Amafutha ezinjini zikadizili

Amafutha ezinjini zikadizili ahlukile kuketshezi olufanayo lwamayunithi kaphethiloli. Lokhu kungenxa yomehluko ekusebenzeni kwazo, kanye nezimo lapho i-lubricant kufanele isebenze khona. okungukuthi, injini ye-dizili evuthayo yangaphakathi isebenza emazingeni okushisa aphansi, isebenzisa ingxube engenamafutha nomoya, futhi izinqubo zokwakheka kwengxube nokuvutha kwenzeka ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, amafutha edizili kufanele abe nezici ezithile kanye nezakhiwo, esizokhuluma ngazo kulesi sihloko.

Indlela yokukhetha uwoyela we-diesel engine

Ngaphambi kokudlulela ezicini zamafutha, kufanelekile ukuhlala kafushane ezimweni lapho kuphoqeleka khona ukusebenza. Okokuqala, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi uphethiloli ku-diesel ICEs awushisi ngokuphelele, ushiya inani elikhulu le-soot ngenxa yokuvutha. Futhi uma uphethiloli we-diesel usezingeni eliphansi futhi uqukethe inani elikhulu lesulfure, khona-ke imikhiqizo evuthayo nayo inomphumela omubi kakhulu emafutheni.

Njengoba umfutho wenjini ye-diesel uphakeme kakhulu, amagesi e-crankcase nawo akhiwa ngobuningi, futhi umoya ofanele awuhlali ubhekana nawo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Lesi yisizathu esiqondile sokuthi uwoyela wenjini ye-diesel uguga ngokushesha okukhulu, ulahlekelwa izakhiwo zawo zokuzivikela nezokuhlanza, futhi ubuye ukhiphe oxidizes.

Kunemingcele eminingana umshayeli okufanele ayicabangele lapho ekhetha i-lubricant. Bathathu abanjalo izici eziyinhloko zamafutha enjini:

• ikhwalithi - izidingo zibhalwe kuzigaba ze-API / ACEA / ILSAC;
• i-viscosity - efana ne-SAE standard;
• isisekelo samafutha siyimineral, synthetic noma semi-synthetic.

Ulwazi olufanele lukhonjiswe ephaketheni likawoyela. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi esifanayo, umnikazi wemoto kufanele azi izidingo ezenziwa umenzi we-automaker ukuze akhethe uketshezi olunemingcele efanele.

Izici zamafutha enjini ye-diesel

khona-ke sizobheka ngokucophelela imingcele efakwe ohlwini ukuze umuntu othanda imoto aqondiswe yiyo lapho ethenga futhi akhethe i-lubricant efaneleka kakhulu injini yomlilo yangaphakathi yemoto.

Ikhwalithi yamafutha

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, inqunywe ngamazinga omhlaba wonke i-API, i-ACEA ne-ILSAC. Ngokuqondene nezinga lokuqala, izimpawu "C" futhi "S" - izinkomba lapho injini evuthayo yangaphakathi lubricant ihloselwe. Ngakho, incwadi "C" kusho ukuthi yakhelwe izinjini diesel. Futhi uma "S" - ke uphethiloli. Kukhona nohlobo lwamafutha asemhlabeni wonke, olukhonjiswe ngesitifiketi njenge-S / C. Ngokwemvelo, kumongo walesi sihloko, sizoba nesithakazelo kumafutha avela esigabeni sokuqala.

Ngokungeziwe ekuboniseni inguqulo yenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, kukhona ukuqoshwa okuningiliziwe kokumaka. Ezinjinini zikadizili kubukeka kanjena:

• izinhlamvu CC azibonisi kuphela inhloso "yedizili" yamafutha, kodwa futhi ukuthi izinjini kufanele zibe nomoya, noma ngomfutho ophakathi;
• Ama-CD noma i-CE angamafutha edizili akhulisa amandla akhiqizwa ngaphambi nangemva kuka-1983, ngokulandelana;
• I-CF-4 - eyenzelwe izinjini ezine-stroke ezikhishwe ngemuva kuka-4;
• I-CG-4 - amafutha esizukulwane esisha, amayunithi akhiqizwa ngemva kuka-1994;
• I-CD-11 noma i-CF-2 - eyenzelwe izinjini ze-diesel ezine-stroke.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungakwazi ukubona uwoyela "kadizili" ngokusho kwe-ACEA:

• B1-96 - eyenzelwe amayunithi ngaphandle kwe-turbocharging;
• I-B2-96 ne-B3-96 - eyenzelwe amayunithi emoto noma ngaphandle kwe-turbocharging;
• I-E1-96, i-E2-96 kanye ne-E3-96 ingeyamaloli anenjini yokukhulisa amandla.

