Ngingakwazi ukumba umthombo endaweni yami? (I-Jurisprudence and Geology)
Akukho okudlula ukunambitheka kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile; abaningi banquma ukuthi bafuna ukubhoboza umthombo endaweni yabo, futhi namuhla ngizophendula uma ungakwazi.
Sekukonke. Yebo, ungakwazi ngempela ukumba umthombo endaweni yangakini. Nokho, isici esingokomthetho sokumba umthombo sincike endaweni yendawo yakho. Amalungelo athile amanzi avumela abanikazi bezakhiwo ukuthi bafinyelele imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ngaphansi kwezakhiwo zabo. Nokho, zingahluka ngokwezifundazwe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni kungase kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokungcola nokugeleza emanzini.
Ngezansi sizochaza izici okufanele zicatshangelwe lapho uhlela ukumba umthombo endaweni yangakini.
Izici zomthetho
Umbuzo obaluleke kakhulu ngokwakhiwa komthombo wangasese ukuthi kusemthethweni yini.
Ngokuvamile, abanikazi bezakhiwo bangakha ngokusemthethweni umthombo wamanzi wangasese. Kunamalungelo ajwayelekile amanzi alandelwa yizo zonke izifundazwe futhi eziwavumelayo. Funda kabanzi mayelana nalawa malungelo nezinye izizathu ezingokomthetho zokwakha umthombo.
Amalungelo angaphansi komhlaba
Wonke amazwe ase-US kufanele ahloniphe amalungelo afanayo ajwayelekile amanzi.
Imithombo ixhumeke kakhulu emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kunamanzi angaphezulu, ngakho sizogxila emalungelweni amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Imfundiso yokubusa okuphelele
Le mfundiso ivumela abanikazi bezindawo ukuthi basebenzise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba akhona endaweni yabo isikhathi eside njengoba befisa. Le mfundiso ayikhulumi ngomthelela wayo kwezinye izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezingaphansi kwe-aquifer efanayo.
Izifundazwe eziningi ziyishaye indiva le mfundiso ngoba ivumela izimboni ukuthi ziqhubeke zimpompa amanzi amaningi ngaphandle kokubheka ukutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Imfundiso yamalungelo ahlobene
Imfundiso yamalungelo ahlotshaniswayo ithi abanikazi bendawo engaphansi komhlaba kanye nalabo abafisa ukuphambukisa indawo engaphansi komhlaba banokufinyelela okulinganayo kuyo.
Le mfundiso isetshenziswa kakhulu ezindaweni ezinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Imfundiso Yokusebenzisa Okunengqondo
Imfundiso yokusetshenziswa okuhlakaniphile isebenza cishe kubo bonke abanikazi bemithombo yangasese.
Le mfundiso ithi umnikazi wendawo uyakwazi ukufinyelela kuwo wonke amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angaphansi kwendawo yakhe, inqobo nje uma esetshenziswa “ngokunengqondo”.
Incazelo yokusetshenziswa "okunengqondo" iyahlukahluka ngokwezifunda. Kodwa umgomo oyinhloko oyisisekelo salokhu ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamanzi ngendlela efanele ngaphandle kokumosha ngokweqile. Izinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa ekhaya, njengokusetshenziswa kwasendlini nasengadini, ziwela ngaphansi kwesigaba sokusetshenziswa "okunengqondo".
Yimaphi amalungelo amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asebenza kuwe?
Kunezinye izimfundiso eziningi zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, kodwa lezo ezibalulwe ngenhla yizona ezibaluleke kakhulu ezingokomthetho zokucatshangelwa kwemithombo yangasese.
Imithombo eminingi yangasese ingaphansi Kwemfundiso Yokusebenzisa Okunengqondo. Uzohlonipha amalungelo amaningi amanzi uma usebenza ngaphakathi kwemfundiso yokusebenzisa ngokuhlakanipha.
Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ukuba semthethweni kokwakha umthombo wangasese kunqunywa kakhulu yisifunda ohlala kuso. Hlola imithetho yomnyango wezempilo yangakini kanye ne-ejensi kahulumeni ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi uvunyelwe yini ukwakha eyodwa.
Kudingeka izimvume namalayisense
Kudingeka imvume kunoma ngubani ofuna ukwakha umthombo.
Ungafaka isicelo sezimvume ngoMnyango Wezamanzi Wezwe noma Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo. Imvume idinga ulwazi olufana nohlobo oluhleliwe lomthombo, ukujula, inani lamanzi, kanye nenjongo yomthombo. Ezinye izifundazwe zikhokhisa imali ukuze ufake isicelo semvume.
