana lokuthatha kusukela ku-manifold, lapho iziteshi ezisekhanda le-cylinder zizobe sezinesithukuthezi. Sisebenza kanje:

1. Sibopha umqoqi nge-vice, sigoqa i-rag ku-drill noma i-nozzle efanelekile, futhi phezu kwayo - i-sandpaper enobukhulu obusanhlamvu obuyi-60-80.
   

   Ukuze kube lula umsebenzi, sifaka umqoqi ku-vice
2. Sibopha i-drill nge-sandpaper ku-drill bese siyifaka esiteshini sokuqoqa.
   

   Sigoqa i-drill noma enye idivayisi efanelekile nge-sandpaper, siyibeke kumqoqi kanye nokubhoboza
3. Ngemva kokwenza imishini yokuqala engu-5 cm, sikala ububanzi ngevalve yokukhipha umoya.
   

   Ukulinganisa ububanzi besiteshi usebenzisa i-valve yokukhipha umoya
4. Njengoba iziteshi eziningi zigobile, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa induku eguquguqukayo noma ipayipi likaphethiloli ukuze ujike, lapho sifaka khona i-drill noma ithuluzi elifanele nge-sandpaper.
   

   Ipayipi likaphethiloli lingasetshenziswa ukubhoboza amashaneli emajikeni.
5. Sicubungula umqoqi kusukela ohlangothini lokufakwa kwe-carburetor. Ngemva kokusahlabathi ngegrit engu-80, sebenzisa i-100 grit paper bese udlulela kuwo wonke amashaneli futhi.
   

   Umqoqi ovela ohlangothini lokufakwa kwe-carburetor uphinde acutshungulwe ngama-cutters noma i-sandpaper

Ukuqedelwa kwekhanda lesilinda

Ngokungeziwe ku-multifold intake, kuyadingeka ukuguqula iziteshi ekhanda lebhulokhi ngokwayo, ngoba kunesinyathelo phakathi kwe-manifold kanye nekhanda le-cylinder elivimbela ukudlula mahhala kwengxube ye-fuel-air kuma-cylinders. Emakhanda akudala, lolu shintsho lungafinyelela ku-3 mm. Ukuphothulwa kwekhanda kwehliselwa kuzenzo ezilandelayo:

1. Ukuze sinqume ukuthi singasusa kuphi ingxenye yensimbi, sisebenzisa amafutha noma i-plasticine endizeni yekhanda ezindaweni lapho umqoqi ehambisana khona. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuzobonakala ngokucacile ukuthi kufanele kugaywe kuphi futhi kungakanani.
   

   Ngemuva kokumaka iziteshi zekhanda le-cylinder nge-plasticine noma amafutha, siqhubeka nokususa izinto ezingaphezulu
2. Okokuqala, sicubungula kancane ukuze i-valve ingene. Bese siqhubeka sijula ​​futhi sigaye phansi isihlahla somhlahlandlela.
   

   Okokuqala singena esiteshini kancane, bese sidlulela ngaphezulu
3. Ngemva kokudlula kuzo zonke iziteshi, sizipholisha kusukela ohlangothini lwezihlalo ze-valve. Le nqubo siyenza ngokucophelela ukuze singazinwaya izitulo ngokwazo. Ngalezi zinhloso, kulula ukusebenzisa i-cutter eboshwe endaweni yokubhoboza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, udinga ukwenza isiqiniseko sokuthi isiteshi sinwebeka kancane siye ngasesadleni.
   

   Sipholisha iziteshi ohlangothini lwezihlalo ze-valve, sizenze zibe yi-conical kancane
4. Ekupheleni kokwelashwa, kufanele kuvele ukuze i-valve idlule ngokukhululekile esiteshini.

Okuningi mayelana nokuxilongwa nokulungiswa kwekhanda lesilinda: https://bumper.guru/klassicheskie-modeli-vaz/grm/poryadok-zatyazhki-golovki-bloka-cilindrov-vaz-2106.html

Ngaphezu kweziteshi eziyisicefe, ikhanda le-cylinder lingashintshwa ngokufaka i-camshaft elungisiwe. Ngokuvamile, abanikazi bezimoto bafaka shaft kusuka ku-VAZ 21213, kancane kancane - izici zezemidlalo zohlobo lwase-Estonia nokunye okunjalo.

Ukuze ushintshe isikhathi se-valve ku-VAZ 2106 futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kwenjini, faka i-camshaft evela ku-VAZ 21213

Ukushintsha i-camshaft evamile kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukushintsha isikhathi se-valve. Ngenxa yalokho, amasilinda enjini agcwele kangcono ingxube evuthayo, futhi ahlanzwa namagesi okukhipha amandla, okwandisa amandla eyunithi yamandla. I-camshaft ishintshwa ngendlela efanayo nokulungiswa okuvamile, okungukuthi, akukho mathuluzi akhethekile adingekayo.

