Ukushoda kwe-semiconductor yomhlaba kuchaziwe: kusho ukuthini ukushoda kwe-chip yemoto emotweni yakho entsha elandelayo, okuhlanganisa ukubambezeleka kokulethwa kanye nezikhathi zokulinda ezinde
Okuqukethwe
IHyundai ingenye yezinhlobo eziningi ezibhekene nokushoda kwe-semiconductor emhlabeni jikelele.
Umhlaba usushintshe kakhulu ezinyangeni eziyi-18 ezedlule futhi ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke luthinte zonke izici zokuphila, okuhlanganisa nezimoto esizishayelayo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane ngo-2020, lapho abakhiqizi bezimoto emhlabeni wonke beqala ukuvala amafekthri ukuzama ukunqanda ukubhebhetheka kwaleli gciwane, sekuqalile ukusabela okuholele ekutheni kungabi bikho isitokwe ezindaweni ezidayisa izimoto, njengoba izinkampani zezimoto manje sezicubungula obala. ukunciphisa inani lobuchwepheshe ababunikeza izimoto.
Pho sifike kanjani lapha? Kusho ukuthini lokhu kulabo abafuna ukuthenga imoto? Futhi liyini ikhambi?
Ayini ama-semiconductors?
Ngokusho kolwazi Britannica.com, i-semiconductor "inoma yiliphi ikilasi lezinto eziqinile zekristalu eziphakathi kokusebenza kukagesi phakathi komqhubi kanye nesivikeli".
Ngokuvamile, ungacabanga nge-semiconductor njenge-microchip, ucezu oluncane lobuchwepheshe olusiza iningi lemihlaba yanamuhla ukusebenza.
Ama-semiconductors asetshenziswa kukho konke kusukela ezimotweni namakhompyutha kuya kuma-smartphone ngisho nezinto zasendlini ezifana namathelevishini.
Kungani kushoda?
Lesi yisimo sakudala sokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa. Njengoba ubhubhane luphoqa abantu emhlabeni wonke ukuthi basebenze besekhaya, ingasaphathwa eyezingane ezifunda ku-inthanethi, isidingo sezimpahla zobuchwepheshe ezifana namalaptop, iziqapha, amakhamera ewebhu kanye nemakrofoni sinyuke kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, abakhiqizi be-semiconductor bacabange ukuthi isidingo sizokwehla njengoba ezinye izimboni (okubandakanya ezezimoto) zehla ngenxa yemikhawulo ehlobene nobhubhane.
Ama-semiconductors amaningi enziwa eTaiwan, eSouth Korea naseChina, futhi lawa mazwe ashaywe kanzima yi-COVID-19 njenganoma ngubani omunye futhi azinike isikhathi ukululama.
Ngesikhathi lezi zitshalo sezisebenza ngokugcwele, kwase kunegebe elikhulu phakathi kwesidingo sama-semiconductors kanye nokuhlinzekwa okutholakalayo kwabakhiqizi abaningi.
I-Semiconductor Industry Association ithe isidingo semikhiqizo yayo sikhuphuke ngo-6.5% ngo-2020 phakathi nokuvalwa okuhlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhathi esisithathayo ukwenza ama-chips - amanye awo angathatha izinyanga ukusuka ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni - kuhlanganiswe nezikhathi ezinde zokukhuphuka kubeke izimboni zokukhiqiza emhlabeni wonke esimweni esinzima.
Ngabe ama-semiconductors ahlobene ngani nezimoto?
Inkinga yemboni yezimoto iyinkimbinkimbi. Okokuqala, imikhiqizo eminingi yaqala ukusika ama-oda abo e-semiconductor ekuqaleni kwalolu bhubhane, ilindele ukuthengiswa okuphansi. Ngokuphambene, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto kwahlala kuqinile njengoba abantu befuna ukugwema izinto zokuhamba zomphakathi noma ukuchitha imali emotweni entsha esikhundleni sokuthatha ikhefu.
