Izimpi Zasolwandle zeGuadalcanal ingxenye 2

Enye yemikhumbi yempi emisha yaseMelika, i-USS Washington, yayiyinqola yempi yaseJapane iKirishima eMpini Yesibili yaseGuadalcanal ngoNovemba 15, 1942.

Ngemva kokuthunjwa kwesikhumulo sezindiza saseGuadalcanal, amasosha aseMelika aqina nxazonke, engenawo amandla anele nezindlela zokubamba isiqhingi. Ngemva kokuhamba kwemikhumbi yaseMelika eningizimu-mpumalanga, iMarines yasala yodwa. Kulesi simo, izinhlangothi zombili zenza imizamo yokuqinisa amabutho abo esiqhingini, okwaholela ezimpini eziningana zasolwandle. Balwa ngenhlanhla ehlukahlukene, kodwa ekugcineni, umzabalazo owathatha isikhathi eside waba nenzuzo enkulu kubantu baseMelika. Akukhona mayelana nebhalansi yokulahlekelwa, kodwa ukuthi abazange bavumele amaJapane ukuthi alahlekelwe yiGuadalcanal futhi. Amabutho asolwandle adlale indima enkulu kulokhu.

Lapho i-Kontradm ithutha ihambile. Turner, amaMarines ayedwa eGuadalcanal. Inkinga enkulu ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukungakwazi ukulayisha 155-mm howitzer squadron we-11 Marine Regiment (izikhali) kanye 127-mm izibhamu ogwini kusukela 3rd Defensive Division. Manje omunye wemisebenzi yokuqala kwakuwukwakha indawo ezinzile ezungeze isikhumulo sezindiza (emgqeni onobubanzi obungamakhilomitha ayi-9) nokuletha isikhumulo sezindiza esimweni sokusebenza. Umqondo wawuwukubeka ibutho lasemoyeni esiqhingini, okuzokwenza kungenzeki ukuqinisa ibutho laseJapane futhi bavale izinto zabo zokuthutha endleleni eya eGuadalcanal.

Ukungqubuzana nombutho wezomoya waseMelika wesikhathi esizayo esiqhingini (okuthiwa iCactus Air Force, njengoba amaMelika ayebiza iGuadalcanal "Cactus") kwakuyisizinda samasosha aseJapane esifundeni saseRabaul eNew Britain. Ngemuva kokuhlasela kweMelika eGuadalcanal, amaJapan aphakamisa i-Air Flotilla yama-25 eRabaul, eyayizothathelwa indawo yi-Air Flotilla yama-26. Ngemva kokufika kokugcina, waphathwa njengokuqinisa, hhayi njengokuzinikela. Ukwakhiwa kwezindiza eRabaul kwashintsha, kodwa ngo-Okthoba 1942, isibonelo, ukwakheka kwakumi kanje:

• 11. I-Aviation Fleet, i-Vice Adm. Nishizo Tsukahara, Rabaul;
• I-Air Flotilla yama-25 (u-Commander for Logistics Sadayoshi Hamada): I-Tainan Air Group - 50 Zero 21, i-Tōkō Air Group - 6 B5N Kate, i-2nd Air Group - 8 Zero 32, 7 D3A Val;
• 26th Air Flotilla (Vice Admiral Yamagata Seigo): Misawa Air Group - 45 G4M Betty, 6th Air Group - 28 Zero 32, 31st Air Group - 6 D3A Val, 3 G3M Nell;
• 21. I-Air Flotilla (Rinosuke Ichimaru): 751. Iqembu Lomoya - 18 G4M Betty, Yokohama Air Group - 8 H6K Mavis, 3 H8K Emily, 12 A6M2-N Rufe.