Ividiyo: ukuphothulwa kwekhanda le-cylinder kanye nokudla okuningana

Ukucwengwa kwamashaneli ekhanda lesilinda nawo wonke ama-nuances \ Ukucwengwa kwekhanda le-cylinder

Khipha kaningi

Ingqikithi yokuphothula i-exhaust manifold iyafana nasekuthatheni. Umehluko nje wukuthi isiteshi sidinga ukucijwa ngokungabi ngaphezu kuka-31 mm. Abaningi abanaki inqwaba yokukhipha, ngoba yenziwe ngensimbi ekhonjiwe futhi kunzima umshini, kodwa kusengenzeka. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umzila wokuqoqa kufanele ube mkhulu kancane ngobubanzi kunasekhanda. Ekhanda le-cylinder ngokwayo, senza ukugaya ngendlela echazwe ngenhla, futhi kunconywa ukuba ugaye ama-bushings abe yi-cone.

I-exhaust manifold iguqulwa ngendlela efanayo nokuthatha

Uhlelo lwe-Ignition

Ngendlela ejulile yokuphothula iyunithi yamandla, akunakwenzeka ukwenza ngaphandle kokufaka isistimu yokuthungela ngaphandle kokuthinta (BSZ) esikhundleni sokuxhumana okujwayelekile. I-BSZ inezinzuzo eziningi ezingenakuphikwa:

• inhlansi enamandla kakhulu;
• ukuvulwa okunembile kwesekethe ye-sparking;
• ukuthembeka okuphezulu nokuqina.

Ukuhlomisa i-VAZ 2106 ngokuthungela okungenakuxhumana kwenza injini izinzile, iqeda isidingo sokulungiswa ngezikhathi ezithile koxhumana nabo abavuthayo, njengoba nje bengekho ku-BSZ. Esikhundleni seqembu lokuxhumana, kusetshenziswa inzwa yeHholo. Iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi ebusika, injini enokuthungela okungenakuxhumana iqala kalula kakhulu. Ukufaka "eziyisithupha" BSZ, uzodinga ukuthenga ikhithi ehlanganisa izici ezilandelayo:

• umnyathela;
• ipulaki yenhlansi;
• izintambo ezinamandla amakhulu;
• ikhoyili yokushisa;
• shintsha;
• izintambo.

Ikhithi yokuthungela ngaphandle kokuthinta iqukethe izinto eziyisisekelo njengesisabalalisi, ikhoyili, izintambo, amakhandlela kanye neswishi.

Funda kabanzi mayelana nesistimu yokubasa ngaphandle kokuthinta i-VAZ 2106: https://bumper.guru/klassicheskie-modeli-vaz/elektrooborudovanie/zazhiganie/elektronnoe-zazhiganie-na-vaz-2106.html

Ukulandelana kwezenzo zokushintsha uhlelo lokuthungela lokuxhumana ne-BSZ lumi kanje:

1. Siqaqa izintambo zekhandlela ezindala kanye nesembozo sokusabalalisa umlilo. Ngokuzungezisa isiqalisi, sibeka isilayidi se-distributor perpendicular ku-axis yemoto ukuze ikhombe kusilinda sokuqala senjini.
   

   Ngaphambi kokukhipha umsabalalisi omdala, setha isilayidi endaweni ethile
2. Enjinini yenjini endaweni yokufakwa komsabalalisi, sibeka umaki onomaka ukuze lapho ufaka umsabalalisi omusha, okungenani usethe isikhathi esidingekayo sokubasa.
   

   Ukwenza kube lula ukusetha ukuthungela kumsabalalisi omusha, senza amamaki kubhulokhi
3. Sisusa umsabalalisi futhi sishintshe sibe esisha kusuka kukhithi, sibeka isilayidi endaweni oyifunayo, kanye nomsabalalisi ngokwawo - ngokusho kwamamaki ku-block.
   

   Sishintsha isisabalalisi esidala sibe esisha ngokubeka isilayidi endaweni esiyifunayo
4. Sikhulula amantongomane e-wiring ku-coil yokushisa, kanye nokuqiniswa kwekhoyili ngokwayo, ngemva kwalokho sishintsha ingxenye entsha.
   

   Ukushintshanisa amakhoyili okushisa
5. Sikhweza iswishi, isibonelo, eduze nesibani sangaphambili kwesokunxele. Sixhuma itheminali ngocingo olumnyama kusukela kunqwaba yezintambo kuya phansi, bese ufaka isixhumi kuswishi ngokwayo.
   