I-viscosity yamafutha

Ukukhululeka kokupompa amafutha ngokusebenzisa iziteshi kanye nezakhi zesistimu ngokuqondile kuncike ku-viscosity value. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-viscosity kawoyela ithinta izinga lokunikezwa kwawo kumapheya asebenzayo okuhlikihla enjini evuthayo yangaphakathi, ukusetshenziswa kwebhethri, kanye nokumelana kwemishini kwe-crankshaft ngesiqalisi lapho iqala ezimweni ezibandayo. Ngakho-ke, ezinjinini zikadizili, i-grease nge-viscosity index ye-5W (kufika ku-25 ° C), i-10W (kufika ku-20 ° C), ivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu i-15W (kufika ku-15 ° C). Ngokuvumelana nalokho, inombolo encane ngaphambi kohlamvu W, amafutha azoba mancane kakhulu.

Amafutha okonga amandla ane-viscosity ephansi. Bakha ifilimu encane yokuzivikela endaweni yensimbi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo balondoloze amandla kanye nophethiloli ekukhiqizeni kwayo. Nokho, la mafutha kufanele asetshenziswe ngama-ICE athile kuphela (kufanele babe nemigudu kawoyela emincane).

Lapho ukhetha uwoyela owodwa noma omunye, kufanele ucabangele izici zesifunda lapho umshini usebenza khona. okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa elincane ebusika kanye nenani eliphakeme ehlobo. Uma lo mehluko mkhulu, kungcono ukuthenga amafutha amabili ngokwehlukana - ebusika nasehlobo, bese uwashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile. Uma umehluko ekushiseni okuncane, ungasebenzisa "inkathi yonke".

Ezinjinini zikadizili, isizini yesimo sezulu sonke ayidumile njengezinjini zikaphethiloli. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi ezindaweni eziningi ezweni lakithi umehluko wokushisa ubalulekile.

Uma injini yomlilo yangaphakathi inezinkinga ngeqembu le-cylinder-piston, ukucindezela, futhi futhi "amakhaza" ayiqali kahle, kungcono ukuthenga uwoyela we-diesel nge-viscosity ephansi.

Isisekelo samafutha enjini kadizili

Kuyisiko futhi ukuhlukanisa amafutha abe yizinhlobo kuye ngesisekelo sawo. Izinhlobo ezintathu zamafutha ziyaziwa namuhla, ezishibhile kuzo zingamafutha amaminerali. Kodwa ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa, ngaphandle kokuthi mhlawumbe kuma-ICE amadala, njengoba awokwenziwa noma asemi-synthetic anezici ezinzile.

Kodwa-ke, izici eziyinhloko kuphela ukuthobela izici ezimenyezelwe umenzi kawoyela nalezo ezidingwa umenzi wezimoto, kanye amafutha oqobo. Isici sesibili asibalulekile kangako kunesokuqala, njengoba abathengisi bezimoto abaningi njengamanje bathengisa ama-fake angahambisani nezici ezishiwo.

Imaphi amafutha angcono kakhulu e-turbodiesel

Indlela yokusebenza kwenjini yedizili ene-turbocharged ihlukile kwejwayelekile. Okokuqala, lokhu kuboniswa ngesivinini esikhulu sokujikeleza kwe-turbine (okungaphezu kuka-100 ngisho nezinkulungwane ezingama-200 izinguquko ngomzuzu), ngenxa yokuthi izinga lokushisa langaphakathi lenjini yomlilo likhuphuka kakhulu (lingadlula + 270 ° C) , futhi ukuguga kwayo kuyanda. Ngakho-ke, uwoyela wenjini ye-diesel ene-turbine kufanele ube nezindawo eziphakeme zokuvikela nokusebenza.