Amasosha aphansi ase-Imperial Japanese angase angenele e-Guadalcanal Ibutho Le-17, eliholwa nguLieutenant General Harukichi Hyakutake. UGeneral Hyakutake, ngenkathi esengu-lieutenant colonel, wayeyisikhulu sezempi saseJapan eWarsaw kusukela ngo-1925-1927. Kamuva wakhonza eButhweni Lezempi Lakwantung futhi kamuva waphatha izikhundla ezihlukahlukene eJapane. Ngo-1942, umyalo webutho lakhe le-17 wawuseRabaul. Wayala i-2nd Infantry Division "Sendai" ePhilippines naseJava, i-38th Infantry Division "Nagoya" eSumatra naseBorneo, i-35th Infantry Brigade ePalau kanye ne-28th Infantry Regiment (kusuka ku-7th Infantry Division) eTruk. . Kamuva, kwamiswa iButho Le-18 elisha elalizosebenza eNew Guinea.

Adm. U-Isoroku Yamamoto naye waqala ukuqoqa amabutho ukuze angenele endaweni kaSolomoni. Okokuqala, i-2nd Fleet yathunyelwa eNew Britain ngaphansi komyalo we-Vice Adm. I-Nobutake Kondo, ehlanganisa i-4th cruiser squadron (i-flagship cruiser esindayo i-Atago kanye namawele u-Takao no-Maya) ngaphansi komyalo oqondile we-vice admiral. I-Kondo kanye ne-5th cruiser squadron (abagibeli bezikebhe ezisindayo uMyoko no-Haguro) ngaphansi komyalo we-Vice Adm. Thatha Takagi. Abagibeli bezikebhe abasindayo abahlanu baphelezelwa i-4th Destroyer Flotilla ngaphansi komyalo ka-Kontrrad. UTamotsu Takama ugibele i-light cruiser i-Yura. I-flotilla yayihlanganisa ababhubhisi i-Kuroshio, i-Oyashio, i-Hayashio, i-Minegumo, i-Natsugumo ne-Asagumo. I-Seaplane transporter uChitose yengezwe eqenjini. Yonke le nto ibibhalwe ngokuthi "advanced command".

Esikhundleni sokugxilisa amabutho eNavy eqenjini elilodwa eliqinile, noma amaqembu asebenza ngokuxhumene eduze, eduze kwalo, adm. I-Yamamoto ihlukanise imikhumbi ibe ngamaqembu amaningana amaqhinga, okwakufanele asebenze ngokuzimela, ebangeni elide ukusuka komunye nomunye. Lokho kuhlukana akuzange kusebenze e-Coral Sea, akuzange kusebenze eMidway, akuzange kusebenze eGuadalcanal. Kungani ukunamathela okungaka emfundisweni yendabuko yokuhlakazeka kwamabutho ezitha? Cishe ngoba abaphathi bamanje bayikhuthaza ngaphambi kwempi futhi banxusa abaphathi nabangaphansi ukuthi bayilandele. Ingabe manje bayavuma ukuthi babenephutha? Umkhumbi wahlukaniswa waba izingxenye ukuze "udide" isitha futhi uphazamise amabutho aso, ngamasu anjalo okusho ukuthi iqembu ngalinye lingabhujiswa kalula ekuhlaselweni okulandelayo.

Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi, ngaphezu kwe "ithimba elithuthukisiwe", "ithimba eliphambili" ngaphansi komyalo we-counterattack (eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-Kido Butai") yahlukaniswa namandla amakhulu. Hiroaki Abe. Umnyombo walo myalo kwakuyimikhumbi yempi emibili, i-Hiei (ifulegi) kanye ne-Kirishima, ephelezelwa umkhumbi othwala indiza u-Chikuma we-8th Cruiser Squadron. Leli qembu lalihlanganisa ne-7th cruiser squadron, eyayalwa yi-rear rad. U-Shoji Nishimura nabagibeli bemikhumbi abakhulu u-Kumano no-Suzuya kanye ne-10th Destroyer Flotilla ngaphansi komyalo we-Counterrad. U-Susumu Kimura: i-cruiser elula i-Nagara kanye nababhubhisi uNowaki, i-Maikaze ne-Tanikaze.

