Camshaft - design. Uyini umsebenzi wamakhamera we-camshaft?

Ama-Camshaft asetshenziswa ezimotweni zikaphethiloli ezine-stroke ezine noma udizili. Umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukulawula izikhathi zokuphakamisa kanye nokuvula ama-valve okungena nawokungena. Lo msebenzi udinga ukunemba okumangalisayo futhi ubonakala ekusebenzeni kahle kweyunithi nokusebenza kwayo okufanele. Okokuqala, sizobheka ukuthi ama-camshafts ahlelwa kanjani.

Camshaft design

Uma ibhekwa phezulu, i-camshaft ifana nensimbi eyi-oblong enemibono ebonakalayo. Imvamisa ibuye ibe negiya langaphakathi elingaphandle nelikhudlwana nelincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-camshaft ngayinye inezikhonkwane okubekwe kuzo izisekelo. I-camshaft ingakwazi ukushayela womabili ama-valve okukhiphayo nawokukhipha umoya, kanti izimoto ezinamakhanda amasilinda ama-valve angu-4 noma angu-5 zingaba nama-camshaft amabili ashayela uhlobo olulodwa lwe-valve.

Ama-Camshafts - enziwa ngani?

Amandla asebenza kulezi zingxenye anquma ukukhiqizwa kwezinto ezinamandla kakhulu neziqinile. Ama-Camshafts aqale akhiwe nge-alloy ephansi kanye nensimbi ye-carbon, bese izindawo zazo zifakwe i-carburized futhi lukhuni. Lokhu kusiza ukuvimbela ukuguga okusheshayo kwezingxenye ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Enye indlela ukudweba i-roller ngendlela ebandayo. Ngemuva kwale nqubo, amakhamera acindezelwa emshinini ngemuva kokuqinisa izindawo zokusebenza ze-shaft.

Camshaft cam design

Indawo kanye nephrofayili ye-camshaft lobes ibalulekile ekusebenzeni kwalo lonke uhlelo lwamandla. Zihambisana ngokuqondile nesikhathi nesikhathi sokuvulwa nokuvalwa kwama-valve. Ifomu labo lincike ikakhulukazi esimweni seyunithi enikeziwe. Izinhlobo ezintathu zamakhamera ezisetshenziswa kakhulu:

• tangential;
• ama-harmonics;
• zokwenziwa.

Zithinta ngokuqondile ukugcwaliswa nokuthululwa kwamagesi egumbi elivuthayo. 

Le nqubo yenzeka kanjani?

Amakhamera e-Camshaft - uyini umsebenzi wawo?

Uma ubheka amakhamera e-camshaft, uzoqaphela ukuthi noma ngabe aluhlobo luni, ngalinye lakhiwe ngendlela efanayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inephrofayili ephansi futhi evulekile, ngakolunye, iphrofayili ephezulu kakhulu futhi ewa ngokushesha, ebizwa ngokuthi ikhala. Ama-lobe we-camshaft anikezwa ngamamilimitha futhi kwezinye izimo amanani awo afana nokuphakanyiswa kwe-valve.

Siyini isikhathi sokuvula i-valve?

Yebo, lokhu akucaciswanga ngamayunithi esikhathi. Inikezwa ngokusekelwe ku-engeli yokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft. Kalula nje, yonke inqubo ihlanganisa ukuhambisa i-valve endaweni yayo yokuphumula ukuze igcwalise igumbi elivuthayo ngengxube efanele yamagesi. Amanani amabili anqumayo ngalesi sikhathi - i-TDC ne-BDC (isikhungo esiphezulu nesiphansi se-piston).

Izinjini ezine-stroke zinemijikelezo emine yokusebenza:

• ukumunca;
• ukucindezela;
• Umsebenzi;
• qeda.

