Isizathu sasePoland phakathi neMpi Enkulu, ingxenye 2: ohlangothini lwe-Entente
Indlunkulu ye-XNUMXst Polish Corps eRussia (ngokuqondile, "eMpumalanga"). Phakathi nendawo kuhlezi uGeneral Jozef Dovbor-Musnitsky.
Imizamo yePoland yokubuyisela inkululeko ngesisekelo selinye lamazwe ahlukanisayo yaletha imiphumela elinganiselwe kakhulu. Ama-Austrians ayebuthakathaka kakhulu futhi amaJalimane ayephethe kakhulu. Ekuqaleni, amathemba amakhulu abekwe kumaRussia, kodwa ukubambisana nabo kwakunzima kakhulu, kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ukuthobeka okukhulu kwamaPoles. Ukubambisana neFrance kwaletha okwengeziwe.
Kuyo yonke ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili - kanye nengxenye enkulu yekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye - iRussia yayibhekwa njengomngane obaluleke kakhulu wasePoland nomakhelwane onomusa. Ubuhlobo abuzange bonakaliswe ukuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwePoland, kodwa kuphela ngempi ka-1792 kanye nokucindezelwa okunonya kokuvukela kukaKosciuszko ngo-1794. Kodwa ngisho nalezi zenzakalo zazibhekwa njengengozi kakhulu kunobuso bangempela bobuhlobo. AmaPoles ayefuna ukuhlangana neRussia ngesikhathi samaNapoleon, naphezu kokuba khona kwe-pro-French Duchy of Warsaw. Ngandlela-thile, ibutho laseRussia, elalihlala i-duchy ngo-1813-1815, laziphatha ngendlela efanele. Lesi ngesinye sezizathu ezenza umphakathi wasePoland wamukele ngesasasa ukubuyiselwa koMbuso wasePoland ngaphansi kokubusa kukaTsar Alexander. Ekuqaleni, wajabulela inhlonipho enkulu phakathi kwabantu basePoland: kwaba udumo lwakhe lapho kwabhalwa ingoma ethi "Nkulunkulu, into Poland ...".
Babenethemba lokubuyisela iRiphabhulikhi yasePoland ngaphansi kwentonga yakhe. Ukuthi uzobuyisela Amazwe Athunjiwe (okungukuthi, iLithuania yangaphambili nePodolia) eMbusweni, bese ebuyisela i-Lesser Poland ne-Greater Poland. Cishe, njengoba wonke umuntu owayazi umlando waseFinland ayeqonda. Ngekhulu le-1809, iRussia yalwa neSweden, isikhathi ngasinye ithumba izingcezu zaseFinland. Kwagqashuka enye impi ngo-XNUMX, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yonke iFinland yawela eSt. I-Tsar Alexander yakha i-Grand Duchy yaseFinland lapha, lapho ibuyisela khona amazwe ayenqotshwe ezimpini zekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. Yingakho amaPoles eMbusweni wasePoland ayenethemba lokujoyina Amazwe Athathiwe - noVilnius, Grodno noNovogrudok.
Ngeshwa, iNkosi u-Alexander yasePoland kwaba ngesikhathi esifanayo umbusi waseRussia futhi akazange ngempela ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwalamazwe amabili. Ngisho nomfowabo nomlandeli wakhe uMikołaj, akazange awushaye indiva umthetho-sisekelo futhi wazama ukubusa iPoland njengoba ayebusa iRussia. Lokhu kwaholela ekuvukeleni umbuso ngo-November 1830, kwase kuba impi Polish-Russian. Zombili lezi zenzakalo zaziwa namuhla ngegama elithile elidukisayo le-November Uprising. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho kwaqala ukubonakala ubutha babasePoland kumaRussia.
Ukuvukela kwangoNovemba kwalahleka, futhi amasosha aseRussia angena eMbusweni. Nokho, uMbuso WasePoland awuzange uphele. Uhulumeni wawusebenza, nakuba wawunamandla alinganiselwe, inkantolo yasePoland yayisebenza, futhi ulimi olusemthethweni kwakuyisiPolish. Lesi simo singafaniswa nokuhlala kwakamuva kwe-US e-Afghanistan noma e-Iraq. Nokho, nakuba abaseMelika bagcina bewuqedile umsebenzi wabo womabili la mazwe, amaRussia ayemanqikanqika ukwenza kanjalo. Ngama-60s, amaPoles anquma ukuthi ushintsho lwaluhamba kancane, futhi kwabe sekuqala Ukuvukela kukaJanuwari.
Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangemva kokuvukela kukaJanuwari, uMbuso wasePoland awuzange uphele, nakuba ukuzimela kwawo kwakulinganiselwe. Umbuso awukwazanga ukuqedwa - wadalwa ngesisekelo sesinqumo samandla amakhulu amukelwa e-Congress of Vienna, ngakho-ke, ngokuyiqeda, inkosi yayizoshiya amanye amakhosi aseYurophu ngaphandle kokunakwa, futhi yayingenakukwazi ukuyikhokhela. Igama elithi "Kingdom of Poland" kancane kancane lasetshenziswa emibhalweni yesiRashiya; kaningi igama elithi "izwe lase-viclanian", noma "imihlaba e-Vistula" lalisetshenziswa. AbasePoland, abenqaba ukugqilazwa yiRussia, baqhubeka nokubiza izwe labo ngokuthi “uMbuso”. Yilabo kuphela ababezama ukujabulisa abaseRussia futhi bamukela ukuzithoba kwabo eSt. Petersburg basebenzisa igama elithi "vislav country". Ungahlangana naye namuhla, kodwa ungumphumela wokunganaki nokungazi.
Futhi abaningi bavumelana nokuncika kwePoland ePetersburg. Babe sebebizwa “ngamaqiniso”. Abaningi babo banamathela emibonweni eqinile, okuyinto, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yenza kube lula ukubambisana nombuso we-tsarist osabelayo, futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, wadumaza abasebenzi basePoland nabalimi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, kwakungabalimi nabasebenzi, hhayi izicukuthwane nabanikazi bomhlaba, ababeyingxenye enkulu kakhulu futhi ebalulekile yomphakathi. Ekugcineni, ukwesekwa kwabo kwatholwa iNational Democracy, eholwa uRoman Dmovsky. Ohlelweni lwayo lwezombangazwe, ukuvuma ukubuswa kwesikhashana kweSt. Petersburg phezu kwePoland kwahlanganiswa nokulwela izithakazelo zasePoland ngasikhathi sinye.
Impi ezayo, indlela eyazwakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu, yayiwukuba iRussia inqobe iJalimane ne-Austria futhi, kanjalo, ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe asePoland ngaphansi kokubusa kwenkosi. Ngokusho kukaDmowski, impi bekufanele isetshenziselwe ukwandisa ithonya lasePoland ekuphathweni kweRussia kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwamaPoles ahlangene. Futhi esikhathini esizayo, mhlawumbe, kuzoba nethuba lokuzimela okuphelele.
I-Legion Yokuncintisana
Kodwa iRussia yayingenandaba namaPoles. Yiqiniso, impi neJalimane yanikezwa uhlobo lomzabalazo we-pan-Slavic - ngemva nje kokuqala, inhloko-dolobha yaseRussia yashintsha igama elizwakalayo laseJalimane lasePetersburg laba iSlavic Petrograd - kodwa kwakuyisenzo esihloselwe ukuhlanganisa zonke izifundo ezizungezile. i-tsar. Osopolitiki nojenene basePetrograd babekholelwa ukuthi bazoyinqoba ngokushesha impi futhi bayinqobe ngokwabo. Noma imuphi umzamo wokusekela injongo yasePoland, owenziwa amaPoles ahlezi eMkhandlwini Wezifundazwe waseRussia Duma, noma ngokuphathwa komhlaba nezicukuthwane zezimboni, waxoshwa udonga lokungabaza. Kuphela ngesonto lesithathu lempi - ngo-August 14, 1914 - lapho uMkhulu u-Nikolai Mikolayevich wakhipha isikhalo kumaPoles, ememezela ukuhlanganiswa kwezwe lasePoland. Isikhalazo sasingabalulekile kwezombangazwe: asizange sikhishwe yi-tsar, hhayi iphalamende, hhayi uhulumeni, kodwa kuphela umkhuzi oyinhloko webutho laseRussia. Isikhalazo sasingenakho ukubaluleka okungokoqobo: akukho ukuvumelana noma izinqumo ezilandelwayo. Isikhalazo besinenani elithile - elingasho lutho - lenkulumo-ze. Nokho, wonke amathemba ashabalala ngisho nangemva kokufunda kancane umbhalo wakhe. Yayingacacile, ikhathazekile ngekusasa elingaqinisekile, futhi ikhuluma ngalokho wonke umuntu ayekwazi ngempela: IRussia yayihlose ukuhlanganisa amazwe anabantu basePoland omakhelwane bayo basentshonalanga.