Amandla amakhulu e-Kido Butai ngaphansi komyalo we-Vice Adm. U-Chuichi Nagumo uhlanganise umkhumbi wesithathu ngaphansi komyalo wakhe oqondile: abathwali bezindiza u-Shokaku no-Zuikaku, umthwali wendiza elula u-Ryujo, lonke iqembu lesi-3 lama-cruiser squadron - i-Cruiser-aircraft Carrier Tone nababhubhisi (enye yonke ye-8th flotilla): "Kazagumo", "Yugumo", "Akigumigumo". , Kamigumigumo Hatsukaze, Akizuki, Amatsukaze and Tokitsukaze. Kwakukhona amanye amaqembu amabili, "iqembu lokusekela" lempi yempi "Mutsu" ngaphansi komyalo kaCaptain Mutsu, com. I-Teijiro Yamazumi, ehlanganisa nababhubhisi abathathu "i-Harusame", "i-Samidare" ne-"Murasame", kanye "neqembu eliyisipele" ngaphansi komyalo womuntu siqu we-adm. I-Isoroku Yamamoto, ehlanganisa umkhumbi wezempi i-Yamato, umthwali wendiza u-Junyō, umthwali wezindiza ophelezela u-Taiyo, nababhubhisi ababili u-Akebono no-Ushio.

Umthwali wendiza u-Junyō ​​​​wadalwa ngokwakha kabusha umkhumbi wabagibeli u-Kashiwara Maru ngaphambi kokuthi uqedwe. Ngokufanayo, umthwali wendiza ofanayo u-Hiy wakhiwe phezu kwesakhiwo se-twin liner i-Izumo Maru, nayo eyathengwa ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kumnikazi womkhumbi u-Nippon Yusen Kaisha. Njengoba la mayunithi ayehamba kancane kakhulu (ngaphansi kwekhulu lama-26), awazange athathwe njengabathwali bezindiza, nakuba ayemakhulu kakhulu kubathwali bezindiza ezilula (ukususwa kwamathani angaphezu kuka-24).

Nokho, akugcini lapho, ngoba umsebenzi wokuletha ama-convoys aneziqinisekiso nezinto ezidingekayo eGuadalcanal wabelwa elinye iqembu - i-8th Fleet ngaphansi komyalo we-Vice Adm. Gunichi Mikawa. Yayihlanganisa ngokuqondile i-cruiser esindayo i-Chōkai kanye ne-6th Cruiser Squadron ngaphansi komyalo we-Kontrrad. U-Aritomo Goto nabagibeli bemikhumbi abakhulu i-Aoba, i-Kinugasa ne-Furutaka. Bambozwe ababhubhisi abavela ku-2nd Destroyer Flotilla ngaphansi komyalo we-Kontrrad. U-Raizō Tanaka one-light cruiser Jintsu kanye nababhubhisi i-Suzukaze, i-Kawakaze, i-Umikaze, i-Isokaze, i-Yayoi, i-Mutsuki ne-Uzuki. Leli butho lahlanganiswa imikhumbi ephelezelwa emine (Nos. 1, 2, 34 and 35), eyakhiwa kabusha izibhubhisi ezindala, nezibhamu ezimbili ezingu-120 mm kanye nezibhamu ezimbili ezilwa nezindiza kanye nokujula kwezindleko zehla ngayinye.

Lona yiPhini lika-Admiral lesi-8 leFleet. UMikawi wabelwa ukuletha i-28th Infantry Regiment ngaphansi komyalo kaColonel F. Kiyonao Ichika eGuadalcanal. Ibutho lahlukaniswa laba izingxenye ezimbili. Ingxenye ehlukile yebutho, eyayihlanganisa izikhulu namasosha angu-916 kaColonel V. Ichiki, owayephethe, yayizothwala ababhubhisi abayisithupha ebusuku: iKagero, iHagikaze, i-Arashi, iTanikaze, iHamakaze ne-Urakaze. Ngokulandelayo, ingxenye esele yebutho (amadoda angaba ngu-700 kanye nemishini eminingi esindayo) yayizothuthelwa eGuadalcanal ngabathuthi ababili, uBoston Maru noDaifuku Maru, bephelezelwa i-light cruiser Jintsu kanye nama-patrol amabili, Nos. 34 kanye no-35 Okwesithathu ezokuthutha, iKinryū Maru, yayithwele amasosha angaba ngu-800 asuka e-Yokosuka 5th Marine Division. Sebebonke, abantu abangu-2400 badluliselwe e-Guadalcanal besuka e-Truk Island, futhi i-8th Fleet yahamba njengomphelezeli webanga elide. Nokho, bonke adm. U-Yamamoto wayezohlinzeka ngesembozo esengeziwe ngenkathi umkhuzi waseJapane enethemba lokudonsela abantu baseMelika kwenye impi enkulu futhi abuyele emuva eMidway.