Ukucatshangelwa kokukhetha uhlobo olulodwa noma olunye lwamafutha enjini yedizili ene-turbocharged kusalokhu kufana nokwejwayelekile. Into esemqoka kuleli cala ukuhambisana nezincomo zomenzi. Kunombono othile wokuthi uwoyela wenjini kadizili ene-turbocharged kumele usekelwe ku-synthetic. Nokho, eqinisweni lokhu akunjalo.

Yiqiniso, "ama-synthetics" angaba isisombululo esingcono, kodwa kungenzeka ukugcwalisa kokubili "ama-semi-synthetics" ngisho "namanzi amaminerali", kodwa inketho yokugcina ngeke ibe yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu. Nakuba intengo yayo incane, uma kubhekwa izimo zokusebenza, izodinga ukushintshwa kaningi, okuzoholela ekulahlekeni okwengeziwe, futhi kuyoba kubi kakhulu ukuvikela injini yomlilo yangaphakathi.

Ake sibhale imininingwane mayelana yiziphi amafutha e-turbodiesel anconywa abakhiqizi abadumile. Ngakho-ke, ezinjini zikadizili ezine-turbocharged ezenziwe ngemuva kuka-2004 futhi zinezihlungi ze-particle, ngokwezinga le-ACEA, kufanele zisetshenziswe:

Amafutha enjini ye-DELO

• IMitsubishi neMazda batusa amafutha e-B1;
• Toyota (Lexus), Honda (Acura), Fiat, Citroen, Peugeot - B2 amafutha;
• I-Renault-Nissan - i-B3 ne-B4 amafutha.

Abanye abakhiqizi bezimoto batusa imikhiqizo elandelayo:

• Inkampani yakwaFord yezinjini ze-turbo diesel ekhiqizwa ngo-2004 futhi kamuva ngesihlungi sezinhlayiya incoma uwoyela womkhiqizo we-M2C913C.
• I-Volkswagen (kanye ne-Skoda ne-Seat, eyingxenye yokukhathazeka) iphinde ikhethe uhlobo lwamafutha enjini ye-VW 507 00 Castrol yezinjini ze-turbodiesel ezikhathazayo, ezakhiqizwa ngaphambi kuka-2004 futhi zinezihlungi ze-particle.
• Ezimotweni ezikhiqizwe yiGeneral Motors Corporation (Opel, Chevrolet nabanye), izinjini zikadizili ezine-turbocharged ngemuva kuka-2004 ngesihlungi sezinhlayiya, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa uwoyela we-Dexos 2.
• Kuma-BMW e-turbodiesel akhiqizwa ngaphambi kuka-2004 futhi afakwe isihlungi sezinhlayiya, amafutha anconyiwe yi-BMW Longlife-04.

Ngokwehlukana, kufanelekile ukusho izinjini ze-TDI ezifakwe ku-Audi. Banezimvume ezilandelayo:

• izinjini ezifika ku-2000 zokukhululwa - inkomba VW505.01;
• motors 2000-2003 - 506.01;
• amayunithi ngemva kuka-2004 anenkomba kawoyela engu-507.00.

Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi injini yedizili ene-turbocharged kufanele igcwaliswe ngamafutha ekhwalithi ephezulu ahlangabezana nezidingo ezimenyezelwe umenzi. Lokhu kungenxa yezimo zokusebenza zeyunithi echazwe ngenhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, khumbula ukuthi imoto ene-turbocharged idinga uhambo lwezikhathi ezithile ngomthwalo omuhle, ukuze i-turbine namafutha akuyo "ingazinzi". Ngakho-ke, ungakhohlwa ukusebenzisa amafutha "okulungile" kuphela, kodwa futhi nokusebenzisa umshini ngendlela efanele.