Yize ukushoda kwama-chip kuthinte zonke izimboni, ubunzima bemboni yezimoto wukuthi izimoto azithembele ohlotsheni olulodwa lwe-semiconductor, zidinga izinhlobo zakamuva zezinto ezifana ne-infotainment nezingathuthuki kakhulu uma kufakwa izingxenye. njengamafasitela kagesi.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, abakhiqizi bezimoto empeleni bangamakhasimende amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nama-tech giants afana ne-Apple ne-Samsung, ngakho-ke abanikezwa kuqala, okuholela kwezinye izinkinga.
Lesi simo asizange sisize ngokusha kwenkampani enkulu ekhiqiza ama-chip eJapan ngoMashi nonyaka. Ngenxa yomonakalo embonini, ukukhiqizwa kwavalwa isikhathi esingangenyanga, okuqhubeka kunciphisa ukuthunyelwa komhlaba wonke.
Lokhu kube namuphi umthelela embonini yezimoto?
Ukushoda kwe-semiconductor kuthinte wonke ama-automaker, noma kunzima ukukhomba ukuthi kubi kangakanani njengoba inkinga iqhubeka. Esikwaziyo ukuthi lokhu kube nomthelela ekhonweni lezinkampani eziningi ekwenzeni izimoto futhi kuzoqhubeka nokubanga imikhawulo yokuhlinzeka ngempahla isikhathi eside.
Ngisho nabakhiqizi abakhulu kakhulu abagonyiwe: Iqembu leVolkswagen, Ford, General Motors, Hyundai Motor Group kanye neStellantis baphoqeleka ukuthi behlise ukukhiqizwa emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhulu sakwaVolkswagen uHerbert Diess uthe iqembu lakhe alikwazanga ukwakha izimoto ezibalelwa ku-100,000 XNUMX ngenxa yokushoda kwama-semiconductors.
Ngasekuqaleni konyaka, iGeneral Motors yaphoqeleka ukuthi ivale amafemu ase-US, Canada naseMexico, amanye awo awakabuyela emsebenzini. Ngesinye isikhathi, umdondoshiya waseMelika wabikezela ukuthi le nkinga izomlahlekisela ngamadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zamaRandi.
Iningi lemikhiqizo likhethe ukugxila kulokho ama-semiconductors angakuthola kumamodeli anenzuzo kakhulu; isibonelo, i-GM ibeka eqhulwini ukukhiqizwa kwamaloli ayo nama-SUV amakhulu kunamamodeli anenzuzo encane kanye nemikhiqizo ye-niche efana ne-Chevrolet Camaro, ephelelwe ukukhiqizwa kusukela ngoMeyi futhi okungafanele iphinde iqale kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-August.
Eminye imikhiqizo, ekhathazekile ngokushoda kwama-chip unyaka wonke, manje isicabanga ukuthatha izinyathelo ezinqala. IJaguar Land Rover isanda kuvuma ukuthi icabanga ukukhipha izingcezu zemishini ethile kumamodeli ukuze kwakhiwe enye imoto.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathengi kungase kudingeke banqume ukuthi bafuna ukuthola imoto yabo entsha kusenesikhathi futhi bayekethise kulokho okucacisiwe, noma babe nesineke futhi balinde kuze kuphele ukushoda kwe-chip ukuze kuvulwe yonke ihadiwe.
Umthelela oseceleni walokhu kwehla komkhiqizo ukubambezeleka kokulethwa kwezidingo okulinganiselwe. E-Australia, ingxenye yokuqala ka-2020 ebivele ivilapha ngenxa yokuwohloka komnotho iye yanda, futhi lolu bhubhane seluqinise ukunikezwa okwengeziwe.
Yize kunezimpawu zokululama e-Australia njengoba ukuthengiswa kubuyela emazingeni angaphambi kobhubhane, amanani ezimoto ahlala engaphezulu kwesilinganiso njengoba abathengisi benqunyelwe ohlwini lwempahla abangaluhlinzeka.
Kuzophela nini?
Kuya ngokuthi ulalela bani: abanye babikezela ukuthi sihlangabezane nokushoda okukhulu kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye bexwayisa ngokuthi kungase kuqhubeke kuze kube u-2022.