Amandla ka adm. I-Yamamota yasuka eJapane ngo-August 13, 1942. Ngemva kwesikhashana, ukuthutha okuvela eTruk kwashiya ukuxhumanisa wonke umsebenzi, amaJapane abiza ngokuthi "Operation Ka".

Ukuhluleka kwe-Operation Ka

Ngo-August 15, 1942, imikhumbi yaseMelika yafika eGuadalcanal okokuqala ngqa selokhu yahlala phansi. Yiqiniso, ababhubhisi abane kuphela abaguqulwa baba izinto zokuhamba: USS Colhoun, USS Little, USS Gregory kanye USS McKean, kodwa baletha izinto zokuqala ezidingekayo ukuhlela isikhumulo sezindiza eLunga Point (Henderson Field). Kwakukhona imiphongolo kaphethiloli engu-400, imiphongolo engu-32 yokotha, amabhomu angu-282 anesisindo esingu-45-227 kg, izingxenye eziyisipele namathuluzi okusebenza.

Ngemva kosuku, umbhubhisi omdala waseJapane u-Oite wanikeza amasosha angu-113 kanye nempahla yebutho laseJapane lasesiqhingini, elihlanganisa ikakhulukazi abasizi bemikhumbi, amasosha okwakha, kanye nenani elikhulu lezigqila zaseKorea ezingenakubonwa njengabavikeli besiqhingi. Amasosha Asolwandle ase-Japan, okuhlanganisa nezinsalela ze-Kure's 3rd Marine Group kanye nezakhi ezisanda kufika ze-5th Marine Group ye-Yokosuka, zibekwe ohlangothini olusentshonalanga ye-American beachhead e-Henderson Field. Amabutho aphansi aseJapane, ngokuphambene, aqinise empumalanga ye-bridgehead.

Ngo-August 19, ababhubhisi abathathu baseJapane, i-Kagero, i-Hagikaze, ne-Arashi, badubula e-US Marines futhi abaseMelika abazange baphendule. Bezingekho izingcezu zezikhali zasogwini ezihleliwe ezingu-127 mm okwamanje. Kwabe sekufika isihlalo esisodwa esingu-B-17 esivela ku-11th Espiritu Santo Bombardment Group, esilingwa nguMajor J. James Edmundson. Eyodwa elungele ukundiza njengamanje. Wawisa uchungechunge lwamabhomu kubabhubhisi baseJapane esuka endaweni ephakeme engaba ngu-1500 m futhi, ngokumangalisayo, elinye lalawa mabhomu lashaya! Umbhubhisi i-Hagikaze washaywa ngemuva kwe-turret eyinhloko

cal. 127 mm ibhomu - 227 kg.

Ibhomu lacekela phansi i-turret, lakhukhula isigxobo sezinhlamvu, lalimaza iphini futhi laphuka isikulufa esisodwa, lanciphisa isivinini sombhubhisi saba ku-6 V. Njengoba kwabulawa abangu-33 kwalimala abangu-13, amaHagikaze aphelezela u-Arashi waya eTruk, lapho alungiswa khona. Ukudubula kumile. UMajor Edmundson wehla kakhulu ogwini lolwandle e-Henderson Field futhi wavalelisa ekumemezeni kwaManzi.

