Umqaphi kanye "nomholi"
Ranger ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-30s. Izindiza zihlala ku-hangar, ngakho amapayipi omkhumbi ami mpo.
Ukuba khona kwemikhumbi esindayo ye-Kriegsmarine enyakatho yeNorway kwaphoqa amaNgisi ukuthi agcine isimo esiqinile esisekelweni semikhumbi yasekhaya ye-Scapa Flow. Kusukela entwasahlobo ka-1942, bangakwazi ngaphezu kwalokho "ukuboleka" izingxenye ze-US Navy, futhi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa kamuva baphinde baphendukela eWashington ukuze bathole usizo, kulokhu becela ukuthumela umthwali wezindiza. AbaseMelika basiza ababambisene nabo ngosizo lweRanger encane, endala kakhulu, izindiza zayo zahlasela imikhumbi yamaJalimane eduze kwaseBodø ngo-October 1943 ngempumelelo enkulu.
Ezinyangeni ezimbili ngaphambili, umthwali wendiza i-Illustrious wayethunyelwe eMedithera ukuze asize ekuhlaselweni kwezwe lase-Italy, kwase kusele uFurious omdala kuphela emkhunjini wasekhaya odinga ukulungiswa. Impendulo esicelweni sika-Admiralty kwaba ukuthumela i-Task Force 112.1 ku-Scapa Flow, eyakhiwe kusukela ku-Ranger (CV-4), ama-cruiser asindayo e-Tuscaloosa (CA-37) no-Augusta (CA-31) nababhubhisi abangu-5. Leli qembu lafika endaweni yase-Orkney ngo-August 19 futhi uCadmius, owayelindile lapho, wathatha izintambo. U-Olaf M. Hustvedt.
I-Ranger yayiyinkampani yokuqala yendiza yase-US Navy eyaklanywa kusukela ekuqaleni njengomkhumbi waleli klasi, kunokuba iguqulwe isuka emkhunjini (njenge-Langley CV-1) noma i-wattlecruiser engaqediwe (njenge-Lexington CV-2 ne-Saratoga). qala kabusha-3). Eminyakeni emine yokuqala yenkonzo yakhe, ezinze ikakhulukazi eSan Diego, eCalifornia, wabamba iqhaza ezivivinyweni ezijwayelekile ze-"Battle Force" (ingxenye yePacific ye-US Navy) neqembu lomoya ekuqaleni elakhiwa izindiza ezingama-89, amabhanoyi kuphela. Kusukela ngo-April 1939, yayizinze eNorfolk (Virginia), ngemva kokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, yaqala ukuvivinya umzimba eCaribbean, kwase kuthi iqembu lomoya leMinyovu elakhiwayo (CV-7) laqeqeshwa lapho. Ngo-May 1941, ngemva kokulungiswa, lapho, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izikhali zokulwa nezindiza zaqiniswa, okokuqala okubizwa ngokuthi. Ukuqapha kokungathathi hlangothi okubandakanya i-cruiser esindayo i-Vincennes (CA-44) kanye nababhubhisi. Ngemva kokugada kwakhe okwesibili ngoJuni, wenza izinguquko ezengeziwe kumishini (okuhlanganisa i-radar nebhakhoni yomsakazo) kanye nezikhali. NgoLwezi, nabagibeli bemikhumbi ababili nabacekeli bemikhumbi yempi yase-US abayisikhombisa, waphelezela izithuthi ezithwele amasosha amaNgisi zisuka eHalifax ziya eKapa (i-convoy WS-24).
Ngemva kwePearl Harbor, umkhumbi owawusekelwe eBermuda wasetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa, ngekhefu lokugada e-Martinique ukuze "ugade" imikhumbi yase-Vichy ngasekupheleni kukaFebruwari 1942. Ngemva kokulungiswa kwemishini kanye nokuguqulwa kwezikhali (ngasekupheleni kuka-March/ekuqaleni kuka-April), waqhubeka waya eQuonset. Point (eningizimu yeBoston), lapho athatha khona ama-68 (76?) ama-Curtiss P-40E fighters. Ephelezelwa ababhubhisi abaningi bedlula eTrinidad, wafika e-Accra (eBritish Gold Coast, manje eyiGhana) ngoMeyi 10, futhi lapho le mishini, okwakufanele ifinyelele phambili eNyakatho Afrika, yawushiya umkhumbi (yasuka ngamaqembu, yathatha. cishe usuku olugcwele). NgoJulayi 1, ngemva kwesikhathi sokuhlala e-Argentina (eNewfoundland), wabiza e-Quonset Point ukuze athole elinye iqoqo lamasosha alwa noCurtiss P-40 (kulokhu 72 version F), eyasuka e-Accra ezinsukwini eziyi-18 kamuva.