Ngesikhathi sokusebenza i-crankshaft yenza amajika amabili agcwele. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-camshaft kufanele ivule ama-valve okungena, iwavale, ivule ama-valve okukhipha bese uwavala. Ngemva kwale nqubo, wonke umjikelezo uqala kabusha. I-stroke yokuthatha ihlanganisa ukwethulwa kwamagesi acindezelwe asuka ekuthatheni ngamavalvu okungenisa. Ngeshwa, imishini yegesi ayibavumeli ukuthi bagcwalise ngokushesha igumbi lomlilo, ngakho-ke ama-lobes e-camshaft abhekele ama-valve okungenisa kufanele awavule ngaphambi kokuba ipiston ifinyelele ku-TDC. Isikhathi sokuvula i-valve ukuze sifinyelele kuleli phuzu sihlanganisa inani elithile le-angular lokujikeleza kwe-crankshaft.

Kuyafana nange-DMP. Amagesi awakwazi ukuphuma ngokushesha ngemva kokufika kuleli phuzu, ngakho-ke i-valve yokukhipha umoya kufanele ihlale ivulekile isikhathi esithile ngemva kokuba ipiston idlule ku-BDC. Ukhumbula ukuthi phakathi nebanga eliphakathi kwe-TDC ne-BDC i-crankshaft izungeza ama-degree angu-180, ungakwazi ukwengeza amanani achazwe ngenhla futhi ngaleyo ndlela uthole isikhathi sokuvula i-valve. Ngokuya ngemodeli ye-motor ne-shaft, idlula ama-250^o ukujikeleza kwe-shaft.

Ingabe enkulu ihlala ingcono uma kuziwa kuma-camshafts?

Inhloso yokulawula i-valve ukuphoqelela ingxube yamafutha omoya ekamelweni elivuthayo nokukhipha amagesi ngesikhathi sokukhipha umoya. Ihlobene eduze namandla azuzwe injini enikeziwe, ngoba ingxube eyengeziwe isegunjini lomlilo, amandla engeziwe akwazi ukukhiqiza. Abanye abantu bakuthola kufanelekile ukufaka ama-sport cams noma ukuwaboleka kwenye imoto enamandla engeziwe. Kubangelwa yini? 

Isikhathi sokuphakamisa i-valve side, okuvumela isilinda ukuthi sigcwaliswe ngengxube eyengeziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihamba ibanga elide ngoba ukuphakama kwe-cam lobe kukhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, i-valve ibuyela endaweni yayo yasekuqaleni ngesikhathi esifushane nangesivinini esiphezulu. Lokhu kunomthelela oqondile ekukhiqizeni ama-g-force aphezulu namazinga okushisa.

Uma i-valve inokuxhumana okufushane kwesihlalo, ngeke ibe nesikhathi sokuqeda ukushisa okukhulu. Ngenxa yalokho, ukushiswa kwe-valve, ukuvuza nokulahlekelwa kokucindezelwa kungenzeka. Futhi lezi yizinkinga ezimbi kakhulu, ngoba-ke kufanele ubale ngokulungiswa okuphelele kwekhanda. Ukwakhiwa kwe-camshaft nakho kungathinta isikhathi sama-valve, okubangele ukuthi bahlangane nama-pistons, okuzophinde kubhubhise umhlangano.

Ingabe ikhamera yezemidlalo ikunikeza amandla?

Nakanjani yebo. Nokho, lokhu akuwona amandla awusizo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Kungani? Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngokuvulwa kanyekanye kwawo womabili ama-valve (njengama-shafts ezemidlalo) kuthuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza, kodwa futhi kwandisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli. Lokhu kubangelwa ukuthi inani elilinganiselwe likaphethiloli alishiswa, okuthi, kanye namagesi aphumayo, adonswe ekuphumeni.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ama-camshaft ezemidlalo noma e-rally enza injini kube nzima ukuyenza futhi inciphise amandla phansi kwamakhamera. Futhi lokhu kuyakhathaza kakhulu ekushayeleni kwansuku zonke. Izixazululo zalolu hlobo zisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-motorsports, ngoba ukwanda kwamandla ngokuvamile kubonakala kuma-revs aphezulu.

Uma unquma ukushintsha camshafts ukwandisa amandla iyunithi, ungakhohlwa ukuqinisa ezinye izingxenye injini. 