Ngaphezu kwemvume evamile, ezinye izifundazwe zingadinga amaphepha engeziwe nezimvume ezikhethekile. Xhumana nohulumeni wasekhaya noma umnyango wezempilo nganoma yiziphi izidingo.
Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ilayisense ngaphambi kokuthi kumbiwe umthombo.
Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu yizimo eziyingozi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Esinye isizathu ukuthi lo mthombo ujule kakhulu ukuthi abasebenzi abangenazo izincwadi bangawumba. Uma izwe lakho lidinga ilayisense, inketho engcono kakhulu ukuqasha usonkontileka onelayisensi ukuthi athathe inqubo yokwakha umthombo.
Ngingakwazi ukumba umthombo endaweni yami?
Isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni komthombo ukuqinisekiswa kokuba khona kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Ezinye izindawo zifaneleka kakhulu ukumba umthombo wangasese kunezinye. Indawo evamile yendawo iyisiqalo esihle sokunquma ukuthi kukhona yini amanzi angaphansi komhlaba aphuzwayo eduze. Ukusuka lapho, ungakwazi ukucacisa indawo eqondile yokubeka umthombo ngosizo lwamamephu nochwepheshe bokwakheka komhlaba.
Hlola indawo yendawo yakho
Izindawo zasemaphandleni, ikakhulukazi eduze nezigodi, ngokuvamile zinamanzi angaphansi komhlaba amakhulu amamitha ukujula.
Le mithombo yamanzi, ebizwa ngokuthi ama-aquifer, ingaphansi kwezingqimba zenhlabathi noma amadwala. Izinga lamanzi angaphansi avela kulemithombo lihlanzekile futhi alithintwa amakhemikhali, okuwenza abe imithombo emihle kakhulu yamanzi okuphuza. Izindlu eziningi emaphandleni zinemithombo yokukha amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza.
Izindawo zasemadolobheni zisebenzisa amanzi amponjwana ukuhlinzeka yonke indawo ngamanzi okuphuza.
Ngeshwa, kunzima ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba angasese endaweni yedolobha. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni zasemadolobheni agcwele amakhemikhali ezimboni kanye nokungcola iminyaka. Ukwengeza, amakhemikhali asendlini (njengababulali bokhula) ngokuvamile agcina esemanzini angaphezulu.
Ukumba amachibi ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni ngokuvamile akuvunyelwe. Ngisho noma ukwazi ukuthola amanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi uthole izimvume zokumba ezidingekayo, kusadingeka uhlele uhlelo lokuhlanza amanzi ukuze ukhiphe amakhemikhali emanzini.
Izakhiwo ezisezindaweni zasemakhaya maningi amathuba okuba zithole umthombo onokwethenjelwa wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi zigunyazwe ngokusemthethweni nguhulumeni wasekhaya.
Bheka imithombo eseduze
Indlela elula yokuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukubheka imithombo eseduze.
Imithombo yamanzi, njengama-aquifer, inweba ngamamitha angamakhulu. Imiphakathi eminingi nezindawo ezizimele ziyisebenzisela ukwakha imithombo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kwamanye amadolobha kwakhiwa imithombo yomphakathi, lapho abantu bagcwalisa izitsha zabo ngamanzi ahlanzekile ahlanzekile. Ukuba khona kwale mithombo kuwuphawu olulula lokutholakala kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba endaweni yangakini.
Uma zingekho eduze, ungazama ukubheka imithombo engasasebenzi.
Amarekhodi ocwaningo lokuma komhlaba kanye namarekhodi kahulumeni okumba imithombo avumela ukulandelelwa kwemithombo eyayixhashazwe ngaphambilini. Le mibiko iqukethe ulwazi mayelana nokujula komthombo nokuthi uyakwazi yini ukufinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. Lawa marekhodi angakukhombisa uma impahla yakho ingaphansi kwetafula lamanzi nokuthi ijule kangakanani.
Abanikazi bezakhiwo bangafinyelela lawa marekhodi ngohulumeni wabo wendawo mathupha noma nge-inthanethi.
