Umlando omncane - i-hybrid drive yakwaToyota yathuthuka kanjani?
Sekunesikhathi sisebenzisa i-C-HR endlini yezindaba. Nsuku zonke sibonga izinzuzo ze-hybrid drive edolobheni, kodwa okwesikhashana besizibuza ukuthi i-Hybrid Synergy Drive yahamba ibanga elingakanani ngaphambi kokuba ifike kumodeli yakamuva? Uma nawe unentshisekelo, qhubeka ufunda.
Wake wazibuza ukuthi usuhambe kangakanani umlando wama-hybrid drives? Ngokuphambene nokubonakala, lolu hlobo lokusungulwa alusona isizinda samashumi eminyaka adlule noma ngaphezulu. Ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lesistimu yokushayela esebenzisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi kanye nenjini kagesi kwakungekaWilliam H. Patton, futhi yavela ... ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-128 edlule! Le patent isungule iPatton Motor Car, isitimela esiwuchungechunge samandla esasetshenziswa ukunika amandla ezinqoleni zasemgwaqweni nezitimela ezincane. Ngo-1889, kwasungulwa i-prototype, futhi eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili kamuva inguqulo ye-serial yesitimela yathengiswa enkampanini yesitimela.
Ngonyaka owedlule, i-Phaeton yagingqika emigwaqweni ngaphambi kokukhiqizwa kwemoto yamakhebula kaPatton. Cha, hhayi le Volkswagen-Bentley. Armstrong Phaeton. Mhlawumbe imoto yokuqala eyi-hybrid, noma kunalokho isihlalo sabakhubazekile, emlandweni. Ebhodini kwakukhona injini evuthayo yangaphakathi engu-6,5 litre 2-cylinder, kanye nenjini kagesi. I-flywheel iphinde yasebenza njenge-dynamo eshaja ibhethri. U-Armstrong Phaeton usewatholile amandla ekubhulekini, kodwa ngendlela ethe ukuhluka kunama-hybrids anamuhla. Injini kagesi yayisetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa amalambu futhi iqale injini evuthayo yangaphakathi, futhi mhlawumbe lokhu bekungeke kumangaze ukube bekungengenxa yokuthi yeqe i-automatic starter yeCadillac ngeminyaka engu-16.
Unentshisekelo? Kuthiwani nge-3-speed semi-automatic transmission? Amagiya bekungadingeki ukuthi ashintshwe ngokuphelele ngesandla. Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe ama-synchronizers kanye nendlela yokubamba ephindwe kabili ikhohliwe, injini kagesi yayivula i-clutch ngokuzenzakalelayo lapho ishintsha amagiya. Nokho, injini ye-Armstrong Phaeton yayi... inamandla kakhulu. Wayelokhu elimaza amasondo okhuni, okwathi ngemva kwalokho aqedwa ngokungeza izinto eziqinisa amasondo.
UFerdinand Porsche naye wayenokufaneleka kwakhe emlandweni wezimoto. I-Lohner-Porsche Mixte Hybrid kwakuyimoto, ezinguqulweni zakamuva, eyayinikwa amandla amamotho kagesi, eyodwa ngesondo ngalinye. Lezi zinjini zazisebenza ngamabhethri kanye ne-torque yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Le moto yayikwazi ukuthwala abantu abane futhi ihamba ngamandla kagesi kuphela noma isebenzisa injini evuthayo yangaphakathi kuphela.
Kuzwakala kamnandi lokho? Hhayi ngokuphelele. Amabhethri e-Mixte ayenamaseli angu-44 80-volt futhi anesisindo samathani angu-1,8. Izixhumanisi zazingenamandla kakhulu, ngakho zazivalwa endaweni efanele futhi zilengiswe eziphethwini. Nokho, leli ibhethri ngokwalo, futhi ake sengeze amamotho kagesi amaningi kulo. Ukusungulwa kwe-Lohner ne-Porsche kwakunesisindo esingaphezu kwamathani angu-4. Nakuba ngokombono wanamuhla kubukeka njengomlilo ongafanele, uMxte uthole onjiniyela abaningi becabanga. Ngokwesibonelo, labo abavela ku-Boeing ne-NASA, abafunda lesi sisetshenziswa ngokucophelela. Ngemiphumela, ngoba i-LRV le mishini ye-Apollo 15, 16, kanye ne-17 eyayisetshenziswa ukuzungeza inyanga yayinezixazululo eziningi ezithathwe ku-hybrid ye-Lohner-Porsche Mixte.
Umlando wama-hybrids mude impela, ngakho-ke ake siqonde okwamanje kusukela ekuqaleni. Ama-hybrid njengoba siwazi aqale ukuduma ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90s ngesikhathi iToyota Prius ingena emakethe yaseJapan. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ngokokuqala ngqa - ngo-1997 - kwasetshenziswa igama elithi "Toyota Hybrid System", okwathi kamuva kwaba "Hybrid Synergy Drive". Zazibukeka kanjani izizukulwane ngazinye?