   Iswishi ifakwe eduze kwesibani sesokunxele
6. Sifaka ingxenye yokukhwelana ye-wiring kumsabalalisi.
7. Izintambo ezimbili ezisele zixhunywe kukhoyili. Izintambo ezikhishwe entweni endala nazo zixhunywe koxhumene nabo ikhoyili entsha. Ngenxa yalokho, kufanele kuvele ukuthi ku-pin "B" kuzoba nomugqa ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, futhi ku-pin "K" - izintambo ezinsundu kanye ne-lilac.
   

   Sixhuma izintambo kukhoyili ngokwemiyalelo
8. Sishintsha ama-spark plugs.
9. Sifaka i-cap yokusabalalisa bese sixhuma izintambo ezintsha ngokusho kwezinombolo ze-cylinder.

Ngemva kokufaka i-BSZ, uzodinga ukulungisa ukuthungela ngenkathi imoto ihamba.

Carburetor

Ku-VAZ 2106, i-ozone carburetor yayivame ukusetshenziswa. Njengokuthuthukiswa kweyunithi yamandla, abanikazi bezimoto abaningi bayihlomisa ngedivayisi ehlukile - DAAZ-21053 ("Solex"). Le yunithi iyonga futhi inikeza amandla angcono emoto. Ukuze injini ithuthukise amandla amakhulu, ngezinye izikhathi ama-carburetor amabili afakwe esikhundleni seyodwa. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukufeza ukuhlinzekwa okufanayo okufanayo kwengxube kaphethiloli nomoya kumasilinda, okuthinta ukwanda kwe-torque nokwandisa amandla esitshalo samandla. Izakhi eziyinhloko namanodi okufakwa kabusha okunjalo yizi:

• ama-carburetors amabili we-Solex noma i-Ozone;
• i-pair of intake manifolds kusukela ku-Oka;
• amapayipi, ama-tee, ama-throttle controls.

Ukufakwa kwe-carburetors ezimbili ku-VAZ 2106 kunikeza amandla angcono wemoto

Wonke umsebenzi wehlela ekuhlakazeni okuhlukahlukene okujwayelekile okudlayo nokufaka okusha okubili, kuyilapho okwakamuva kulungiswa ukuze kulingane kahle nekhanda lebhulokhi. Ukuguqulwa kwabaqoqi kuhlanganisa ukukhipha izingxenye eziphumayo ngosizo lomsiki. Ngemuva kwalokho, ama-carburetors afakwe futhi ukulungiswa okufanayo kwenziwa, okungukuthi, izikrini zokulungisa zikhishwa ngenani elifanayo lokuguquguquka. Ukuze uvule ngesikhathi esisodwa ama-dampers kuwo womabili ama-carburetor, kwenziwa ubakaki ozoxhunywa ku-accelerator pedal.

I-Compressor noma i-turbine ku-"six"

Ungakwazi ukwandisa amandla enjini ngokufaka i-compressor noma i-turbine, kodwa okokuqala udinga ukuthola ukuthi lokhu kuzodinga ini. Okokuqala, udinga ukuqonda ukuthi, ngenxa yezici zayo zokuklama, i-turbine ingafakwa enjini ye-carburetor, kodwa kunalokho kuyinkinga. Ama-nuances atholakala kuzo zombili izindleko ezinkulu zempahla nesikhathi. Amaphuzu abaluleke kakhulu okufanele ucabange ngawo lapho uhlomisa imoto nge-turbine yilawa:

1. Ukufakwa okuphoqelekile kwe-intercooler. Le ngxenye iwuhlobo lwe-radiator, umoya kuphela opholiswa kuyo. Njengoba i-turbine idala umfutho ophezulu futhi umoya uyafudumala, kufanele upholiswe ukuze uthole umphumela wokufakwa. Uma i-intercooler ingasetshenziswa, umphumela uzoba, kodwa uncane kakhulu.
   

   Lapho uhlomisa umshini nge-turbine, kuzodingeka futhi i-intercooler.
2. Ukuhlomisa injini ye-carburetor nge-turbine kuwumsebenzi oyingozi. Ngokusho kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanikazi bezimoto abenza izinguquko ezinjalo, i-manifold exhaust ingakwazi "i-bang", ezondiza isuka ku-hood. Njengoba ukudla kunesimiso esihlukile enjini yomjovo, i-turbine yale njini iyindlela ekhethwa kakhulu, nakuba ibiza kakhulu.
3. Ngokusekelwe ephuzwini lesibili, elesithathu liyalandela - uzodinga ukwenza kabusha injini ibe umjovo owodwa noma ufake owodwa.

Ukufaka i-turbocharger emotweni kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu.