I-Camshaft ne-crankshaft

Ingabe ama-camshaft nama-crankshaft afana ngani? Kuningi, ngoba kufanele idlulisele itorque ekhiqiziwe ku-gearbox. Ngakho-ke, okungenani bheka ngaphakathi kwezinkomishi ukuze uhlole isimo sazo futhi ungawajiki. Kungaba usizo futhi ukushintsha ama-piston nama-valve abe anamandla. Yiqiniso, ungacabanga ngokushintsha ama-shafts ngokwawo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungase kuvele ukuthi injini ifaneleka kuphela ukulungiswa.

Izinkinga zokugqoka kwe-camshaft

Konke kuqala ngomsebenzi ocishe ube yi-prosaic, okungukuthi isikhawu samafutha. Kungani? Ukuthintana kwensimbi nensimbi okwenzeka ekhanda lesilinda phakathi kwamavalvu nama-camshaft lobes kubangela ukungqubuzana. Izinga eliphansi noma uwoyela ogugile ungabangela ukuguga okusheshayo kwezindawo zekhamera. Ilungiswa kanjani? Nanka amathiphu: 

1. okokuqala, khetha amafutha afanele ngokusho kwemiyalelo yomkhiqizi futhi uhlale ushintsha ngesikhathi;
2. futhi ukhethe izihlungi ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela ukungcola ekujikelezeni kumjikelezo.

Ngokuvamile, isizathu silele kumakhi. Nokho, kwenzeka ukuthi umklami akakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili konke, futhi, isibonelo, i-shaft yokukhipha ebuthakathaka kakhulu yasetshenziswa ku-Honda Accord VIII. Izinhlobo ze-Mazda SkyActiv-D ezikhiqizwe ngaphambi kuka-2014 nazo zaba namaphutha. Ama-Camshaft ahlulekile ezinjinini ezingu-1.6 HDI nezingu-2.2 eqenjini le-PSA. Nokho, izimo ezinjalo azivamile uma ziqhathaniswa nobudedengu bokusebenza.

Ungahlola kanjani ukugqoka kwe-camshaft?

Uzozizwa ugqoke kuma-camshafts ngemuva kokwehla kwamandla. Ukwengeza, amayunithi edizili azoba nenkinga ngentuthu ebangeni elingaphezulu le-rev. Ukuze ekugcineni uqinisekise noma ungafaki lolu hlobo lokuphuka, ikhava ye-valve kufanele isuswe. Lokhu kuzosusa konke ukungabaza kwakho. Ungaphinda ubheke nge-cap yokugcwalisa uwoyela, kepha hhayi kuwo wonke amamodeli wemoto uzobona noma yini.

Camshafts - intengo

Kukhona izimoto lapho ungathenga khona i-camshaft ngama-euro ayi-10 kuphela, yiqiniso, sikhuluma ngasetshenzisiwe. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuyizindleko zama-zloty angamakhulu amaningana, noma ngisho nangaphezu kwenkulungwane. Sikhuluma ngengxenye eyodwa kanye nekhophi entsha. Yingakho abanye abantu bekhetha ukukhiqiza kabusha. 

Ukuvuselelwa kweCamshaft - kuyini futhi kubiza malini? 

Kubandakanya ukusebenzisa inqubo yokubeka phezulu, i.e. ukusebenzisa isendlalelo esengeziwe sezinto kumakhamera. Kulokhu kunezelwa ukucubungula nokunikeza amandla afanele. Entengo yokuvuselelwa kwe-camshaft, kufanele wengeze izindleko zokulungisa ikhanda, ukufaka esikhundleni sezimpawu, futhi kaningi kanye nama-valve. Ngakho-ke, inani lingadlula ama-euro ayi-150.

Isihluthulelo sokulondoloza imali kule ndaba yizinguquko ezivamile zamafutha kanye nokukhethwa kwezihlungi ezifanele. Futhi khumbula imiphumela yokwandisa amandla ngokufaka ama-camshafts esikhundleni. Uma uyinakekela kahle injini yakho, izokubuyisela ngokusebenza isikhathi eside nokungenazinkinga. Sikufisela umgwaqo obanzi!