Okokuqala Toyota Prius - Toyota Hybrid System
Sesivele sazi ukuthi umbono wemoto eyi-hybrid awumusha. Nokho, kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kuka-100 ukuba lo mbono udume ngempela. IToyota Prius yaba imoto yokuqala eyihybrid ekhiqizwa ngobuningi. Mhlawumbe yingakho wonke ama-hybrids ahlotshaniswa ngokucacile ne-Prius. Kodwa ake sibheke izixazululo zobuchwepheshe.
Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwe-Prius kwaqala ngo-1997, le ngxenye yokuthengisa yayingezemakethe yaseJapane kuphela. Ukuthunyelwa kwezinye izimakethe, ikakhulukazi e-US, kwaqala kuphela ngo-2000. Kodwa-ke, imodeli yokuthekelisa i-NHW11 ithuthukiswe kancane ukusuka kweyandulelayo (NHW10).
Ngaphansi kwe-hood ye-hybrid yaseJapane kwakukhona injini engu-1.5 VVT-i enezikhathi zevalve eguquguqukayo, esebenza kumjikelezo we-Atkinson. Ukucatshangelwa kwakucishe kufane namanje - injini kaphethiloli yayisekelwa izinjini ezimbili zikagesi - eyodwa isebenza njengejeneretha, enye ishayela amasondo. Igiya leplanethi, elisebenza njengokudlulisa okuguquguqukayo kwe-CVT, lalinomthwalo wokusabalalisa umsebenzi wezinjini ngendlela efanele.
Bekungeyona imoto eshesha kakhulu, enamandla okukhipha i-58 hp. futhi 102 Nm at 4000 rpm. Ngakho-ke, ukusheshisa kwaba kunalokho nesizotha, njengoba kwaba isivinini esiphezulu 160 km / h. Okwangijabulisa kwakuwukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli okuphansi, okungase kwehle ngaphansi kuka-5 l/100 km.
Kunguqulo ye-NHW11, izingxenye eziningi zithuthukisiwe ukuze zinikeze ukusebenza okungcono. Amandla enjini kagesi anyuke ngo-3 kW kanye ne-torque engu-45 Nm. Ukulahleka kwemishini kwehlisiwe futhi umsindo unciphile. Ijubane eliphezulu lenjini nalo linyuswe ngo-500 rpm.
I-Prius yokuqala, nokho, yayingenawo amaphutha - yayingathembekile njengamamodeli anamuhla, kwakukhona izinkinga ngokushisa kwamabhethri, futhi ezinye izingxenye zikagesi (njengemoto kagesi) zazinomsindo kakhulu.
I-Prius II, noma i-Hybrid Synergy Drive
Ngo-2003, kwavela enye i-Prius ene-THS injini yesizukulwane sesibili. Yaqale yabizwa ngeHybrid Synergy Drive. Ngaphambi kokuthi singene kudrayivu, kufanelekile ukusho umumo wesithonjana. Ayizange ivele ekuqaleni futhi inegama layo - "Kammbak". Yasungulwa ngawo-30 ngunjiniyela we-aerodynamic uWunibald Kamm. Umzimba onomzimba ophakeme, osikiwe uhle kakhulu, akukho ukuxokozela ngemuva kwemoto.
Ngesikhathi besebenza esizukulwaneni sesibili i-Prius, iToyota yabhalisa amalungelo obunikazi afinyelela kwangu-530. Nakuba umqondo onjalo wawufana nedrayivu ye-THS, kwakuku-HSD kuphela lapho amakhono esistimu yediski asetshenziswa kahle. Amandla enjini kagesi kanye nenjini yomlilo yangaphakathi alinganiswa, ngokungafani nombono wangaphambili, okwakuwukwandisa amandla enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ukuze kwandiswe umkhiqizo. I-Prius yesibili yaqala futhi yashesha ngokwengxenye ngosizo lwenjini kagesi. Amandla engxenye kagesi yedrayivu akhuphuka ngo-50%.
Lesi sizukulwane siphinde sabona ukwethulwa kwe-compressor ye-air conditioning kagesi eyayingadingi injini evuthayo yangaphakathi ukuze iphole noma ishise indawo yabagibeli. Kusenjalo kuze kube namuhla. I-Prius iphinde yathola amabhethri e-NiMH alula ngo-2003. Inani lamaseli lincishisiwe futhi ukuminyana kwe-electrolyte kunyusiwe. Futhi, kwakukule modeli ukuthi imodi ye-EV yethulwa okokuqala, okuvumela ukuthi ushayele kuphela ngenjini kagesi.
I-Lexus ithuthukise okwayo okuhlukile kwe-powertrain yalesi sizukulwane. Ngo-2005, wafaka enye injini kagesi ku-axle yangemuva futhi ngaleyo ndlela wenza i-hybrid edonsa ngawo wonke amasondo. Injini yesithathu yasebenza ngokuzimela ngaphandle komyalo we-axle yangaphambili - nakuba, yiqiniso, yayilawulwa isilawuli esilawula i-torque nokuhluka kwejubane.