Nakulokhu kuphothula izikhali ezilwa nezindiza, ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa eduze kwaseNorfolk, iRanger yagibela iqembu lezindiza ze-fighter squadrons VF-9 ne-VF-41 kanye ne-bomber and observation squadrons VS-41, eqeqeshe ingxenye enkulu ka-Okthoba eBermuda. Ukuqeqeshwa kwandulela ukuhlanganyela kwakhe ekufikeni kwe-Allied engxenyeni yaseFrance eNyakatho Afrika (Operation Torch). Ehlangene nesithwali sezindiza esiphelezelwa uSuwanee (CVE-27), umkhumbi okhanyayo uCleveland (CL-55) kanye nababhubhisi abahlanu, bakha i-Task Force 34.2, ingxenye ye-Task Force 34, enikezwe umsebenzi wokumboza nokweseka amandla okufika okwakuzothatha. I-Morocco. Lapho efika kumakhilomitha angama-8 olwandle enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeCasablanca ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa ngoNovemba 30, iqembu lakhe lomoya lalinezindiza ezingu-72 ezilungele ukulwa: indiza eyodwa yomyalo (kwakuyi-Grumman TBF-1 Avenger torpedo bomber), 17 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers ( VS-41) kanye ne-54 Grumman F4F-4 Wildcat fighter (26 VF-9 kanye 28 VF-41).
AmaFulentshi acela umaluju ekuseni ngo-November 11, 1942, ngaleso sikhathi izindiza zeRanger zase zisuke izikhathi ezingu-496. Ngosuku lokuqala lwempi, ama-fighters adubula izindiza ze-13 (kuhlanganise nephutha i-RAF Hudson) futhi abhubhisa cishe i-20 emhlabathini, kuyilapho amabhomu ecwilisa imikhumbi-ngwenya yaseFrance i-Amphitrite, Oread and Psyche, yalimaza umkhumbi wezempi uJean Bart , i-light cruiser Primaguet. kanye nombhubhisi u-Albatros. Ngosuku olulandelayo, ama-Wildcats athola ama-hits angu-5 (futhi ngemishini yawo), futhi okungenani izindiza ze-14 zabhujiswa phansi. Ekuseni ngoNovemba 10, ama-torpedoes axoshwa umkhumbi-ngwenya i-Le Tonnant e-Ranger aphuthelwa. wamisa ingemuva lakhe ngezansi kwechibi ayeboshelwe kulo. Le mpumelelo ibe nenani layo - ngenxa yezimpi zezitha nezingozi, kwalahleka ama-fighters angu-15 namabhomu angu-3,
kwabulawa abashayeli bezindiza abayisithupha.
Ngemva kokubuyela eNorfolk nokuhlola idokodo ngo-January 19, 1943, i-Ranger, ihambisana neTuscaloosa kanye nababhubhisi aba-5, yaletha ama-P-72 fighters angu-40 eCasablanca. Iqoqo elifanayo, kodwa ngenguqulo L, yakhululwa ngoFebhuwari 24. Kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-April kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-July, wayezinze e-Argentina, esiqhingini saseNewfoundland, enza uhambo lokuqeqesha emanzini azungezile. Ngalesi sikhathi, uke wangena ngaphansi kokubukwa kwabezindaba, njengoba amaJalimane ememezela ukuthi ucwile. Lokhu kwaba umphumela wokuhlasela okungaphumelelanga komkhumbi-ngwenya - ngo-Ephreli 23, u-U 404 wadubula ama-torpedo amane ku-Beater yezindiza eziphelezelwa izindiza, ukukhishwa kwazo (okungenzeka kakhulu ekupheleni kokugijima) kwabonwa njengophawu lokushaywa kanye ne-CP. U-Otto von Bülow ubike ukuthi ucwila ithagethi engakhonjwanga kahle. Lapho inkulumo-ze yamaJalimane iveza impumelelo (uHitler waklomelisa u-von Bülow ngeSiphambano Sensimbi Ngama-Oak Leaves), amaMelika, yebo, ayengafakazela ukuthi lokhu kwakungamampunge, futhi abiza umlawuli womkhumbi-ngwenya ngokuthi igwala eliqamba amanga, futhi elikhohlisayo (ngaphansi komyalo wakhe we-U- I-Boat 404 izikhathi eziningi ngesibindi yahlasela ama-convoys, yacwilisa imikhumbi engu-14 kanye noMakadebona ongumbhubhisi waseBrithani).
Ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zika-Agasti, i-Ranger yahamba olwandle ukuze iphelezele i-Queen Mary ocean liner, lapho ithimba likahulumeni waseBrithani eliholwa nguNdunankulu uWinston Churchill lalibheke eQuebec engqungqutheleni nabaseMelika. Lapho 11tm. ishiye isikhumulo sezindiza saseCanada, iqembu layo lomoya (i-CVG-4) liqukethe izindiza ezingama-67: ama-Wildcats angama-27 FM-2 angaphansi kwe-squadron VF-4 (ex-VF-41), 30 SBD Dauntless VB-4 (ex-VB-41 , 28 in the variant 4 and two "triples") kanye 10 Grumman TBF-1 Avenger VT-4 torpedo bombers, enye yazo okwakuyindiza "yomuntu" yomphathi weqembu elisha, u-Commander V. Joseph A. Ruddy.
Ukulimala ngemuva komkhumbi wezempi waseFrance uJean Bart, omiswe eCasablanca. Ezinye zazo zidalwe amabhomu ajikijelwa izindiza zeRanger.
Iziqalo
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-21 ngaphambili, ngo-February 1922, abameleli bemibuso yezwe emihlanu basayina eWashington isivumelwano sokuncishiswa kwezikhali zasolwandle, sethula “amaholide” ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi esinda kakhulu. Ukuze kuvinjwe izigodlo eziqediwe zemikhumbi yempi yezinga le-Lexington ukuthi zingafinyeleli ezindaweni zemikhumbi ukuze zibhidlizwe, abaseMelika banquma ukuzisebenzisa “njenge-chassis” yabathwali bezindiza. Imikhumbi yaleli klasi yayingaphansi komkhawulo ogcwele wokufuduka ojwayelekile, okuthi esimweni seButho Lasemanzini Lase-US kwaba amathani angu-135 000. Njengoba kwakucatshangwa ukuthi iLexington neSaratoga kwakungabantu abangu-33 000 umuntu ngamunye, abantu abangu-69 babetholakala.
Lapho beseWashington baqala ukucabanga ngomkhumbi owawuzoba umthwali wezindiza kusukela ngesikhathi kubekwa i-keel, umklamo wokuqala "ofanelekile", ngoJulayi 1922, wawuhlanganisa imidwebo yamayunithi ane-design displacement ye-11, 500, 17 kanye amathani angu-000 23. Lokhu kwakusho umehluko ngesivinini esiphezulu, ukubhuka nobukhulu beqembu lomoya; ngokwezikhali, inketho ngayinye ithatha ukuba khona kwezibhamu ezingu-000-mm (27-000) kanye nezibhamu ezingu-203-mm (6 noma 9) zomhlaba wonke. Ekugcineni, kwanqunywa ukuthi ubuncane be-127 tf buzoletha umphumela owanelisayo, okuzodingeka ukukhetha isivinini esikhulu nezikhali ezinamandla noma isivinini esiphansi, kodwa ngezikhali ezinamandla, noma izindiza eziningi.
