Ukumiswa kwemoto. Idivayisi nenjongo

I-suspension yemoto ixhuma ingxenye yokuthwala yemoto namasondo. Eqinisweni, lolu uhlelo lokumiswa, oluhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi kanye nemihlangano. Ingqikithi yayo ukuthatha umthelela wamandla ahlukahlukene avela ohlelweni lokuhamba emgwaqweni futhi enze ukuxhumana phakathi komzimba namasondo kunwebeka.

Ama-suspension - ngaphambili nangemuva - kanye nohlaka, imishayo ye-axle namasondo kwakha i-chassis yemoto.

Inani lezimpawu zemoto zinqunywa ngokuqondile uhlobo nesakhiwo esithile sokumiswa. Phakathi kwemingcele enjalo eyinhloko ukuphatha, ukuzinza, ngisho nokushelela.

I-unsprung mass iqoqo lezingxenye ezithinta ngokuqondile umgwaqo ngesisindo sazo. Okokuqala, lawa amasondo nezingxenye zokumiswa kanye nezindlela zamabhuleki ezixhunywe kuzo ngqo.

Zonke ezinye izingxenye nezingxenye, isisindo sazo sidluliselwa emgwaqeni ngokumiswa, zenza i-sprung mass.

Isilinganiso se-sprung ne-unsprung mass sinomthelela onamandla kakhulu ekusebenzeni kokushayela kwemoto. Isisindo esincane sezingxenye ezingahlungiwe ngokuhlobene nezihluma, kungcono ukuphatha nokushelela kokugibela. Ngokwezinga elithile, lokhu kuthuthukisa amandla emoto.

Ubuningi obungaphumi kakhulu bungabangela ukwanda kwe-suspension inertia. Kulokhu, ukushayela emgwaqeni ongagwegwesi kungalimaza i-asi yangemuva futhi kuholele engozini embi.

Cishe zonke izingxenye zokulengiswa zihlobene nesisindo esinganqamuki semoto. Kuyaqondakala-ke isifiso sonjiniyela sokunciphisa isisindo sokumiswa ngandlela thize. Kuze kube manje, abaklami bazama ukunciphisa ubukhulu bezingxenye noma ukusebenzisa ama-alloys alula esikhundleni sensimbi. I-kilogram ngayinye iphumelele kancane kancane ithuthukisa izici zokugijima zemoto. Umphumela ofanayo ungafinyelelwa ngokwandisa i-sprung mass, kodwa kulokhu kuzodingeka wengeze isisindo esibaluleke kakhulu. Ezimotweni zabagibeli, isilinganiso sicishe sibe ngu-15:1. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwanda kwenani eliphelele kubi kakhulu ukuguquguquka kokusheshisa.

Mayelana nenduduzo

Imoto enyakazayo ihlale idlidliza. Kulokhu, ama-oscillations aphansi kakhulu kanye nama-high-frequency oscillations angahlukaniswa.

Ngokombono wokunethezeka, inani lokudlidliza komzimba ngomzuzu kufanele libe phakathi kuka-60 kuya ku-120.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwamathayi nezinye izakhi zokunwebeka, izixuku ezingaphumi zithola ukudlidliza kwemvamisa ephakeme - cishe ama-600 ngomzuzu. Idizayini yokumiswa kufanele igcine ukundindizela okunjalo kuncane ukuze kungezwakali ku-cabin.

Futhi-ke, ama-bumps kanye nokushaqeka akunakugwenywa ngenkathi ushayela, ukuqina kwakho okuncike esimweni somgwaqo. Ukulwa ngokuphumelelayo nomthelela wokuzamazama ngenxa yamaqhubu emgwaqeni kungomunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile yokumiswa.

Mayelana nokuphatha

Imoto kufanele igcine inkomba ethile yokuhamba futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo iguqule kalula ngokuthanda komshayeli. Omunye wemisebenzi yokumiswa wukuhlinzeka ukuzinza okwanele kwamasondo esiteringi ukuze imoto iqhubeke nokuhamba umugqa oqondile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ama-bumps angahleliwe avela ngenxa yokulimala komgwaqo.

Ngokuzinza okuhle, amasondo aqondiswayo abuyela endaweni engathathi hlangothi ngokungenelela okuncane noma okungekho komshayeli, futhi imoto ihamba ngendlela eqondile, ngisho noma isondo lokuqondisa lingabanjwa.