Izinhlobo zamafutha ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zikadizili

Abakhiqizi bezimoto abadumile emhlabeni wonke batusa ngokuqondile ukuthi abathengi basebenzise amafutha emikhiqizo ethile (evame ukukhiqizwa yibo). Ngokwesibonelo:

Amafutha adumile ZIC XQ 5000

• AbakwaHyundai/Kia bancoma uwoyela we-ZIC (XQ LS).
• IFord ye-ICE Zetec inikeza uwoyela we-M2C 913.
• Ku-ICE Opel kuze kube ngu-2000, i-ACEA ivumele uwoyela we-A3 / B3. Izimoto ngemuva kuka-2000 zingasebenza kuwoyela ogunyazwe i-GM-LL-B-025.
• I-BMW incoma ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha e-Castrol agunyaziwe noma uwoyela ophuma kumkhiqizo wayo we-BMW Longlife. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, ezifakwe amasistimu wesikhathi se-valve aguquguqukayo.
• I-Mercedes-Benz ikhathazekile ngezinjini ze-diesel ngemuva kuka-2004, ifakwe isihlungi se-particle, inikeza uwoyela ngaphansi komkhiqizo wayo ngenkomba engu-229.31 no-229.51. Enye yezindlela eziphakeme kakhulu zokubekezelela uwoyela wenjini ezinjini zikadizili inkomba esuka ku-504.00 iye ku-507. Emalolini kadizili, kunconywa ukusebenzisa uwoyela obhalwe ukuthi CF-00.

ngokuqhubekayo sinikeza ulwazi olusebenzayo ngesilinganiso samafutha adumile ezinjini zikadizili. Lapho kuhlanganiswa isilinganiso, umbono wochwepheshe abenza ucwaningo olufanele ucatshangelwe. okungukuthi amafutha izinkomba ezilandelayo zibalulekile:

• ukuba khona kwezithasiselo eziyingqayizivele;
• okuqukethwe kwe-phosphorus okuncishisiwe, okuqinisekisa ukuxhumana okuphephile kwe-liquid ne-exhaust gas aftertreatment system;
• isivikelo esihle ezinqubweni zokugqwala;
• i-hygroscopicity ephansi (amafutha awawutholi umswakama ovela emkhathini).

Lapho ukhetha uhlobo oluthile, qiniseka ukuthi ucabangela izidingo ze-automaker yemoto yakho.

Yenza	Incazelo	Ukungabi nabulungisa	I-API/LOKHO	Izindleko
I-ZIC XQ 5000 10W-40	Enye yamafutha e-diesel angcono kakhulu futhi aziwa kakhulu. Ikhiqizwe eSouth Korea. Ingasetshenziswa kuma-ICE ane-turbine. Kunconyelwe iMercedes-Benz, MAN, Volvo, Scania, Renault, MACK	I-10W-40	I-API CI-4; I-ACEA E6/E4. Inezimvume ezilandelayo: MB 228.5/228.51, MAN M 3477/3277 Umlotha Owehlisiwe, uMTU Uhlobo 3, VOLVO VDS-3, SCANIA LDF-2, Cummins 20076/77/72/71, Renault VI RXD, Mack EO-M+	$22 ngegabha elingu-6 litre.
LIQUI MOLY 5W-30 TopTech-4600	Amafutha adumile futhi angabizi kakhulu avela kumkhiqizi owaziwayo waseJalimane.	I-5W-30	I-ACEA C3; I-API SN/CF; MB-Freigabe 229.51; BMW Longlife 04; VW 502.00/505.00; Ford WSS-M2C 917 A; I-Dexos 2.	$110 ngegabha elingu-20 litre.
I-ADDINOL Diesel Longlife MD 1548 (SAE 15W-40)	Kungokwesigaba samafutha adizayinelwe ukusebenza ngama-ICE alayishwe kakhulu (I-Heavy Duty Engine Oil). Ngakho-ke, ingasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela ezimotweni zabagibeli, kodwa futhi namaloli.	I-15W-40	CI-4, CF-4, CG-4, CH-4, CI-4 PLUS, SL; A3/B3, E3, E5, E7. Izimvume: MB 228.3, MB 229.1, Volvo VDS-3, Renault RLD-2, Global DHD-1, MACK EO-N, Allison C-4, VW 501 01, VW 505 00, ZF TE-ML 07C, Caterpillar ECF - 2, Caterpillar ECF-1-a, Deutz DQC III-10, MAN 3275-1	$125 ngegabha elingu-20 litre.
I-Mobil Delvac MX 15W-40	Lawa mafutha aseBelgium asetshenziselwa izimoto namaloli eYurophu. Ihlukile ngekhwalithi ephezulu.	I-15W-40	I-API CI-4/CH-4/SL/SJ; I-ACEA E7; Imvume ye-MB 228.3; I-Volvo VDS-3; UMUNTU M3275-1; KwaRenault Trucks RLD-2 nabanye	$37 ngegabha elingu-4 litre.
I-CHEVRON Delo 400 MGX 15W-40	Amafutha aseMelika amaloli edizili nezimoto (Komatsu, Man, Chrysler, Volvo, Mitsubishi). Ingasetshenziswa ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezine-turbocharged.	I-15W-40	I-API: CI-4, CH-4, CG-4, CF-4; I-ACEA: E4, E7. Izimvume zomkhiqizi: MB 228.51, Deutz DQC III-05, Renault RLD-2, Renault VI RXD, Volvo VDS-3, MACK EO-M Plus, Volvo VDS-2.	$15 ngegabha elingu-3,8 litre.
I-Castrol Magnatec Professional 5w30	Amafutha adume kakhulu. Nokho, ine-kinetic viscosity ephansi.	I-5W-30	I-ACEA A5/B5; I-API CF/SN; I-ILSAC GF4; Ihlangana neFord WSS-M2C913-C/WSS-M2C913-D.	$44 ngegabha elingu-4 litre.