Inhloko yezokuthenga kwaVolkswagen, uMurat Axel, utshele abeReuters ngoJuni ukuthi ubikezele ukuthi isikhathi esibi kakhulu sizophela ekupheleni kukaJulayi.
Ngokuphambene, ngesikhathi sokushicilela, abanye ochwepheshe bezimboni babika ukuthi ukushoda kwezinsiza kungase kubhebhetheke engxenyeni yesibili ka-2021 futhi kubangele ukubambezeleka okwengeziwe kokukhiqizwa kwabakhiqizi bezimoto.
Umphathi wakwaStellantis uCarlos Tavares utshele izintatheli kuleli sonto ukuthi akalindele ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kubuyele emazingeni angaphambi kobhubhane ngaphambi kuka-2022.
Ungakwandisa kanjani ukunikezwa futhi uvimbele lokhu ukuthi kungenzeki futhi?
Ngiyazi ukuthi le yisizindalwazi sezimoto, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi ukushoda kwe-semiconductor empeleni kuyindaba eyinkimbinkimbi ye-geopolitical edinga uhulumeni kanye namabhizinisi ukusebenzisana emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu ukuze bathole isisombululo.
Inkinga ikhombisile ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor kugxile e-Asia - njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, iningi lalawa ma-chips akhiqizwa eTaiwan, eChina naseNingizimu Korea. Lokhu kwenza impilo ibe nzima kubakhiqizi bezimoto base-Europe nabaseMelika, njengoba kunciphisa amandla abo okwandisa ukunikezwa embonini yomhlaba wonke enokuncintisana kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokho, abaholi bomhlaba baye bagxumela kule nkinga ye-semiconductor futhi bathembisa ukusiza ekutholeni ikhambi.
UMongameli waseMelika uJoe Biden uthe izwe lakhe kufanele liyeke ukuncika kakhulu kwamanye amazwe futhi kufanele livikele ukuthengiswa kwalo ngokuzayo. Ukuthi kusho ukuthini ngempela lokhu kunzima ukukubala, ngoba ukunqwabelanisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yobuchwepheshe njengama-semiconductors akulona ibhizinisi elisheshayo.
NgoFebhuwari, uMongameli Biden wayala ukuthi kubuyekezwe izinsuku eziyi-100 zamaketanga okuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke ukuzama ukuthola isisombululo sokushoda kwe-semiconductor.
Ngo-Ephreli, wahlangana nabaholi bezimboni ezingaphezu kuka-20 ukuze baxoxe ngohlelo lwakhe lokutshala imali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-US $50 ekukhiqizeni ama-semiconductor, okuhlanganisa uMary Barry weGM, uJim Farley noTavares bakwaFord, kanye noSundar Photosi we-Alphabet (inkampani engumzali wakwaGoogle). ) kanye nabamele i-Taiwan Semiconductor Company kanye ne-Samsung.
UMongameli wase-United States akayedwa ekukhathazekeni kwakhe. NgoMeyi, uChancellor waseJalimane u-Angela Merkel watshela ingqungquthela yokusungula izinto ezintsha ukuthi i-Europe izobeka engcupheni izimboni zayo ezibalulekile uma yehluleka ukuvikela ukuthengwa kwayo.
"Uma i-bloc enkulu njenge-EU ingakwazi ukwenza ama-chips, angijabule ngalokho," kusho uChancellor Merkel. "Kubi uma uyisizwe sezimoto futhi awukwazi ukukhiqiza izingxenye eziyisisekelo."
I-China kubikwa ukuthi igxile ekukhiqizeni amaphesenti angama-70 ama-microchips adingekayo ezimbonini zayo ezikhiqizwa kuleli eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi inakho ekudingayo.
Kodwa hhayi kuphela ohulumeni abathatha izinyathelo, abakhiqizi bezimoto abambalwa bayahola emizamweni yabo yokuphepha. Ngenyanga edlule, abakwaReuters babike ukuthi iHyundai Motor Group ixoxile nabakhi bamashipa baseNingizimu Korea ngesixazululo sesikhathi eside esizovimbela le nkinga ukuthi iqhubeke.