Ukuthi amasondo ahamba kanjani maqondana nomgwaqo futhi umzimba unqunywa kakhulu yi-kinematics yokumiswa.

Mayelana nokuphepha

Ukumiswa kufanele kunikeze ukubamba kahle kwamathayi emgwaqeni ukuze indawo yokuxhumana ihlale ingashintshi ngesikhathi sokunyakaza. Ushintsho olunamandla kuzilungiselelo (ukuqondanisa, njll.), kanye nejometri yokumiswa, kufanele kube kuncane. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma ushayela phezu kwamaqhubu emgwaqeni nasemakhoneni. Idizayini kufanele ifake izakhi ezinciphisa i-roll futhi zinciphise amathuba okuthi ushibilike futhi ugingqike umshini, ngamanye amazwi, unikeze ukuzinza okwanele.

Ukumiswa kwemoto ngokuvamile kuqukethe izinto eziqondisayo, izingxenye ezinwebekayo, isidambisi manzi sokudlidliza, ibha yokunqanda ukugingqika, kanye nezinsimbi, izinto ezilawulayo nezilawulayo.

Izindlela zokuqondisa 

Okokuqala, lezi ziyizinsimbi ezihlukahlukene, ongafunda kabanzi ngazo, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zokudonsa, ama-racks, izandiso. Kuncike kubo ukuthi kanjani futhi ngaphakathi kwemiphi imingcele kungenzeka ukuhambisa amasondo ngezimbazo ezihlukene nasezindizeni ezahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badlulisa amandla e-traction kanye ne-braking, kanye namathonya aseceleni, isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokujika.

Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezindlela zomhlahlandlela ezisetshenziswayo, konke ukumiswa kungahlukaniswa ngamakilasi amabili amakhulu - okuncike futhi okuzimele.

Kumuntu oncike kuye, womabili amasondo e-asili eyodwa axhumene ngokuqinile elinye nelinye ngebhuloho (ugodo olunqamulayo). Kulokhu, ukuhanjiswa kwelinye lamasondo, ngokwesibonelo, lapho ushayela emgodini, kuzodala ukufuduka okufanayo kwelinye.



Ekumisweni okuzimele, akukho ukuxhumana okuqinile okunjalo, ngakho ukugudluka okuqondile noma ukuthambekela kwesondo elilodwa akunawo umthelela kwamanye.



Womabili amakilasi anezinzuzo zawo kanye nokubi, okunquma ububanzi bokusebenza kwawo. Ngokuqondene nezimoto zabagibeli, lapha inzuzo ecacile yaba ohlangothini lokumiswa okuzimele. Nakuba i-axle yangemuva ezimweni eziningi isafakiwe incike, ngezikhathi ezithile ungathola futhi uhlelo lwe-torsion-lever oluzimele.

Ku-axle yangaphambili, ukumiswa okuncikile, ngenxa yamandla ayo aphezulu nokulula komklamo, kusabalulekile kumaloli, amabhasi kanye namanye ama-SUV.

Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinhlelo ezincikile nezizimele zinikezelwe.

Idizayini ingase ihlanganise inani elihlukile lama-lever, futhi angase abekwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngokwalezi zici, umuntu angakwazi ukuhlukanisa i-single-lever, i-double-lever kanye ne-multi-link suspensions ngohlelo lwe-longitudinal, transverse noma oblique.

Izakhi ze-elastic 

Lokhu kufaka phakathi iziphethu, imigoqo ye-torsion, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeziphethu, kanye nezinsimbi ze-rubber-metal (amabhlogo athule), ngenxa yokuthi ama-levers neziphethu zihamba. Izakhi ze-elastic ziyashaqeka lapho zishaya amabhampa emgwaqeni futhi zithambisa kakhulu umthelela wazo emzimbeni, injini evuthayo yangaphakathi nezinye izakhi namasistimu emoto. Futhi-ke, bakhulisa izinga lokunethezeka kulabo abasendlini.

Ngokuvamile, ekwakhiweni kokumiswa okuzimele, kusetshenziswa iziphethu ze-coil cylindrical, ezenziwe ngensimbi ekhethekile yasentwasahlobo kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile. Izakhi ezinjalo ezinwebekayo zinokwethenjelwa, azidingi ukugcinwa futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zikuvumela ukuthi uthole ubushelelezi obuhle kakhulu. Ezimotweni zabagibeli, iziphethu sezicishe zashintsha ngokuphelele iziphethu.