I-Lexus GS 450h yokuqala ne-LS 600h yokuqala ikhombise ukuthi i-HSD ingasebenzisana kanjani nezinjini ezinamandla namasondo angemuva. Lolu hlelo lwaluyinkimbinkimbi nakakhulu - ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokudlulisela. I-Ravigneaux planetary gearbox enama-shaft amane, ama-clutch amabili ashintsha isilinganiso segiya lenjini yesibili uma kuqhathaniswa namasondo - bekungakacaci ukuthi kungene imininingwane. Lokhu kufanele kuchazwe ngunjiniyela wemishini.
I-Hybrid Synergy Drive III
Sifinyelela esizukulwaneni esingaphambi kwesikhathi se-hybrid drive. Kwakukhona uguquko lwangempela lapha. Kushintshwe u-90% wezingxenye. Injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yandisa umthamo wokusebenza wamalitha angu-1.8, kodwa ama-motor kagesi ancishisiwe. Amandla anyuke afinyelela ku-136 hp, kanti ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwehle ngo-9%. Kulesi sizukulwane, sikwazile ukukhetha imodi yokushayela - evamile, eco kanye ne-dynamic.
I-HSD ine-fixed gear ratio, ngakho igiya leplanethi, kuyilapho lifana ne-CVT, liyinto ehluke ngokuphelele. Indandatho yangaphandle yegiya injini ye-MG2, igiya lelanga yi-MG1 motor, kanti i-ICE ixhunywe "ngamaplanethi". Umshayeli angathonya ngandlela thile ukusebenza kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kanye nenjini kagesi, kodwa i-accelerator pedal isetshenziselwa ukuxhumana nekhompyutha kuphela. Sisho ukuthi singathanda ukusheshisa kanjani, futhi ikhompyutha izobala ukuthi ziyini izimo zomgwaqo nokuthi ungahlanganisa kanjani ngokuphumelelayo umsebenzi wemoto kagesi kanye nenjini yangaphakathi yomlilo.
I-Toyota C-HR noma i-HSD IV
Isizukulwane sesine se-drive sivele ... esizukulwaneni sesine se-Prius. Kodwa-ke, usekwazile ukugxila kwezinye izinhlobo - ngokwesibonelo, ku-C-HR. I-Quartet incike kakhulu ku-HSD III, kodwa incisha nakakhulu kuyo ngokusetshenziswa kancane kukaphethiloli. Kodwa-ke, "okuningi" akusho amandla, njengoba encishisiwe ku-122 hp.
Okokuqala, izici zokushaja zamabhethri zithuthukisiwe - ama-hybrids amasha ayakwazi ukumunca imithamo emikhulu yamandla ngesikhathi esifushane. I-inverter inesistimu yokupholisa ehlukile futhi ithatha indawo engaphansi ngo-30%. Igiya leplanethi lithathelwa indawo yi-cylindrical. Wonke u-gearbox uklanywe kabusha ngakho wenza ukumoshwa kancane ngo-20%.
Isifinyezo
Sizibonile izingxenye zohambo lweToyota ezimotweni ezihlanganisa izinzuzo zamamotho kagesi nokuguquguquka kwezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Noma kunjalo, i-disk ngokwayo ayishintshi. Umqondo wemoto eyi-hybrid nawo uyashintsha. Lena kudala yayeka ukuba yiPrius futhi isingena ezimotweni ezibukeka zijwayelekile. Ama-hybrids kancane kancane ayingxenye yokuphila kwansuku zonke. Sibabona yonke indawo emadolobheni amakhulu.
Enye yazo i-Toyota C-HR, ezokhanga labo abafuna ukuhambahamba edolobheni nge-crossover ethakazelisayo, kodwa bajabulele ukusetshenziswa okuphansi kukaphethiloli nokungabi nomsindo. Kuyakhula futhi ukuqwashisa ngesidingo sokunciphisa ukungcola - futhi nakuba izimoto zingewona umthombo wabo bonke ububi lapha, ziyingxenye yakho, ngakho-ke kukhona okumele kwenziwe ngakho. I-Toyota iqopha ukukhula okuphawulekayo ekuthengisweni kwezimoto ezihlanganisiwe unyaka nonyaka. Hhayi ngenxa ye-Prius - ngenxa yezimoto ezifana ne-Auris noma i-C-HR - zisathengeka esikhwameni, ephaketheni elivamile, kodwa nge-drivetrain ethuthukisiwe okubaluleka kwayo okungeziwe kufakazelwa ukwethembeka.
Sinini isizukulwane esilandelayo? Asazi. Cishe sizolinda iminyaka embalwa eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, i-powertrain yakamuva ye-Toyota hybrids isivele ifinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu lobuchwephesha.