Ngo-Agasti 20, indiza yokuqala yafika e-Henderson Field: 19 F4F Wildcats esuka ku-VMF-223, ngaphansi komyalo kaKapteni F. John L. Smith, kanye ne-12 SBD Dauntless evela ku-VMSB-232, ngaphansi komyalo ka-Major. Richard S. Mangrum. Lezi zindiza zisuke endizeni ethwala indiza i-USS Long Island (CVE-1), okuyinkampani ethwala indiza yokuqala yaseMelika. Ngalobo busuku, ukuhlasela kwamasosha aseJapane angaba ngu-850 ngaphansi komyalo kaColonel S. Ichiki, owayenyanyiswa ukucekelwa phansi kwebutho lamaJapane cishe ngokuphelele. Emasosheni angu-916 aqhunyiswa ngamabhomu e-28th Infantry Regiment, kwasinda angu-128 kuphela.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imikhumbi yaseJapane yayisondela eGuadalcanal. Ngo-Agasti 20, isikebhe esindizayo saseJapan sabona i-USS Long Island futhi sayithatha njengendiza ethwala imikhumbi emikhulu yase-US. Ithimba lemikhumbi emithathu eliqinisiwe lalihola ukuhlasela okwakuholwa amasosha aseJapane. URaizo Tanaka wayalwe ukuba ajike abheke enyakatho ukuze alethe umthwali wezindiza waseMelika endaweni yebutho laseRabaul. Ukusuka eningizimu-mpumalanga, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-American supply convoy ehambisa i-USS Fomalhaut (AKA-5) kanye ne-USS Alhena (AKA-9) ephelezelwa ababhubhisi i-USS Blue (DD-387), USS Henley (DD-391) . ) kanye ne-USS Helm babesondela eGuadalcanal (DD-388). Kodwa-ke, okubaluleke kakhulu, ikhava yamahhala ye-convoy yayinamaqembu amathathu eziteleka ngaphansi komyalo ohlanganyelwe we-Vice Adm. UFrank "Jack" Fletcher.

Wayala i-USS Saratoga (CV-3), umthwali wendiza ye-Task Force 11, ethwele ama-F28Fs (VF-4), ama-5 SBDs (VB-33 kanye ne-VS-3) kanye ne-3 TBF Avengers (VT-13). Indiza ethwala indiza ibiphelezelwa abagibeli abasindayo i-USS Minneapolis (CA-8) kanye ne-USS New Orleans (CA-36) kanye nababhubhisi i-USS Phelps (DD-32), USS Farragut (DD-360), USS Worden (DD-348) ). , USS Macdonough (DD-352) kanye ne-USS Dale (DD-351).

Iqembu lesibili le-Task Force 16 ngaphansi komyalo we-Counterradm. UThomas C. Kincaid wahlelwa ngokuzungeza inkampani yezindiza i-USS Enterprise (CV-6). Esikebheni kwakukhona 29 F4F (VF-6), 35 SBD (VB-6, VS-5) kanye 16 TBF (VT-3). I-TF-16 yayimbozwe: umkhumbi wempi omusha u-USS North Carolina (BB-55), umkhumbi osindayo i-USS Portland (CA-33), i-anti-aircraft cruiser USS Atlanta (CL-51) kanye nababhubhisi i-USS Balch (DD- 363), USS Maury (DD- 401), USS Ellet (DD-398), USS Benham (DD-397), USS Grayson (DD-435), kanye USS Monssen (DD-436).

Iqembu lesithathu le-Task Force 18 ngaphansi komyalo we-Counterrad. U-Lee H. Noyes wayehlelwe ngokuzungeza inkampani yendiza i-USS Wasp (CV-7). Yayithwele ama-F25Fs (VF-4), angu-71 SBDs (VS-27 kanye ne-VS-71), ama-TBF angu-72 (VT-10) kanye neDada elilodwa le-J7F elihlala emanzini. Ukuphelezelwa kwakuthwelwe abagibeli abasindayo i-USS San Francisco (CA-2) kanye ne-USS Salt Lake City (CA-38), i-anti-aircraft cruiser USS Juneau (CL-25) kanye nababhubhisi USS Farenholt (DD-52), USS Aroni. I-Ward (DD-491), USS Buchanan (DD-483), USS Lang (DD-484), USS Stack (DD-399), USS Sterett (DD-406) kanye ne-USS Selfridge (DD-407).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindiza ezisanda kufika zazimi eGaudalcanal, kanti iqembu lamabhomu le-11 (25 B-17E / F) kanye ne-33 PBY-5 Catalina ene-VP-11, VP-14, VP-23 kanye ne-VP-72 yayimi e-Espiritu. . Santo.