Kungani ukushaja okusheshayo kuwukufa kwamabhethri

Bafuna ukushintsha uwoyela, kepha basenamaphutha abulalayo abakhiqizi abathule ngawo.

Ubudala Bamalahle kudala bukhunjulwa. Inkathi kawoyela nayo iyaphela. Eminyakeni eyishumi yesithathu yekhulu le-XNUMX, ngokusobala siphila esikhathini samabhethri.

INDIMA yabo ibilokhu ibalulekile selokhu ugesi wangena empilweni yomuntu. Kepha manje izitayela ezintathu zenze ngokungazelelwe ukugcinwa kwamandla kube ubuchwepheshe obubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni.

Ithrendi yokuqala ukukhula kwemishini ephathwayo - ama-smartphone, amaphilisi, amakhompyutha aphathekayo. Sasidinga amabhethri ezinto ezifana namathoshi, imisakazo ephathwayo kanye namadivayisi aphathwayo - konke okunomkhawulo wokusebenzisa. Namuhla, wonke umuntu unomakhalekhukhwini okungenani oyedwa, asebenzisa cishe njalo futhi ngaphandle kwalokho impilo yakhe ayinakucatshangwa.

INDLELA YESIBILI ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamandla avuselelekayo kanye nokwehluka okungazelelwe phakathi kweziqongo zokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kukagesi. Kwakuvame ukuba lula: lapho abanikazi bevula izitofu nama-TV kusihlwa, futhi ukusetshenziswa kuphakama kakhulu, opharetha bezitshalo zamandla ashisayo kanye nezitshalo zamandla enyukliya bamane bakhulise amandla. Kodwa ngesizukulwane selanga nomoya, lokhu akunakwenzeka: ukuphakama kokukhiqiza kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho ukusetshenziswa kusezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, amandla kufanele agcinwe ngandlela-thile. Okukhethwa kukho yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umphakathi we-hydrogen", lapho ugesi uguqulwa ube yi-hydrogen bese uphakela uphethiloli kugridi nezimoto zikagesi. Kodwa izindleko eziphakeme ngokungavamile zengqalasizinda edingekayo kanye nezinkumbulo ezimbi zesintu ze-hydrogen (i-Hindenburg nezinye) zishiya lo mqondo ku-backburner okwamanje.

Okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-smart grid" kubukeka ezingqondweni zeminyango yezentengiso: izimoto zikagesi zithola amandla amaningi ekukhiqizeni okuphezulu, bese kuthi, uma kunesidingo, zikubuyisele kugridi. Kodwa-ke, amabhethri esimanje awakayilungeli inselelo enjalo.

ENYE impendulo engaba khona kule nkinga ithembisa ukuthambekela kwesithathu: ukushintshwa kwezinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo ngezimoto ezisebenza ngogesi (i-BEVs). Enye yezimpikiswano ezinkulu ezisekela lezi zimoto zikagesi ukuthi zingaba ngabahlanganyeli abakhuthele kugridi futhi bathathe imali esele ukuze bazibuyise lapho zidingeka.

Wonke umenzi we-EV, kusuka kuTesla kuya kuVolkswagen, usebenzisa lo mbono ezintweni zabo ze-PR. Kodwa-ke, akekho noyedwa kubo ovuma okucacelwa kabuhlungu konjiniyela: amabhethri anamuhla awawulungele umsebenzi onjalo.

I-LITHIUM-ION TECHNOLOGY elawula imakethe namuhla futhi eletha kusuka ku-tracker yakho yokuqina kuya ku-Tesla Model S esheshayo inezinzuzo eziningi kunemiqondo emidala efana ne-lead acid noma i-nickel metal hydride amabhethri. Kepha futhi kunemikhawulo ethile futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthambekela kokuguga ..

Iningi labantu licabanga ngamabhethri njengohlobo lweshubhu lapho ugesi "ugelezela" ngandlela thile. Ngokwenzayo, noma kunjalo, amabhethri awagcini ugesi ngokwawo. Bayisebenzisela ukuqala ukusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali. Ngemuva kwalokho bangaqala ukusabela okuphambene futhi baphinde bathole ukukhokhiswa kwabo.

Kumabhethri e-lithium-ion, ukusabela lapho kukhishwa ugesi kubukeka kanjena: ama-lithium ions akhiwa ku-anode ebhetri. Lawa angama-athomu e-lithium, ngalinye lawo elahlekelwe i-electron eyodwa. Ama-ion ahamba nge-electrolyte ewuketshezi eya ku-cathode. Futhi ama-electron akhululiwe ahanjiswa ngesekethe kagesi, enikeza amandla esiwadingayo. Lapho ibhethri ivuliwe ukushaja, inqubo iyahlehliswa futhi ama-ion aqoqwe nama-electron alahlekile.

"Ukukhula okweqile" ngamakhemikhali e-lithium kungadala isekhethi elifushane futhi kubasele ibhethri.

