Umgomo wokusebenza kwenjini ye-diesel - isithombe nevidiyo yenqubo

Izinjini zikadizili zikwazile ukudlula indlela ende nephumelelayo yentuthuko kusukela kumayunithi angasebenzi kahle futhi angcolisayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili kuya kweyonga kakhulu futhi ethule ngokuphelele manje efakwe engxenyeni enhle yazo zonke izimoto ezikhiqizwa namuhla. Kodwa, naphezu kokuguqulwa okunjalo okuphumelelayo, isimiso esijwayelekile sokusebenza kwabo, esihlukanisa izinjini ze-diesel ezinjini zikaphethiloli, asishintshile. Ake sizame ukucabangela lesi sihloko ngokuningiliziwe.

Yimuphi umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinjini zikadizili nezinjini zikaphethiloli?

Sekuvele kucace egameni uqobo ukuthi izinjini zikadizili azisebenzi ngophethroli kodwa zisebenza ngodizili obuye ubizwe ngodizili, udizili noma udizili nje. Ngeke sihlole yonke imininingwane yezinqubo zamakhemikhali zokucwenga uwoyela, sizosho nje ukuthi kokubili uphethiloli nodizili kukhiqizwa ngamafutha. Ngesikhathi se-distillation, uwoyela uhlukaniswe ngama-fractions ahlukene:

• igesi - propane, butane, methane;
• ama-sledges (ama-carbohydrate ama-short chain) - asetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwama-solvents;
• uphethiloli uwuketshezi olusobala oluqhumayo noluhwamuka ngokushesha;
• uphalafini kanye nodizili kuwuketshezi olunombala ophuzi kanye nesakhiwo esibonakala kakhulu kunophethiloli.

Okungukuthi, uphethiloli we-diesel ukhiqizwa ezingxenyeni ezinzima zamafutha, inkomba yayo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvutha, kunqunywa inombolo ye-cetane. Uphethiloli we-diesel nawo ubonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesibabule, okuthi, noma kunjalo, bazame ukunciphisa ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze uphethiloli uhlangabezane nezindinganiso zemvelo.

Njengophethiloli, udizili uhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngezimo zokushisa:

• ihlobo;
• ubusika;
• i-arctic.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uphethiloli we-diesel akhiqizwanga nje ngamafutha kuphela, kodwa futhi namafutha emifino ehlukahlukene - isundu, ubhontshisi wesoya, i-rapeseed, njll., exutshwe notshwala bezimboni - i-methanol.

Nokho, uphethiloli othululwayo akuwona umehluko omkhulu. Uma sibheka uphethiloli kanye nezinjini zikadizili "kumongo", khona-ke ngeke siqaphele umehluko obonakalayo - ama-piston afanayo, izinduku zokuxhuma, i-crankshaft, i-flywheel, njalonjalo. Kodwa kukhona umehluko futhi ubaluleke kakhulu.

Isimiso sokusebenza senjini ye-diesel

Ngokungafani nophethiloli, enjinini kadizili, ingxube yamafutha omoya ibaswa ngokwesimiso esihluke ngokuphelele. Uma kuphethiloli - kokubili ku-carburetor ne-injection - izinjini, ingxube ilungiswa kuqala bese ithungelwa ngenhlansi evela ku-spark plug, khona-ke emoyeni wenjini ye-diesel ufakwa ekamelweni elivuthayo le-piston, bese umoya ucindezelwa. ukushisa kuze kufike emazingeni okushisa angama-700 degrees, futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uphethiloli ungena ekamelweni, eliqhuma ngokushesha futhi liqhube i-piston phansi.

Izinjini zikadizili zine-four-stroke. Ake sibheke isigqi ngasinye:

1. I-stroke yokuqala - i-piston ihamba phansi, i-valve yokungena iyavuleka, ngaleyo ndlela umoya ungena ekamelweni elivuthayo;
2. Umjikelezo wesibili - i-piston iqala ukuphakama, umoya uqala ukucindezela nokushisa ngaphansi kwengcindezi, kungalesi sikhathi lapho uphethiloli we-diesel ujojowe nge-nozzle, uvutha;
3. Umjikelezo wesithathu uyasebenza, ukuqhuma kwenzeka, i-piston iqala ukuhamba phansi;
4. I-stroke yesine - i-valve yokukhipha umoya iyavuleka bese wonke amagesi e-exhaust aphumela exhaust manifold noma emibhobho ye-turbine.

Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu - izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zama-revolution ngomzuzu, kudinga umsebenzi ohlangene kakhulu nokulungiswa kwazo zonke izingxenye - ama-pistons, amasilinda, i-camshaft, izinduku zokuxhuma i-crankshaft, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu izinzwa - okumele zidlulisele amakhulu ama-pulses ngomzuzwana i-CPU yokucubungula ngokushesha nokubala umthamo odingekayo womoya kanye nophethiloli wedizili.

Izinjini zikadizili zisebenza kahle kakhulu, yingakho zisetshenziswa emalolini, inhlanganisela, ogandaganda, izinsiza zempi nokunye. I-DT ishibhile, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi injini ngokwayo ibiza kakhulu ukusebenza, ngoba izinga lokucindezela lapha licishe liphindwe kabili kunelikaphethiloli, ngokulandelana, ama-piston omklamo okhethekile ayadingeka, futhi zonke izingxenye, izingxenye nezinto zokwakha. ezisetshenziswayo ziyaqiniswa, okungukuthi, zibiza eqolo.

Izidingo eziqinile kakhulu zibekwe futhi ekunikezeni uphethiloli kanye nezinhlelo zegesi ephumayo. Ayikho neyodwa injini ye-diesel engasebenza ngaphandle kwepompo ye-petroli esezingeni eliphezulu futhi enokwethenjelwa - i-high-pressure fuel pump. Iqinisekisa ukunikezwa okufanele kukaphethiloli ku-nozzle ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinjini ze-diesel zisebenzisa ama-turbines - ngosizo lwazo, amagesi okukhipha asetshenziswa kabusha, ngaleyo ndlela andisa amandla enjini.

Udizili nawo unezinkinga eziningi:

• ukwanda komsindo;
• imfucuza eyengeziwe - uphethiloli unamafutha amaningi, ngakho-ke udinga ukushintsha njalo izihlungi, ukuqapha ukuphuma;
• izinkinga ngokuqala, ikakhulukazi ezibandayo, i-starter enamandla kakhulu isetshenziswa, uphethiloli ushuba ngokushesha lapho izinga lokushisa lehla;
• ukulungisa kuyabiza, ikakhulukazi imishini kaphethiloli.

Ngamafuphi - kulowo nalowo, izinjini zedizili zibonakala ngamandla amakhulu, zihlotshaniswa ne-SUV enamandla namaloli. Kumuntu ohlala edolobheni olula oya emsebenzini - esuka emsebenzini futhi ashiye idolobha ngezimpelasonto, injini kaphethiloli enamandla aphansi yanele.

Ividiyo ebonisa wonke umgomo wokusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kadizili

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