Isibalo sibonisa ukuhlelwa kokuhlelwa kokumiswa kwentwasahlobo okunama-wishbones amabili.

Ekumisweni komoya, iziphethu zomoya zisetshenziswa njengento enwebekayo. Ngokushintsha ingcindezi yegesi kusilinda kule embodiment, kungenzeka ukulungisa masinyane ukuqina kwesistimu, kanye nenani lemvume yomhlabathi. Ukuzijwayeza okuzenzakalelayo kufinyelelwa ngenxa yesistimu yezinzwa kanye neyunithi yokulawula kagesi. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zedivayisi enjalo ziphezulu kakhulu, futhi ifakwe kuphela ezimotweni eziphakeme. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa komoya okuguquguqukayo kunzima kakhulu futhi kuyabiza ukukulungisa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kusengozini emigwaqweni emibi.



i-vibration damper 

Uyenza indima yakhe. Yenzelwe ukudambisa ukudlidliza okuvela ekusetshenzisweni kwezingxenye ezinwebekayo, kanye nezigigaba ezizwakalayo. Uma ungekho i-absorber shock, ukudlidliza ezindizeni eziqondile nezivundlile kunciphisa kakhulu ukulawulwa futhi, kwezinye izimo, kungaholela esimweni esiphuthumayo. 

Imvamisa, i-damper ihlanganiswa nezinto ezinwebekayo zibe yithuluzi elilodwa - elenza ngokushesha isethi yemisebenzi.

Ibha ye-anti-roll 

Le ngxenye ifakwe kuma-ekseli angaphambili nangemuva. Idizayinelwe ukunciphisa i-lateral roll uma ijika amakhona futhi inciphise amathuba okuthi umshini uphume.



Ungafunda kabanzi mayelana nedivayisi kanye nesimiso sokusebenza kwe-anti-roll bar.

Ama-Fasteners 

Ukuxhuma izingxenye zokumiswa kuhlaka kanye komunye nomunye, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezintathu zokubopha - eziboshiwe, ngezingxenye zokunwebeka (izinsimbi zenjoloba-zensimbi kanye nama-bushings). Okwakamuva, ngaphezu kokufeza umsebenzi wawo oyinhloko, futhi kusiza ukunciphisa amazinga omsindo ngokumunca ukudlidliza ku-spectrum ethile.

Ngokuvamile, umklamo uphinde uhlinzekele imikhawulo yokuhamba kwama-levers. Uma imoto idlula iqhubu elibalulekile, ibhampa yerabha izomunca umthelela ngaphambi kokuba isibambisi sokwethuka sifinyelele umkhawulo waso ophezulu noma ophansi. Ngakho, ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwe-shock absorber, ukwesekwa kwayo okuphezulu kanye ne-block ephansi ethule kuvinjelwe.

Isihloko sibanzi kakhulu ukuthi singafaka zonke izici zaso esihlokweni esisodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, onjiniyela bokuklama bahlala besebenzela ukuthuthukisa amadivaysi akhona futhi bathuthukise amasha. Indlela ethembisa kakhulu amasistimu anezimo ezizenzakalelayo ezivumelana nezimo ezithile zomgwaqo. Ngaphezu kweziphethu zomoya ezishiwo kakade, isibonelo, kusetshenziselwa imigoqo eguquguqukayo ye-anti-roll, ekwazi ukuguqula ukuqina kwayo ngokuvumelana nesignali evela ku-ECU.



Ezimotweni eziningi, kufakwe ama-absorber ashintshwayo ashintsha ukuqina kokumiswa ngenxa yokusebenza kwe-valve ye-solenoid.

Ekumisweni kwe-hydropneumatic, indima yezingxenye ezinwebekayo idlalwa yizindilinga, izingxenye ezihlukene ezihlukene ezigcwele igesi noketshezi. Kuhlelo lwe-Hydactive, i-hydropneumatic sphere iyingxenye ye-suspension strut.



Kodwa-ke, zonke lezi zinketho ziyabiza, ngakho-ke abashayeli abaningi kufanele baneliseke nge-MacPherson engcono kakhulu nezinhlelo zasentwasahlobo ezinama-wishbones amabili namuhla.

Akekho ophephile ezinkingeni zemigwaqo yethu, ngakho-ke ngeke kube yinto engafanele ukuzijwayeza nezimpawu zalezo ezingase zibe khona. Futhi qiniseka ukuthi ufunda.