Uma ungeyena umshayeli wemoto yomjaho oshisekayo, kufanele ubheke ku-compressor, enomehluko olandelayo ku-turbine:

1. Ayikhuli umfutho wegazi ophakeme.
2. Asikho isidingo sokufaka i-intercooler.
3. Ungakwazi ukuhlomisa injini ye-carburetor ye-VAZ.

Ukuze uhlomise i-VAZ 2106 ngeyunithi okukhulunywa ngayo, uzodinga ikhithi ye-compressor - ikhithi ehlanganisa konke okudingayo ukuze uphinde uhlomise injini (amapayipi, izinsimbi, i-supercharger, njll.).

I-compressor kit ye ​​"classic" iqukethe i-supercharger kanye nezingxenye ezidingekayo zokufakwa

Umkhiqizo ufakwe ngokwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi.

Ividiyo: ukufaka i-compressor kwisibonelo "sezinhlanu"

Isihlalo esinyakaziswa ngokuzenzakalela: I-Compressor ye-VAZ carburetor (ngaphansi kwe-AMAG)

Injini engu-16-valve ku-VAZ 2106

Enye yezinketho zokulungisa "eziyisithupha" ukufaka esikhundleni se-valve engu-8 nge-valve engu-16, isibonelo, kusukela ku-VAZ 2112. Nokho, yonke inqubo ayipheli ngokushintshwa kwe-banal yama-motor. Kunomsebenzi ongathi sína, onzima futhi omba eqolo ozayo. Izigaba eziyinhloko zokuthuthukiswa okunjalo yizi:

1. Ngenjini enama-valve angu-16, sifaka isistimu yamandla yomjovo.
2. Senza ngendlela oyifisayo ukukhwezwa kwenjini (izisekelo zakudala zisetshenziswa).
3. Sishintsha umqhele ku-flywheel, lapho sishaya phansi endala, futhi endaweni yayo sibeka ingxenye yeVAZ 2101 ngokushisa. Khona-ke, kusukela ohlangothini lwenjini ku-flywheel, sigaya ehlombe (kuzodingeka uthinte i-turner). Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze isiqalisi singene endaweni. Ekupheleni komsebenzi nge-flywheel, senza ukulinganisa kwayo.
   

   Siphothula i-flywheel ngokufaka umqhele ovela ku-VAZ 2101
4. Sika ukuthwala kwe-VAZ 16 crankshaft ku-crankshaft ye-valve engu-2101, ngoba lesi sici sisekela i-shaft yokufaka i-gearbox. Ngaphandle kokushintshwa, ukuthwala kuzohluleka ngokushesha.
   

   Ku-crankshaft, kuyadingeka ukufaka esikhundleni se-bearing "penny"
5. I-pallet nayo ingaphansi kokulungiswa: sichoboza ama-stiffener ngakwesokudla ukuze injini ingaphumuli ngokumelene nogongolo.
   

   I-pallet idinga ukulungiswa ukuze ingaphumuli ngokumelene ne-beam
6. Silungisa isihlangu semoto ngaphansi kwebhulokhi entsha ngesando nesando.
   

   Isivikelo senjini sidinga ukuqondiswa ukuze injini entsha ibe yejwayelekile futhi ingaphumuli ngokumelene nomzimba
7. Sifaka i-clutch kusuka ku-VAZ 2112 nge-adaptha ene-bearing bearing evela "kumashumi". Imfoloko enesilinda sesigqila se-clutch ihlala idabuka.
8. Sifaka isistimu yokupholisa ngokubona kwethu, njengoba isadinga ukushintshwa. I-radiator inganikezwa, isibonelo, kusukela ku-VAZ 2110 ngokukhethwa kwamapayipi afanelekile avela ku-VAZ 2121 no-2108, i-thermostat - kusukela ku-"penny".
   

   Uma ufaka injini enama-valve angu-16, kuzodingeka ufake idizayini ehlukile yesistimu yokupholisa
9. Ngokwesistimu ye-exhaust, senza kabusha i-exhaust ejwayelekile noma sikhiqize i-exhaust kusukela ekuqaleni.
10. Sifaka i-hitch, xhuma i-wiring.
    

    Ngemva kokufaka injini, sifaka i-hitch bese sixhuma i-wiring

Kusukela kumaphuzu asohlwini okufaka iyunithi yamavalvu angu-16, ungaqonda futhi uhlole kusengaphambili amakhono akho ngokwezezimali nangobuchwepheshe. Uma zingekho izingxenye ezidingekayo nolwazi, kuzodingeka ufune usizo lwangaphandle futhi "uthele" imali eyengeziwe kulolu hlobo lokuzilibazisa.

Ividiyo: ukufaka injini ye-valve engu-16 "ku-classic"

IGEAR 16kl Yakudala - Ukufakwa kusuka ku-A kuya ku-Z. Yini okudingeka ishintshwe futhi ithuthukiswe?

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