Ngo-May 1924, kwaba nethuba lokufaka umthwali wezindiza ohlelweni olulandelayo lokwandisa i-US Navy. Khona-ke kwavela ukuthi i-Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), ebhekele ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi nenani lezindiza, ingathanda umkhumbi onomkhumbi obushelelezi, ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esikhulu ebhodini (iziqhingi). Ngenxa yalokhu, iqembu elikhulu lomoya kanye nokufika okuphephile kwakusho izinkinga eziningi, isibonelo, ngokubekwa kwezikhali. Amalungu oMkhandlu Jikelele, indikimba yabeluleki ngaphansi kukaNgqongqoshe Wezempi Yasolwandle eyakhiwe izikhulu eziphezulu, nawo aphikisana ngejubane elifanele lomkhumbi (kucatshangelwa usongo olungaba khona oluvela kubagibeli bemikhumbi "Washington" kanye nohlu lwawo. Ekugcineni uMkhandlu uphakamise izinketho ezimbili: umkhumbi ohlomile kancane, osheshayo (32,5 in) onezibhamu eziyisishiyagalombili ezingama-203 mm nezindiza ezingama-60, noma umkhumbi ohlomile ongcono kodwa ohamba kancane (27,5 in).
kanye nezindiza ezingama-72.
Lapho kuvela ukuthi izimali zenkampani yezindiza ngeke zifakwe kusabelomali kuze kube ngu-1929, isihloko "saphuma ohlwini." Wabuya ngemva kwezinyanga eziyishumi nambili noma ngaphezulu, ngaleso sikhathi uMkhandlu wavotela iyunithi elincane kakhulu, ngaphandle kwezibhamu ezingama-203 mm kanye nezikhali ezihlongoziwe ngaphambili. Nakuba kwakukhona imibiko evela eLondon yezinkinga zokukhishwa kwentuthu ku-Fast and the Furious futhi kungekho zinkinga ngeHermes ne-Eagle, zombili ezineziqhingi, i-BuAer yaqhubeka nokukhetha i-flight deck. NgoFebhuwari 1926, ochwepheshe beBusiness of Construction and Repair (BuSiR) banikeze imidwebo yamayunithi ngokufuduka kwamathani ayi-10, 000 kanye nama-13, okwakufanele afinyelele ku-800-23 cm. ibhande, izikhali emkhunjini walo zazihlanganisa 000 32-mm izibhamu. Abanye ababili babenemigqa esemaceleni engu-32,5 mm ubukhulu, kanti ishumi nambili linezibhamu ezingu-12 127 mm.
Emhlanganweni woMkhandlu ngoMashi 1927, inhloko ye-BKR yavotela umkhumbi ophakathi nendawo, ngesisekelo sokuthi amayunithi amahlanu anjalo anenani eliphelele lezindawo zezindiza ezingama-15-20%. ngaphezu kwabathathu abasuswa ezindaweni zabo okungamathani angu-23 000. Babengase babe nesivikelo “esiwusizo” somzimba, kodwa izibalo zabonisa ukuthi izikhali ezisesitezi sezindiza noma ukuvikela indawo yokuphanyeka kwakungenandaba. Ngenxa yokumelana okunjalo okuphansi ekulimaleni kokulwa, futhi ngenxa yalokho amathuba aphezulu okulahlekelwa, imikhumbi eminingi yayingcono. Nokho, kunendaba yezindleko, ezingamaphesenti angaba ngu-20 ngaphezulu. ngenxa yamagumbi amabili enjini engeziwe abizayo. Uma kukhulunywa ngezici ezidingekayo ze-BuAer, kwanqunywa ukuthi indawo yendiza kufanele okungenani ibe amafidi angama-80 (24,4 m) ububanzi futhi icishe ibe ngu-665 (203 m) ubude namasistimu wamabhuleki kanye nama-catapults emikhawulweni yomibili.
Emhlanganweni owawungo-Okthoba, isikhulu esimele abashayeli bezindiza sakhuluma sivuna umkhumbi osuswe amathani angu-13, owawuzohlalisa amabhomu angu-800 kanye nama-fighters angu-36 ku-hangar nasebhodini, noma - enguqulweni enesivinini esiphezulu ( 72 esikhundleni samafindo angu-32,5) - 29,4 kanye no-27 ngokulandelanayo. Nakuba izinzuzo zesiqhingi zase zibonwe kakade (njengesiqondiso sokufika, isibonelo), ubushelelezi bedekhi kwakusabhekwa "njengokufiseleka kakhulu". Inkinga yegesi yokukhipha umoya yaphoqelela i-Bureau of Engineering (BuEng) ukuba ikhethe isiqhingi, kodwa njengoba izindleko zomkhumbi zinqunywa izinzuzo "zesikhumulo sezindiza", uBuAer wathola indlela yakhe.