Bheka amamephu nochwepheshe
Ake sithi awukwazi ukuthola imithombo eseduze. Kulokhu, ukuhlola amamephu e-geological kuyindlela enhle yokuthola imithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Bheka amamephu e-geological kanye ne-topographic yendawo yangakini. Akhombisa izici ze-geological zale ndawo, kufaka phakathi ngaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba. Hlola lawa mamephu ukuze uthole ukuthi indawo yakho inokufinyelela okwanele emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
Uma udinga ulwazi oluthe xaxa noma ufuna imithombo ethile yamanzi, kungcono ukuthintana nesazi sokuma komhlaba.
Bayakwazi ukufinyelela olwazini lwakamuva nolunembile mayelana nendawo yemithombo yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ochwepheshe bokwakheka komhlaba bangakwazi futhi ukuhlola izinga lamanzi ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi uthola ikhwalithi yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ephephile.
Inqubo yokumba kahle
Ake sithi ukuqinisekisile ukuba khona kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, futhi konke ukucatshangelwa kwezomthetho kulungile. Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukwakha umthombo.
Ukumbiwa komthombo kwangempela kuyinqubo elula.
Umthombo usendaweni efinyeleleka kalula futhi ehlanzekile endaweni. Umthombo kufanele ubekwe kude nanoma yiziphi izinto ezingase zibe ukungcola njengezibaya zezilwane kanye nezinhlelo zokulahla imfucuza. Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, imithombo kufanele ibekwe okungenani amafidi angu-5 (1.5 amamitha) ukusuka esakhiweni esikhulu. Kufanele uthintane nemihlahlandlela kahulumeni wasekhaya ukuze uthole eminye imihlahlandlela yokubekwa kwemithombo.
Imithombo ingambiwa ngamanzi amaningi angaphezulu, ibe namadwala amancane noma angabi nawo nhlobo. Amafosholo kanye namathuluzi alula okumba amandla asetshenziselwa ukudala umgodi ojulile ngokwanele ukufinyelela amapayipi. Imithombo edalwe ngokumba ngokuvamile ayishoni ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-25 kuya kwangu-30 (amamitha angu-7.62 kuya ku-9.15) futhi ibizwa ngokuthi "imithombo engashoni".
Imithombo efinyelela ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-300 noma ngaphezulu ibizwa ngokuthi “imithombo ejulile”. Ukuze uzidale, kudingeka usizo lwemishini yokumba nezinye izinto ezisindayo. Kulezi zinhlobo zemithombo, umbuso udinga ukuqashwa komuntu omba ilayisensi.
Ipayipi le-casing lifakwa emgodini ombiwe noma ombiwe ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Umzimba uvamise ukwenziwa nge-PVS yeBanga lama-40 noma ngensimbi. Sekuyi-diameter yomthombo. I-hull ivalwe endaweni yayo ngezinto zikasimende ezifana nokhonkolo noma ubumba. Izihlungi zifakwa emzimbeni ukuze kuvinjelwe isihlabathi namatshe ekungcoliseni amanzi.
Amasistimu okumpompa ayingxenye yokwakhiwa kwemithombo yesimanje. Lokhu kucindezela amanzi futhi kuwavumela ukuba adlule phezu kwebhokisi kanye namapayipi. Umnikazi wendawo angakhetha phakathi kwamaphampu amanzi enziwa ngesandla noma anenjini.
Ekugcineni, umthombo uvalwa ngophawu lwenhlanzeko. Lesi simbozo siyi-gasket yerabha evaliwe evimbela ukungcola okunjengamaqabunga, izinambuzane nezinye izilwane ezincane ukuthi zingangeni emthonjeni. (1)
Ukufingqa
Impendulo emfushane embuzweni wokuthi ungakwazi yini ukumba umthombo endaweni yangakini inguyebo.
Lapho kumbiwa umthombo, kunezici eziningi ze-geological, zomthetho kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Yenza ucwaningo ngesakhiwo sejoloji yendawo yakho kanye namalungelo okulawula amanzi esifundeni sakho. Lolu lwazi lubalulekile ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuhlela kahle. (2)
Uma usuhlole konke okucatshangelwayo, ukufinyelela emanzini angaphansi komhlaba asezingeni eliphezulu kuyindaba nje yokwakha umthombo.
Bheka ezinye zezihloko zethu ngezansi.
- Uyivivinya kanjani inzwa ye-O2 ngezintambo ezi-4
- Adingeka kuphi ama-hydraulic shock absorbers?
- Kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani ukumba umthombo
Izincomo
(1) ukungcola - https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/observations/contam/
(2) isakhiwo sokwakheka komhlaba - https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/geological-structure
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