Ngeshwa, NOKHO, I-REACTIVITY OKUPHEZULU okwenza i-lithium ifaneleke kangaka ukwenza amabhethri inohlangothi olubi - ijwayele ukubamba iqhaza kokunye, ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungafuneki. Ngakho-ke, ungqimba oluncane lwe-lithium compounds luyakha kancane kancane ku-anode, oluphazamisa ukusabela. Futhi ngakho umthamo webhethri uyancipha. Lapho ishajwa kakhulu futhi ikhishwa, lokhu kunamathela kuba mkhulu. Ngezinye izikhathi ingakwazi ngisho nokukhulula okuthiwa "ama-dendrites" - cabanga ukuthi ama-stalactites e-lithium compounds - asuka ku-anode kuya ku-cathode futhi, uma efika kuwo, angabangela isifunda esifushane futhi avutha ibhethri.

Umjikelezo ngamunye wokushaja nokukhipha ufinyeza impilo yebhethri ye-lithium-ion. Kodwa ukushaja okusheshayo okusemfashinini kwakamuva okunezigaba ezintathu kuyasheshisa kakhulu inqubo. Kuma-smartphones, lokhu akusona isithiyo esikhulu kubakhiqizi, kunoma yikuphi, bafuna ukuphoqa abasebenzisi ukuthi bashintshe amadivaysi abo njalo eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemithathu.Kodwa izimoto ziyinkinga.

Ukwenza abathengi bathenge izimoto zikagesi, abakhiqizi kumele futhi babayenge ngezindlela zokushaja okusheshayo. Kepha iziteshi ezisheshayo ezifana ne-Ionity azifanele ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke.

IINDLEKO ZEBHATHA ZINYE ESESITHATHU futhi zingaphezu kwayo yonke intengo yemoto kagesi yanamuhla. Ukuze bakholise amakhasimende abo ukuthi awathengi ibhomu elihlabayo, bonke abakhiqizi banikeza iwaranti ehlukile, ende yebhethri. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bathembele ekushajweni okusheshayo ukuze benze izimoto zabo zikhange ekuhambeni amabanga amade. Kuze kube muva nje, iziteshi zokushaja ezishesha kakhulu bezisebenza ngama-kilowatts angama-50. Kodwa iMercedes EQC entsha ikwazi ukushajwa afinyelela ku-110kW, i-Audi e-tron efinyelela ku-150kW, njengoba ihlinzekwa yiziteshi zokushaja ze-European Ionity, kanti uTesla ulungiselela ukukhuphula izinga eliphezulu nakakhulu.

Laba bakhiqizi bayashesha ukuvuma ukuthi ukushaja okusheshayo kuzoqeda amabhethri. Iziteshi ezinjenge-Ionity zilungele izimo eziphuthumayo lapho umuntu evela kude futhi enesikhathi esincane. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukushaja kancane ibhethri lakho ekhaya kuyindlela ehlakaniphile.

Ukuthi ikhokhiswe futhi ikhishwe kanjani ibalulekile futhi esikhathini sayo sokuphila. Ngakho-ke, abakhiqizi abaningi abakhuthazi ukushaja ngaphezu kwama-80% noma ngaphansi kwama-20%. Ngale ndlela, ibhethri le-lithium-ion lilahlekelwa ngokwesilinganiso cishe amaphesenti ama-2 wamandla alo ngonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ingahlala iminyaka eyi-10, noma ifike cishe ku-200 km, ngaphambi kokuthi amandla ayo ehle kakhulu ize ingasebenziseki emotweni.

Ekugcineni, kunjalo, UKUPHILA KWEBATTERY kuncike ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali ayo ahlukile. Ihlukile kumkhiqizi ngamunye, futhi ezimweni eziningi intsha kakhulu kangangokuthi akwaziwa nokuthi izoguga kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abakhiqizi abaningana sebevele bathembisa isizukulwane esisha samabhethri ngempilo "yamamayela ayisigidi" (amakhilomitha ayizigidi eziyi-1.6). Ngokusho kuka-Elon Musk, uTesla usebenza kwenye yazo. Inkampani yaseChina iCATL, enikezela ngemikhiqizo kwaBMW kanye nezinye izinkampani eziyishumi nambili, ithembise ukuthi ibhethri layo elilandelayo lizohlala iminyaka engu-16, noma amakhilomitha ayizigidi ezimbili. IGeneral Motors kanye ne-LG Chem yaseKorea nabo basungula iphrojekthi efanayo. Ngayinye yalezi zinkampani inezixazululo zayo zobuchwepheshe ezifuna ukuzizama empilweni yangempela. I-GM, ngokwesibonelo, izosebenzisa izinto ezintsha ukuvimbela umswakama ukuthi ungangeni kumaseli webhethri, okuyimbangela enkulu yokukala kwe-lithium ku-cathode. Ubuchwepheshe be-CATL bengeza i-aluminium kwi-nickel-cobalt-manganese anode. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokunciphisa isidingo se-cobalt, okwamanje esabiza kakhulu kulezi zinto zokusetshenziswa, kepha futhi kwandisa impilo yebhethri. Okungenani yilokho onjiniyela baseChina abanethemba. Amakhasimende angaba khona ayajabula ukwazi ukuthi umbono usebenza ngokuzijwayeza yini.