Izindleko ezimaphakathi ziboniswa njengezintengo zehlobo lika-2017 eMoscow kanye nesifunda

Intengo kawoyela udizili incike ezintweni ezine - uhlobo lwesisekelo salo (i-synthetic, i-semi-synthetic, amaminerali), umthamo wesitsha lapho kuthengiswa khona uketshezi, izici ngokuya ngamazinga we-SAE / API / ACEA nabanye, kanye nohlobo lomkhiqizi. Sincoma ukuthi uthenge uwoyela ebangeni lentengo elimaphakathi.

Umehluko phakathi kuka-diesel kanye namafutha enjini kaphethiloli

Ibangela ingozi kuwoyela

Njengoba wazi, izinjini ezivuthayo zedizili zangaphakathi zisekelwe kumgomo wokuthungela ngokucindezela, hhayi kusuka ku-spark (njengophethiloli). Izinjini ezinjalo zidonsa umoya, ocindezelwa ngaphakathi ukuze ufike ezingeni elithile. Ingxube ishisa izinjini ze-diesel ngokushesha kakhulu kunezinjini zikaphethiloli, okwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okugcwele kukaphethiloli, futhi lokhu, kuholela ekwakhekeni kwe-soot ngobuningi ezingxenyeni.

Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi ngenxa yokucindezela okukhulu ngaphakathi kwekamelo, amafutha alahlekelwa ngokushesha izindawo zawo zangempela, i-oxidizes futhi iphelelwe yisikhathi. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi uma usebenzisa uphethiloli we-diesel wezinga eliphansi, ogcwele kakhulu ezweni lakithi. Okuhlobene nalokhu umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamafutha edizili kusuka kuma-analogues ezinjini zikaphethiloli - inezindawo ezinamandla zokulwa ne-antioxidant nezokugcoba.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinga lokuguga kwamafutha liphakeme kakhulu ezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zedizili, okusho ukuthi zidinga ukunakekelwa okucophelela.

Umphumela

Uwoyela wezinjini ezivuthayo zikadizili unokusebenza okuzinzile nezici zokusebenza kunamayunithi kaphethiloli. Lapho ukhetha, kufanele qapha ukuthotshelwa kwemingcele kawoyela izidingo ezishiwo zomkhiqizi. Lokhu kusebenza kuzo zombili izinjini ezijwayelekile zikadizili namayunithi ane-turbocharged.

Qaphela ama-fake. Thenga ezitolo ezithembekile.

zama futhi ukufaka uphethiloli eziteshini zikaphethiloli eziqinisekisiwe. Uma uphethiloli we-diesel unokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesulfure, khona-ke uwoyela uzohluleka ngaphambili kakhulu. okungukuthi, okuthiwa inombolo yesisekelo (TBN). Ngeshwa, emazweni angemva kweSoviet kunenkinga lapho uphethiloli osezingeni eliphansi uthengiswa eziteshini zikaphethiloli. Ngakho-ke, zama ukugcwalisa amafutha nge-TBN = 9 ... 12, ngokuvamile leli nani liboniswa eduze kwezinga le-ACEA.