Ukuqala kokusebenza kweSaratoga kanye neLexington (eyokuqala engene enkonzweni ngokusemthethweni emasontweni amabili ngaphambili, eyesibili maphakathi no-December) kwakusho ukuthi ngoNovemba 1, 1927, uMkhandlu Omkhulu wahlongoza unobhala ukuba akhe amahlanu ku-13 tf. Njengoba, ngokuphambene nombono wochwepheshe boMnyango Wezinhlelo Zempi, ababefuna ukuthi baxhumane nabagibeli bemikhumbi baseWashington, ukuxhumana kwabo nemikhumbi yempi "ehamba kancane" ngaleso sikhathi kwakucatshangwa, abathwali bezindiza abasha babhekwa njengabangadingekile ukuze badlule. ekhulwini lama-800.
Okunye okungenziwa kwacatshangelwa e-BuC&R ezinyangeni ezintathu ezizayo, kodwa imidwebo emine kuphela yedizayini yomkhumbi wamathani ayi-13 yayiswa esigabeni esithuthuke kakhulu, futhi Ibhodi lakhetha inketho yedekhi yendiza engamamitha angama-800 (700 m). Njengoba abaklami baqaphela ukuthi ngisho noshimula abade basesiqhingini bangase bangaphazamisi umoya ongenhla kwaso, imfuneko yokushelela yagcinwa. Kulesi simo, ukuze kugcinwe intuthu yedeski iphansi ngangokunokwenzeka, ama-boilers kwakudingeka abekwe eduze ngangokunokwenzeka ekupheleni kwe-hull, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kwanqunywa ukuthi kutholwe igumbi lokubhayela "ngokungajwayelekile" ngemuva i-turbine compartment. Kuphinde kwanqunywa, njengaku-Langley yokuhlola, ukusebenzisa oshimula abagoqayo (inombolo yabo yanda yafinyelela kwabayisithupha), okwabavumela ukuthi babekwe ngokuvundlile, baqonde ezinhlangothini. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza komoya, wonke amagesi okukhipha umoya angaqondiswa ku-trio "ekhona" etholakala ohlangothini lwe-leeward.
Ukugudluza igumbi lenjini nge-aft kwavimbela isisindo sayo esikhulu (okubangela izinkinga ezinkulu zokunquma) kanjalo namandla, ngakho iBhodi ligcine ligunyaze i-53 hp, okwakuzonikeza isivinini esikhulu samafindo angu-000 ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola. Kuphinde kwanqunywa ukuthi iqembu lomoya kufanele libe nezimoto eziyi-29,4 (kuhlanganise namabhomu angama-108 kuphela namabhomu e-torpedo), futhi kufanele kufakwe ama-catapults amabili emphemeni we-hangar, ngaphesheya kwe-fuselage. Kwenziwa izinguquko ezingathi sína ezikhalini - ngenxa yalokho, izibhamu ezilwa nomkhumbi-ngwenya, amashubhu e-torpedo nezibhamu zashiywa kuvumela izibhamu eziyi-27-mm L / 127 zomhlaba wonke kanye nezibhamu ezingama-25-mm eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka, ngesidingo zifake ngaphandle kwesiteki sendiza futhi zinikeze wonke umuntu iziqu njengezinkundla ezinkulu zomlilo ngangokunokwenzeka. Izibalo zabonisa ukuthi amashumi ambalwa amathani ezikhali ayezosala, futhi, ekugcineni, umshini wokuqondisa wawumboziwe (amapuleti angama-12,7 mm ubukhulu emaceleni nama-51 mm ngaphezulu). Njengoba kwakungenakwenzeka ukulungisa kahle ama-warheads, ama-torpedoes ashiywe, futhi izindiza ezihamba emoyeni kwakufanele zihlome ngamabhomu kuphela.
